वैष्णवन की वार्ता
mahaprabhu vallabhachary ji ke pushti sampraday mean in vartaoan ka b da mahattv hai. inamean pushti-sampraday ke bhaktoan ki, jinamean hindi ke ath pramukh kavi bhi sammilit haian, jivaniyaan sankalit haian.
- 'chaurasi vaishnavan ki varta' mean vallabhachary ke shishyoan ki kathaean sankalit haian aur
- 'do sau bavan vaishnavan ki varta' mean gosvami vitthalanath ke shishyoan ki kathaean sankalit haian.
in vartaoan ke rachayita ke sambandh mean vidvanoan mean matabhed hai. samanyat: inake rachayita gosvami gokulanath mane jate haian. achary ramachandr shukl ne apane prasiddh granth 'hindi sahity ka itihas' ke sanvath 1986 ke sanskaran mean ise gokulanathakrit mana hai. ve likhate haian, 'ye donoan vartaean vallabhachary ke pautr aur vitthalanath ke putr gokulanath ki likhi hai'[1] parantu sambhavat: jab d aau. dhirendr varma ka 'hindustan' patrika ke aprail sanh 1932 ke aank mean is mat ka sapraman virodh prakashit hua to achary shukl ne bhi apani sammati mean sanshodhan kar likha... 'inamean se pratham achary shri vallabhachary ke pautr aur vitthalanath ke putr gokulanathaji ki likhi kahi jati hai, par gokulanath ke kisi shishy ki likhi jan p dati hai, kyoanki isamean gokulanath ka kee jagah b de bhakt bhav se ullekh hai' [2] hindi sahity ke pratham phaansisi itihasakar garsa d tasi ne inhean gokulanath krit mana hai. mishrabandhuoan ne bhi tasi ka samarthan kiya hai.
daktar dhirendr varma ko 'chaurasi vaishnavan ki varta' ko gokulanathakrit manane mean vishesh apatti nahian jan p dati, kintu 'do sau bavan vaishnavan ki varta' ko ve gokulanathakrit manane mean jhijhakate haian. unaka kathan hai, 'chaurasi varta' tatha do sau bavan varta' ke is samay ke dakor ke sanskaran pramanik haian kintu inake mukhaprishth par inake gokulanathakrit hone ka ullekh nahian hai. 'chaurasi varta' 'chaurasi varta mean koee aise vishesh ullekh dekhane mean nahian ate haian, jo isake gokulanathakrit hone mean sandeh utpann karate hoan kintu 'do sau bavan varta' mean anek aisi batean milati haian, jinase isaka gokulanath krit hona atyant sandigdh ho jata hai' [3] sabase pahali bat to yah hai ki is varta mean anek sthaloan par gokulanath ka nam is tarah aya hai, jis tarah koee bhi lekhak apana nam nahian likh sakata. udaharanarth- 'jab kahate kahate ardh ratr biti tab, shri gusaee ji paudhe. govind svami ghar kooan chale. tab shribalkrishna ji tatha shri gokulanath ji tatha shriraghunath ji tinoan bhaee vaishnavan ke mandal mean virajate haian. jab govind svami ne jay ke dandavat kari. tab shrigokulanath ji ne poochhe jo shrigusaeeji ke yahaan kaha prasang chalatoan hato.' aise anek gokulanathaji ke prati adar-soochak ullekh 'vartaoan' mean milane ke karan d aau. dhirendr varma aur bad mean pan. ramachandr shukl ko sandeh hua ki inake rachayita gosvami gokulanath nahian ho sakate. ghatanaoan mean aitihasik ullekhoan se bhi unake gokulanath krit hone mean sandeh dridh ho jata hai. 'do sau bavan vaishnavan ki varta' mean aisa pahala sthal shri gusaeean ji ki sevak la dabaee tatha dharabaee shirshak 199 vian varta mean hai. ve kadachit veshyaean thian. unhoanne apane jivan bhar ki kamaee "nav laksh rupaya" pahale vitthalanath ko tatha kuchh dinoan bad unake putr gokulanath ko arpan karana chaha, kintu donoan ne asuri dhan samajhakar aangikar nahian kiya. 'tab gokulanath ke adhikari ne gokulanath ke poochhe bina ek chhat mean dravy bichhay ke oopar kakar daray ke choono lagay diyo so va chhat mean rahyo ayo. pher sath varsh pichhe aurangajeb badashah ki julmi ke samay mean mlechchh lok lootave kooan aye tab shri gokul mean suan sab log bhag gaye aur mandir sab khali ho ge. koee manushy gaanv mean rahyo nahian tab gaanv mean jitane mandir hate sab mandiran ki chhat khuday dari.'
praman
- ukt ghatana se d aau. varma ne yah nishkarsh nikala hai ki itihasakar smith ke anusar aurangazeb ne mandir tu davane ki niti sanh 1669 mean prarambh ki aur khoj ke anusar gokulanath ka samay sanh 1551 se 1647 ee. tak mana gaya hai. is tarah gokulanath krit granth mean auanragajeb ke rajy ki is ghatana ka ullekh sambhav nahian hai. is ullekh se yah bhi dhvani nikalati hai ki varta kadachit auanragajeb ke rajyakal ke bad likhi gayi hai.
- doosara sthal gusaee ji ke sevak 'gangabaee kshatrani' shirshak 51vian varta mean hai, usamean gangabaee ka janm-samay "sole se atthaees aur bhootaladas satre so chhattis" ullikhit hai. gangabaee ka shrinath ji ke sath meva d jane ka ullekh 'shri govardhananath ji ke pragatay ki varta' shirshak mean is prakar aya hai, 'miti asadh sudi 15 shukl sanvath 1726 ke pahili pahar ratri shrivallabhaji maharaj payan siddh karae, arogae. pichhe rath hake chale nahian tab shri gosvami binati kiu tab shri ji ka ajna ki jo gangabaee ko ga di mean baithay ke sang lai chalau." yah ghatana bhi is praman ke anusar 1669 ee. mean hi p dati hai. gangabaee ke sambandh mean nishchit ullekh se bhi yahi siddh hota hai ki 'do sau bavan vaishnavan ki varta' gokulanath krit nahian ho sakati . *tisara praman d aau. varma ne vartaoan ke vyakaranik roop ka diya hai aur yah nishkarsh nikala hai ki ek hi lekhak apani do kritiyoan mean vyakaran ke in chhote-chhote roopoan mean is tarah bhed nahian kar sakata.
- yadyapi d aau. varma ne 'chaurasi vaishnavan ki varta' ke gokulanathakrit hone mean vishesh sandeh vyakt nahian kiya, par achary shukl use" gokulanath ke pichhe unake kisi gujarati shishy ki rachana" manate haian. hindi ke kuchh anveshak to samagr 'varta sahity' ko hi apramanik manate haian. isake viparit dvarikadas parikh aur kanthamani shastri use pramanik siddh karate haian. in donoan vidvanoan ke tarkoan ke adhar par prabhudayal mital ne uparyukt vidvanoan ki shankaoan ka samadhan karane ka prayatn kiya hai. ve donoan 'vartaoan' ko gokulanathakrit manate hai; donoan granthoan ko gokulanath ke mukh se ni:srit pravayane manate haian jo "bad mean hariray dvara sampadit hokar chaurasi aur do sau vaishnavan ki varta ke roop mean prasiddh hue. "aisa jnat hota hai ki chaurasi varta vale pravachan pahale lipibaddh kiye gaye aur do sau bavanavale bad ko. in pravachanoan ki mool pratiyaan bhi likhit roop mean idhar-udhar mil jati haian. unaka mat hai, "sambhavat: kisi gujarati lekhak ki lipibaddh chaurasi varta ki pustak shukl ji ne dekhi hogi, jisake karan unaki ukt dharana ho gayi hogi." 'varta' ke pathak se yah chhipa nahian hai ki usamean gokulanath ki apeksha gosaee ji ke jyeshth putr giridhar ki vishesh prashansa milati hai. yadi yah pustak gokulanath ke kisi shishy ki likhi hoti to usamean aisa hona sambhav nahian tha, kyoanki gokulanath ke shishy apane guru se badhakar kisi ko bhi nahian manate haian. do sau bavan varta mean gokulanath ka nam is prakar ullikhit hua hai ki yah unaki rachit jnat nahian hoti. is tark ke sambandh mean mital ka kathan hai ki hariray ne unake sampadan mean prasangavash gokulanath ke pravachan hi haian.
do sau bavan varta mean gokulan ke bad ki ghatanaoan ke ullekh ke sambandh mean unaka kahana hai ki unaka samavesh hariray ne apane 'bhav-prakash' mean kiya tha. unhoanne prasang ki poornata aur bhavoan ki spashtata ke lie anek ghatanaean apane anubhav ke adhar par vartaoan ki tippani svaroop 'bhav-prakash ' mean vyakt ki thian. ye ghatanaean gokulanath ke pravachan athava vartaoan ke aangaroop se nahian likhi gayian, at: unako gokulanath ki kriti samajhana thik nahian hai. ve hariray ke shabd haian, jinake lie gokulanath uttaradayi nahian haian. hariray ka dehavasan san0 1772 mean hua tha. at: unake samay mean ghatit auanrangajeb ke mandir to dane athava any isi prakar ki ghatanaoan se vartaoan ki pramanikata mean sandeh nahian hona chahie. hariray ke bad ke lekhakoan ki asavadhani se mool varta aur bhav-prakash ka sammishran ho gaya hai, jisake karan hariray dvara likhi huee gokulanath ke bad ki ghatanaean bhi gokulanath ki likhi huee si jnat ho sakati haian.
vyakaranik vibhinnata
'chaurasi' aur 'do sau bavan vartaoan' ke roopoan ki vyakaranik vibhinnata ke sambandh mean unaka kathan hai ki chaurasi varta ke mool pravachanoan ko pahale lipibaddh kiya gaya tha aur do sau bavan ke pravachanoan ko bad mean. phir in pravachanoan ko bhinn-bhinn vyaktiyoan ne bhinn-bhinn samay mean lipibaddh kiya tha aur yah lipi-pratilipi ka gram bahut samay tak chalata raha. pratyek lekhak ne apani ruchi aur vidyabuddhi ke karan bhi 'vartaoan' ke roopoan mean kuchh ulat-pher kar diya hoga. isalie donoan varta- pustakoan ki vyakaranasambandhi vibhinnata koee ashchary ki bat nahian hai. vartaoan ki prachinata ke sambandh mean unhoanne anek praman prastut kiye haian. uname se katipay is prakar haian-
- chaurasi varta ki prapt pratiyoan mean san0 1617 ki chaitr shukl 5 likhi huee prati sabase prachin hai, jo kaankarauli mean surakshit hai. yah prati gokulanath ke dehavasan ke 11 mahine poorv unaki vidyamanata mean gokul mean likhi gayi thi. is prati ko d aau. dinadayal gupt adi vidvanoan ne prachin aur pramanik mana hai. is prati se siddh hota hai ki vartaean san0 1617 tak likhit roop mean prasiddh ho chuki thian.
- vartaoan par gokulanath ke samakalin shishy hariray ka 'bhav prakash' prapt hai. isase siddh hota hai ki vartaoan ki rachana 'bhav prakash' se pahale ho chuki thi. 'bhav prakash' ki rachana ka anuman san0 1721 ke bad aur san0 1750 ke poorv kiya gaya hai. san0 1752 ki likhi huee chaurasi aur 'ashtasakhan ki varta' ki sanyukt prati 'patan' se prapt ho chuki thian isase siddh hota hai ki san0 1752 tak 'bhav prakash' ki rachana ho chuki thi. hariray ji gokulanath ke atirikt kisi samany vyakti ki rachana par shayad 'tika' ka shram nahian karate.
- vartaean pushti-sampraday mean 'guru-vaky' ke saman shraddhaspad mani jati haian. yadi unaki rachana sadharan vaishnav dvara hoti to aisi sambhav n tha.
- gokulanath ke samakalin devakinandan krit 'prabhucharitr chintamani' mean vartaoan ka ullekh hai. shri nathabhatt ne san0 1727 ke lagabhag chaurasi varta ka 'sanskrit manimala' namak granth mean sanskrit mean anuvad kiya hai.
- hariray ke shishy vitthalanath bhatt ne san0 1729 mean 'sampraday kalpadrum' mean gokulanath ke rache granthoan mean vartaoan ka ullekh kiya hai.
uparyukt pramanoan se 'chaurasi varta' ka gokulanath ke samay mean rachit hona siddh ho jata hai, par 'do sau bavan vaishnavan ki varta' ki mool ya atiprachin prati n upalabdh ho sakane se usaki pramanikata abhi sandigdh bani huee hai. vartaoan ka sahityik mahattv isalie hai ki unamean satrahavian shati ke prachin brajabhasha-gady ka roop milata hai aur unase kee vaishnav kaviyoan ke jivan-charitr par prakash bhi p data hai. krishna-bhakt-sahity ki samajik, dharmik aur rajanitik prishthabhoomi samajhane ke lie bhi inaka adhyayan upayogi siddh ho sakata hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
[sahayak granth-
- vicharadhara : d aau. dhirendr varma;
- ashtachhap: mital aur d aau. dinadayal gupt;
- hindi sahity ka itihas : ramachandr shukl:
- hindi sahity ka alochanatmak itihas : d aau. ramakumar varma
- prachin varta rahasy (dvitiy bhag), vidya vibhag, kaankaroli.]