वैशाली
vaishali
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| vivaran | 'vaishali' bihar ke pramukh paryatan sthaloan mean se ek hai. yah atyant prachin nagar hai, jisaka mahatma buddh se nikat ka sambandh raha hai. |
| rajy | bihar |
| zila | vaishali |
| prachin nam | 'vishala', 'vaisali' (pali) |
| sansthapak | raja vishal |
| prashasanik bhasha | maithili, hindi |
| vishesh | buddh ko vaishali nagar b da hi priy tha, yahi karan tha ki bauddh log is nagar ki ganana apane dharmik tirth ke roop mean karane lage the. |
| sanbandhit lekh | bauddh dharm, buddh, bauddh dharmik sthal buddh ki shiksha |
| any janakari | vaishali ke kee upanagaroan ke nam pali sahity se prapt hote hai, jaise- 'kuandanagar', 'kollag', 'nadik', 'vaniyagam', 'hatthigam' adi. |
vaishali ganga ghati ka nagar hai, jo aj ke bihar evan bangal prant ke bich sushobhit hai. is nagar ka ek doosara nam 'vishala' bhi tha. isaki sthapana mahatejasvi 'vishal' namak raja ne ki thi, jo bharatiy parampara ke anusar ikshvaku vansh mean utpann hue the. isaki pahachan mujaphpharapur zile mean sthit adhunik basadh se ki jati hai. vahaan ke ek prachin tile ko sthaniy janata ab bhi 'raja vishal ka gadh' kahati hai.
sthiti tatha itihas
prachin nagar 'vaishali', jise pali mean 'vaisali' kaha jata hai, ke bhagnavashesh vartaman basadh namak sthan ke nikat sthit haian jo mujaphpharapur se 20 mil dakshin-pashchim ki or hai. isake pas hi 'bakhara' namak gram basa hua hai. is nagari ka prachin nam 'vishala' tha, jisaka ullekh valmiki ramayan mean hai. gautam buddh ke samay mean tatha unase poorv lichchhavi ganarajy ki rajadhani yahaan thi. yahaan vrijiyoan[1] ka sansthagar tha, jo unaka sansad-sadan tha. vrijiyoan ki nyayapriyata ki buddh ne bahut sarahana ki thi.[2]
nyay vyavastha
vaishali ke sansthagar mean sabhi rajanitik vishayoan ki charcha hoti thi. yahaan aparadhiyoan ke lie dand vyavastha bhi ki jati thi. kathit aparadhi ka dand siddh karane ke lie vinishchayamahamaty, vyavaharik, sootradhar ashtakulik, senapati, uparaj ya upaganapati aur aant mean ganapati kramik roop se vichar karate the aur aparadh pramanit n hone par koee bhi adhikari doshi ko chho d sakata tha. 'dand vidhan sanhita' ko 'pravenipustak' kahate the. vaishali ko prashasan paddhati ke bare mean yahaan se prapt mudraoan se bahut kuchh janakari hoti hai. vaishali ke bahar sthit 'kootagarashala' mean tathagat kee bar rahe the aur apane jivan ka aantim varsh bhi unhoanne adhikaanshat: vahian vyatit kiya tha. isi sthan par ashok ne ek prastar stanbh sthapit kiya tha.
chaityagrih
vaishali ke char prasiddh chaity the-
- poorv mean udayan
- dakshin mean gautamak
- pashchim mean saptabhrak
- uttar mean bahuputrak
any chaityoan ke nam the- 'koramattak' tatha 'chapal' adi. bauddh kivadanti ke anusar tathagat ne chapal chaity hi mean apane priy shishy anand se kaha tha ki- "tin mas pashchath mere jivan ka aant ho jaega." lichchhavi log vir the, kiantu apas ki phoot ke karan hi ve magadh ke raja ajatashatru ki rajy lipsa ka shikar bane.[2]
buddh ki priy nagari
'ekapann jatak'[3] ke praranbh mean varnan hai ki "vaishali ke charoan or tin bhittiyaan thian, jinake bich ki doori ek ek kos thi aur nagari ke tin hi sianhadvar the, jinake oopar prahariyoan ke lie sthan bane hue the." yuddh ke samay vaishali ati samriddhishali nagari thi. bauddh sahity mean yahaan ki prasiddh ganika amrapalika ke vishal prasad tatha udyan ka varnan hai. isane tathagat se unake dharm ki diksha grahan kar li thi. tathagat ko vaishali tatha usake nivasiyoan se bahut prem tha. unhoanne yahaan ke ganapramukhoan ko devoan ki upama di thi. aantim samay mean vaishali se kushinara ate samay unhoanne karoonapoorn dhang se kaha tha ki- "anand ab tathagat is suandar nagari ka darshan n kar sakege."[4]
any mahattvapoorn sthal
jain dharm ke aantim tirthankar mahavir bhi vaishali ke hi rajakumar the. inake pita ka nam 'siddharth' tatha mata ka nam 'trishala' tha. ye lichchhavi vansh ke hi ratn the. inaka janm sthan vaishali ka upanagar 'kuand' ya 'kuand' tha, jisaka abhijnan basadh ke nikat 'vasukuand' namak gram se kiya gaya hai. vaishali ke kee upanagaroan ke nam pali sahity se prapt hote hai, jaise- 'kuandanagar', 'kollag', 'nadik', 'vaniyagam', 'hatthigam' adi. 'mahavansh' [5]ke anusar vaishali ke nikat 'balukaram' namak udyan sthit tha. baravara gram se ek mil door 'kolhoo' namak sthan ke pas ek mahant ke ashram mean ashok ka sianhashirsh stanbh hai, jo prayah pachas phut ooancha hai; kiantu bhoomi ke oopar yah keval atharah phut hi hai. chini yatri yuvanachvaang ne isaka ullekh kiya hai. pas hi 'markatahrad' namak t dag hai. kaha jata hai ki ise bandaroan ke ek samooh ne buddh ke lie khoda tha. markatahrad ka ullekh 'buddhacharit'[6] mean hai. yahaan unhoanne 'mar' ya 'kamadev' ko bataya tha ki ve tin mas mean nirvan prapt kar leange. t dag ke nikat 'kutagr' namak sthan hai. jahaan buddh ne 'dharmachakr pravartan' ke paanchave varsh mean nivas kiya tha. basadh ke khandaharoan mean ek vishal durg ke dhvansavashesh bhi sthit haian. isako 'raja vaishali ka gadh' kahate hai. ek stoop ke avashesh bhi pae ge haian.
prachin granthoan mean
yah nagar ek doosare se kuchh antar par bani huee tin divaloan se ghira tha. inamean se ek mitti doosari eeant tatha tisari patthar ki bani rahi hogi. prachin granthoan mean varnan milata hai ki nagar ki qilebandi yathasanbhav in tinoan koti ki divaloan se ki jay taki shatru ke liye nagar ke bhitar pahuanchana asanbhav ho sake. sanbhav hai ki yah nagar tin tarah ki khaiyoan se ghira ho jinaka varnan kautily adi ne kiya hai; jaise sookhi khaee, jal tatha kich d se bhari khaee. asha hai ki is vishay par vahaan bhavishy mean hone vali khudaiyoan dvara prakash p dega.
is nagar ke kendriy bhag mean vahaan ke shasak lichchhavi log rahate the. huen-saang ne is hisse ko 'pailesasiti' (arthat vah bhag jahaan par rajamahal vartaman tha) kaha hai. isaka ghera ek mil ke lagabhag tha. adhik savadhani baratane ke liye ise bhi suraksha ke sadhanoan se yukt kar diya gaya tha. isake bhitar kuchh chune hue log hi pravesh kar pate the. shesh janata ko isake bahar basaya gaya tha. huen-saang ke anusar poore nagar ka ghera 14 mil ke lagabhag tha. is sthan par ullekhaniy hai ki nagar ke vibhajan ki yah pratha h dappa ki parampara ka smaran dilati hai, jo ganga ghati mean prachalit thi. vahaan bhi vishisht janata durg vale hisse mean tatha sadharan janata laghu nagar mean abad ki gee thi.
[[chitr:Asoka's-Pillar.jpg|thumb|left|200px|ashok ka stambh, vaishali]]
shasan vyavastha
lichchhaviyoan ka shasan prajatantratmak adarshoan par adharit tha. k de se k de masaloan ka nirnay ve apane sabhagrih mean bahumat dvara karate the. avastha ki drishti se ve koee bhed bhav nahian manate the. sabake rajanitik adhikar evan prabhav barabar hi the. isaki khilli u date huy lalitavistar namak granth mean kaha gaya hai ki lichchhavi log apane se jyeshth, vriddh ya pad mean uchch vyakti ke prati bhi koee adar ya shishtachar nahian dikhate the. sabake sab apane ko raja samajhate the. ve gautam buddh ke b de hi bhakt the. bauddh granthoan mean varnan milata hai ki is nagar mean amrapali namak ek veshya rahati thi, jo pur ke shobha thi. sadharan veshyaoan ki tulana mean usaka sthan ooancha tha. buddh ke upadeshoan sean vah atyant prabhavit thi.
nagarikoan ka charitr
lichchhavi udyogi evan purusharthi samajhe jate the. magadh naresh ajatashatru tak ko unake vinash ki taiyari mean lohe ke chane chabane p de the. ve b de hi atithiparayan the. jab nagar mean koee bhi navagantuk ata tha, to usaka dil khol kar ve svagat karate the. utsav evan samaroh mean ve khoob bhag lete the. abhooshan evan achchhe vastroan ke ve shauqin the. gho de, hathi ya palaki par ve saj-dhaj kar aroodh ho rajamargoan par nikalate the. ve apane sadachar sambandhi niyamoan ka palan b di hi k daee ke sath karate the. unake samay mean vaishali mean bauddh dharm ka prabhav kafi phail gaya tha. vahaan ke bhikshusangh ke naitik adarshoan se ve prabhavit rahe hoange. ve vyabhichar ko sabase b da aparadh samajhate the. is jurm mean pak de huye vyakti ko pranadand tak diya jata tha. isase chhoot keval unhian purushoan ya mahilaoan ko di jati thi, jo prayashchitt svaroop hai ki unake samay mean yah nagar sundar rajamargoan, mahaloan, udyan sarovar tatha math adi se sushobhit tha.
lichchhaviyoan mean dosh
[[chitr:Buddha's-Ashes-Stupa.jpg|thumb|250px|buddh ke parinirvan ke pashchath lichchhavi dvara vaishali mean banavaya gaya asthi stoop]] lichchhaviyoan mean dosh yah tha ki unamean jatigat bhavana parale darje ki thi. unhoanne ek sarovar bana rakha tha, jisamean nahane ka adhikar ekamatr lichchhavi vanshaj ko hi tha. unaka itana atank tha ki isake jal ko aur koee chh tak nahian sakata tha. yah sarovar oopar se ek lohe ki jali se dhaka tha, jisase pashu pakshi usake pani ko dooshit nahian kar sakate the. bauddh granth aanguttar-nikay ke varnan se aisa lagata hai ki kuchh lichchhavi navayuvak uddand bhi the. ve kothe atariyoan ke oopar se niche s dakoan par chalane vali sundariyoan ke oopar kabhi-kabhi dhool ya ganda padarth pheank dete the. is prakar ke durvyavaharoan ke karan mahilaoan ka ghar se bahar nikalana atyant dushkar ho jata tha. is bat ka spashtikaran yahaan avashyak hai ki is tarah ke navayuvakoan ki sankhya atyalp thi. adhikaansh lichchhavi udaracharit, shisht evan gunasanmpann the.
mauryoan se sambandh
gupt kal mean lichchhavi vansh ki kanya kumaradevi ka vivah chandragupt pratham se hua tha. isi rajakumari ke garbh se pratapi samudragupt paida hua. kumaradevi ke nam ka ullekh samudragupt ki prayag prashasti mean hua hai. rajanitik drishti se yah vivah sanbandh mahattv se bhara hua tha. isake phalasvaroop sampoorn lichchhavirajy gupt-rajy mean mil gaya. lagata hai ki kumaradevi lichchhavi-rajy ki ek matr varis rah gee thi. is vivah ke smarak-roop mean chandragupt aur kumaradevi donoan ke hi nam par sikke chalaye gaye. ye sikke ek hi tarah ke haian. in par donoan ke nam aur chitr tatha lichchhaviyoan ka ullekh milata hai. vaishali ka nagar ab guptoan ko prapt ho gaya. unhoanne ise tirabhukti (tirahut prant) ki rajadhani bana di. vahaan gupp vanshiy rajakumar rajyapal ki haisiyat se niyukt kiye gaye the. isaki pushti puratattviy sakshyoan se bharapoor ho jati hai. thumb|250px|left|anand stoop, vaishali
dharmik tirth
buddh ko yah sthan b da hi priy tha, at: bauddh log is nagar ki ganana apane dharmik tirth ke roop mean karane lage the. lagata hai ki ashok bauddh tirthoan ka paryatan karata hua is nagar mean bhi aya tha, jisake shirsh sthan par ek sianh-pratima milati hai. yah lat chunar ke baloodar patthar ki bani hai. chini yatriyoan ne bhi is nagar ka varnan kiya hai. phahiyan likhata hai ki "isake uttar ki disha mean ek udyan tha, jisamean ek dumanzila bhavan bana hua tha. lichchhaviyoan ne gautam buddh ke vishram ki suvidha ke lie ise banava rakha tha." usane is nagar mean tin stoopoan ke vartaman hone ka ullekh kiya hai. ye un sthanoan par bane huye the, jo gautam buddh ke jivan se sambandhit the. huyenasaang likhata hai ki is nagar ke as-pas ki zamin bahut hi upajaoo thi. usamean kele, am tatha tarah-tarah ke phal-phool paida hote the. chini yatri ka yah kathan pramanik hai. aj bhi mujaphpharapur zile mean, jahaan vaishali ka nagar sthit tha, lichi, kele aur am ki fasal bahut achchhi hoti hai. huyenasaang likhata hai ki "lichchhavi b de hi eemanadar, sushikshit tatha dharmaparayan the. apani jaban ki raksha ke liye ve pranoan ki bazi laga dete the. usane ashok nirmit stambh ka ullekh kiya hai. usane bhi vahaan kee stoopoan ke hone ka ullekh kiya hai, jinamean buddh tatha unake priy shishyoan ki asthiyaan ga di gee thian. jain dharm ke pravartak mahavir svami ka janm isi nagari mean hua tha. at: ve log is puri ko 'mahavir-janani' kahate the. vaishali ke nagarik unaki mrityu tithi ke avasar par ratri ko dipak jalate the.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh