व्रत

vrat aur upavas sankalpapoorvak kie ge karm ko 'vrat' kahate haian. manushy ko puny ke acharan se sukh aur pap ke acharan se du:kh hota hai. sansar ka pratyek prani apane anukool sukh ki prapti aur apane pratikool du:kh ki nivritti chahata hai. manav ki is paristhiti ko avagat kar trikalajn aur parahit mean rat rrishi muniyoan ne ved, puran, smriti aur samast nibandhagranthoan ko atmasath kar manav ke kalyan ke hetu sukh ki prapti tatha du:kh ki nivritti ke lie anek upay kahe gaye haian. unhian upayoan mean se vrat aur upavas shreshth tatha sugam upay haian. vratoan ke vidhan karane vale granthoan mean vrat ke anek aangoan ka varnan dekhane mean ata hai. un aangoan ka vivechan karane par dikhaee p data hai ki upavas bhi vrat ka ek pramukh aang hai. isilie anek sthaloan par yah kaha gaya hai ki vrat aur upavas mean paraspar bhav sanbandh hai. anek vrat ke acharanakal mean upavas karane ka vibhinn vidhan dekha jata hai.

yag ka vidhan

vrat dharm ka sadhan mana gaya hai. sansar ke samast dharmoan ne kisi n kisi roop mean vrat aur upavas ko apanaya hai. vrat ke acharan se papoan ka nash, puny ka uday, sharir aur man ki shuddhi, abhilashit manorath ki prapti aur shaanti tatha param purusharth ki siddhi hoti hai. anek prakar ke vratoan mean sarvapratham ved ke dvara pratipadit agni ki upasana roopi vrat dekhane mean ata hai. is upasana ke poorv vidhanapoorvak agni parigrah avashyak hota hai. agniparigrah ke pashchath vrati ke dvara sarvapratham paurn mas yag karane ka vidhan hai. is yag ko praranbh karane ka adhikar use us samay prapt hota hai jab yag se poorvadit vah vihit vrat ka anushthan sanpann kar leta hai. yadi pramadavash upasak ne avashyak vratanushthan nahian kiya aur usake aangabhoot niyamoan ka palan nahian kiya to devata usake dvara samarpit havi dravy svikar nahian karate.

vrat ke niyam

brahman granth ke adhar par devata sarvada satyashil hote haian. yah lakshan apane trigunatmak svabhav se paradhin manav mean ghatit nahian hota. isilie devata manav se sarvada paroksh rahana pasand karate haian. vrat ke parigrah ke samay upasak apane aradhy agnidev se karabaddh prarthana karata hai -'maian niyamapoorvak vrat ka acharan karuanga, mithya ko chho dakar sarvada saty ka palan karooanga.' is uparyukt arth ke dyotak vaidik mantr ka uchcharan kar vah agni mean ahuti karata hai. us din vah ahoratr mean keval ek bar havishyann ka bhojan, trin se achchhadit bhoomi par ratri mean shayan aur akhand brahmachary ka palan prabhriti samast avashyak niyamoan ka palan karata hai.

vratoan ke prakar

vaidik kal ki apeksha pauranik yug mean adhik vrat dekhane mean ate haian. us kal mean vrat ke prakar anek ho jate haian. vrat ke samay vyavahar mean lae janevale niyamoan ki kathorata bhi kam ho jati hai tatha niyamoan mean anek prakar ke vikalp bhi dekhane mean ate haian. udaharan roop mean jahaan ekadashi ke din upavas karane ka vidhan hai, vahian vikalp mean laghu phalahar aur vah bhi sanbhav n ho to phir ek bar odanarahit annahar karane tak ka vidhan shastrasammat dekha jata hai. isi prakar kisi bhi vrat ke acharan ke lie tadarth vihit samay apekshit hai. 'vasante brahmanoagni nadadhit' arthath vasant rritu mean brahman agniparigrah vrat ka praranbh kare, is shruti ke anusar jis prakar vasant rritu mean agniparigrah vrat ke praranbh karane ka vidhan hai vaise hi chaandrayan adi vratoan ke acharan ke nimitt varsh, ayan, rritu, mas, paksh, tithi, var, nakshatr, yog aur karan tak ka vidhan hai. is pauranik yug mean tithi par ashrit rahanevale vratoan ki bahulata hai. kuchh vrat adhik samay mean, kuchh alp samay mean poorn hote haian.

• nity, naimittik aur kamy, in bhedoan se vrat tin prakar ke hote haian -

1. jis vrat ka acharan sarvada ke lie avashyak hai aur jisake n karane se manav doshi hota hai vah nityavrat hai. saty bolana, pavitr rahana, iandriyoan ka nigrah karana, krodh n karana, ashlil bhashan n karana aur paranianda n karana adi nityavrat haian.
2. kisi prakar ke patak ke ho jane par ya any kisi prakar ke nimitt ke upasthit hone par chaandrayan prabhriti jo vrat kie jate haian ve naimiktik vrat haian.
3. jo vrat kisi prakar ki kamana vishesh se protsahit hokar manav ke dvara sanpann kie jate haian ve kamy vrat haian; yatha putraprapti ke lie raja dilip ne jo vrat kiya tha vah kamy vrat hai.

vrat ki samay sima

pratyek vrat ke acharan ke lie tho da ya bahut samay nishchit hai. jaise saty aur ahiansa vrat ka palan karane ka samay yavajjivan kaha gaya hai vaise hi any vrat ke lie bhi samay nirdharit hai. mahavrat jaise vrat solah varshoan mean poorn hote haian. ved vrat aur dhvajvrat ki samapti barah varshoan mean hoti hai. panchamahabhootvrat, santanashtamvrat ek varsh tak kiya jata hai. aruandhati vrat vasant rritu mean hota hai. chaitr mas mean vatsaradhvrat, vaishakh mas mean skandashashthvrat, jyeshth mas mean nirjala ekadashi vrat, ashadh mas mean harishayanvrat, shravan mas mean upakarm vrat, bhadrapad mas mean striyoan ke lie haritalika vrat, ashvin mas mean navaratr vrat, kartik mas mean gopashtam vrat, margashirsh mas mean bhairavashtamvrat, paush mas mean martand vrat, magh mas mean shattilvrat, aur phalgun mas mean mahashivaratri vrat pramukh haian. mahalakshmi vrat, bhadrapad shukl ashtami ko praranbh hokar solah dinoan mean poorn hota hai. pratyek sankraanti ko acharaniy vratoan mean mesh sankraanti ko sujanmavapti vrat, kiya jata hai. tithi par ashrit rahanevale vratoan mean ekadashi vrat kiya jata hai. tithi par ashrit rahanevale vratoan mean ekadashi vrat, var par ashrit vratoan mean ravivar ko soory vrat, nakshatroan mean ashvini nakshatr mean shiv vrat, yogoan mean vishkuanbh yog mean dhritadanvrat, aur karanoan mean navakaran mean vishnvruat ka anushthan vihit hai. bhakti aur shraddhanukool chahe jab kie jane vale vratoan mean satyanarayan vrat pramukh hai.

vaijnanik drishtikon

ek bar bhojan grahan karane par kuchh ghantoan tak jo sharir ko khae hue ahar se shakti milati rahati hai, kiantu usake pashchath‌ sharir mean sanchit ahar ke avayavoan-protin, karbohaidret aur sneh ya vasa-ka sharir upayog karane lagata hai. vasa aur karbohaidret parishram karane ki shakti utpann karate haian. protin ka kam sharir ke toote phoote bhagoan ka punarnirman karana hai. kiantu jab upavas lanba ya adhik kal tak hota hai to shakti utpadan ke lie sharir protin ka bhi upayog karata hai. is prakar protin ootak nirman (tishoo ph aaurmeshan) aur shaktyutpadan donoan kam karata hai.

karbohaidret ki kami

sharir mean karbohaidret do roopoan mean vartaman rahata hai : glookos, jo rakt mean pravahit hota rahata hai, aur galaikojen, jo peshiyoan aur yakrit mean sanchit rahata hai. sadharanataya karbohaidret sharir pratidin ke bhojan se milata hai. upavas ki avastha mean jab rakt ka glookos kharch ho jata hai tab sanchit glaikojen glookos mean parinat hokar rakt mean jata rahata hai. upavas ki avastha mean yah sanchit karbohaidret do char dinoan mean hi samapt ho jata hai; tab karbohaidret ka kam vasa ko karana p data hai aur sath hi protin ko bhi is kary mean sahayata karani p dati hai.

sharir par prabhav

sharir mean vasa vishesh matra mean tvacha ke niche tatha kalaoan mean sanchit rahati hai. sthool sharir mean vasa ki adhik matra rahati hai. isi karan dubale vyakti ki apeksha sthool vyakti adhik dinoan tak bhookha rah sakata hai. sharir ko dainik karmoan aur ooshma ke lie karbohaidret, vasa aur protin, tinoan padarthoan ki avashyakata hoti hai, jo usako apane ahar se prapt hote haian. ahar se upalabdh vasa yakrit mean jati hai aur vahaan par rasayanik pratikriyaoan mean vasaml aur aisito-aisitik-aml mean parivartit hokar rakt mean pravahit hoti hai tatha sharir ko shakti aur ushma pradan rakati hai. upavas ki avastha mean sharir ki sanchit vasa ka yakrit dvara isi prakar upayog kiya jata hai. yah sanchit vasa kuchh saptahoan tak karbohaidret ka bhi sthan grahan kar sakati hai. aantar keval yah hai ki jab sharir ko ahar se karbohaidret milata rahata hai tab aisito-aisitik-aml yakrit dvara utani hi matra mean sanchalit hota hai jitani ki avashyakata sharir ko hoti hai. karbohaidret ki anupasthiti mean is aml ka utpadan vishesh tatha adhik hota hai aur usaka kuchh aansh mootr mean ane lagata hai. is aansh ko kiton kahate haian kiton ka mootr mean paya jana sharir mean karbohaidret ki kami ka chihn hai aur usaka arth yah hota hai ki karbohaidret ka kary ab sanchit vasa ko karana p d raha hai. yah upavas ki praranbhavastha mean hota hai. rugnavastha mean jab rogi bhojan nahian karata tab sharir mean karbohaidret ke chayapachay ko janane ke lie mootr mean kiton ki jaanch karate rahana avashyak hai. upavas ki lanbi avadhi mean sanchit vasa ke samapt ho jane par ushma aur shakti ke utpadan ka bhar protin par a p data hai. sharir ke komal bhag ka pray: 75 pratishat aansh protin se bana hua raha hai. upavas ki avastha mean yahi protin emino-amloan mean parivartit hokar rakt mean pravahit hota hai. sabhi aangoan ke protinoan ka sanchalan saman matra mean nahian hota hai. lanbe upavas mean jab tak mastishk aur hriday ka bhar pray: 3 pratishat kam hota hai, tab tak peshiyoan ka 30 pratishat bhar kam ho jata hai. sharirik ootakoan (tishooz) se prapt emino-amloan ke mukhy do kary haian :

1. atyavashyak aangoan ko surakshit rakhana aur
2. rakt mean glookos ki apekshit matra ko sthir rakhana.

protin naitrojan yukt padarth hote haian. atev jab sharir ke protin ko uparyukt kam karane p date haian tab mootr ka naitrojaniy aansh badh jata hai. upavas ke pahale saptah mean yah aansh prati din mootr ke sath lagabhag 10 gram nikalata hai. doosare aur tisare saptah mean isaki matra kuchh kam ho jati hai. yadi is naitrojaniy aansh ko bahar nikalane mean vrikk asamarth hote haian to vah aansh rakt mean jane lagata hai aur vyakti mean mootraraktata (yoorimiya) ki dasha mean utpann ho jati hai. isako vyakti ki aantim avastha samajhana chahie.

sharir mean karbohaidret aur vasa ke saman protin ka sanchay nahian rahata. sharir ek jivit yantr hai. isaki rachana ka adhar protin hai. is yantr ki yah visheshata hai ki isake samany bhagoan mean protin upavas kal mean bhi avashyak aangoan ki raksha karate rahate haian. sharirik yantr ka sucharu roop se kary karate rahana sharir mean bananevale rasayanoan, kinvoan (enazaims) aur harmonoan par nirbhar rahata hai. ye upavas ki avastha mean bhi banate rahate haian. inake nirman ke lie sharir ke samany bhag apana protin aimino aml ke roop mean pradan karate rahate haian, jisase ye rasayinak padarth banate rahean aur sharir ki kriya mean badha n p de.

oorja ki kami

svasth sharir ke lie protin ki dainik matra pray: nishchit hai. ek yuvak ke lie prati din pratyek kilogram sharirik bhar ke anupat mean lagabhag ek gram protin avashyak hai aur yah ahar se milata hai. garbhavati stri tatha badhate hue shishu, balak athava tarun ko 50 pratishat adhik matra mean protin ki avashyakata hoti hai. isase adhik protin ahar mean rahane se sharir ko usaka vishleshan karake bahishkar karana p data hai, jisase yakrit aur vrikk ka kary vyarth hi badh jata hai. protin sharirik yantr ki marammat ke kam mean ata hai. atev rogottar tatha upavasottar kal mean ahar mean protin badha dena chahie. in sab batoan ka pata naitrojan santulan ke lekhe jokhe se lagaya ja sakata hai. yah kam jiv-rasayan-prayogashala mean kiya jata hai. yadi mootr ke naitrojan ki matra bhojan ke naitrojan se kam ho tab isako dhanatmak naitrojan santulan kahate haian. isase yah samajha jata hai ki ahar ke naitrojan (arthath‌ protin) mean se sharir keval ek vishisht matra ko grahan kar raha hai. yadi, isake viparit, mootr ka naitrojan adhik ho, to isaka arth yah hai ki sharir apane protin se bane naitrojan ka bhi bahishkar kar raha hai. is avastha ko rrinatmak naitrojan santulan kahate haian. upavas ki avastha mean 'rrinatmak protin santulan' aur upavasottar kal mean, ahar mean protin paryapt matra mean rahane par, 'dhanatmak protin santulan' rahata hai.

rog ke dinoan mean hamare desh mean bhojan pray: band karake varji, saboodana adi hi diya jata hai. isase rogi ko tanik bhi protin nahian milata, jisase aangoan ke hras ki poorti nahian ho pati. atev shirgh pachanevali protin bhi kisi n kisi roop mean rogi ko dena avashyak hai. badhate hue balakoan aur bachchoan mean protin aur bhi avashyak hai.

upavas mean kuchh dinoan tak sharirik kriyaean sanchit karbohaidret par, phir vishesh sanchit vasa par aur aant mean sharir ke protin par nirbhar rahati haian. mootr aur rakt ki pariksha se un padarthoan ka pata chal sakata hai jinaka sharir par us samay upayog kar raha hai. upavas ka pratyaksh lakshan hai vyakti ki shakti ka nirantar hras. sharir ki vasa ghul jati hai, peshiyaan kshin hone lagati haian. uthana, baithana, karavat lena adi vyakti ke lie dushkar ho jata hai aur aant mean mootraraktata (yoorimiya) ki avastha mean chetana bhi jati rahati hai. rakt mean glookos ki kami se sharir klaant tatha kshin hota jata hai aur aant mean sharirik yantr apana kam band kar deta hai.

bangal mean akal

1943 ki akalapi dit bangal ki janata ka vivaran b da hi bhayavah hai. is akal ke samajik aur naitik drishtikon b de hi romaanchakari haian. kiantu usaka vaijnanik adhyayan b da shikshaprad tha. bubhukshitoan ke sanbandh mean jo anveshan hue unase upavas vijnan ko b da labh hua. ek drishtaant yah hai ki in akalapi dit bhukhamaroan ke muanh mean doodh dalane se vah guda dvara jaise ka taisa turant bahar ho jata tha. jan p data tha ki unaki aant diyoan mean n pachan ras banata tha aur n unamean kuchh gati (spandan) rah gee thi. aisi avastha mean shiraoan (ven) dvara unhean bhojan diya jata tha. tab kuchh kal ke bad unake amashay kam karane lagate the aur tab bhi ve poorv pachit padarthoan ko hi pacha sakate the. dhire-dhire unamean doodh tatha any aharoan ko pachane ki shakti ati thi.

isi prakar gat vishvayuddh mean jin deshoan mean khady vastuoan par bahut niyantran tha aur janata ko bahut dinoan tak poora ahar nahian mil pata tha unamean bhi upavasajanati lakshan pae ge aur unaka adhyayan kiya gaya. in adhyayanoan se ahar vijnan aur upavas sanbandhi jnan mean vishesh vriddhi huee. aisi alpahari janata ka svasthy bahut kshin ho jata hai. usamean rog pratirodhak shakti nahian rah jati. gat vishvayuddh mean uchit ahar ki kami se kitane hi balak aandhe ho ge, kitane hi any rogoan ke gras bane.

upavas to dane ke niyam

upavas poorn ho ya adhoora, tho di avadhi ke lie ho ya lanbi avadhi ke lie, chahe dharm ya rajaniti par adharit ho, sharir par usaka prabhav avadhi ke anusar saman hota hai. dirghakalin alpahar se sharir mean ve hi parivartan hote haian jo poorn upavas mean kuchh hi samay mean ho jate haian. upavas to dane ke bhi vishesh niyam haian. anashan: pray: phaloan ke ras se to da jata hai. ras bhi dhire-dhire dena chahie, jisase pachak pranali par vishesh bhar n p de. do tin din tho da ras lene ke pashchath‌ ahar ke thos padarthoan ko bhi aise roop mean praranbh karana chahie ki amashay adi par, jo kuchh samay se pachan ke anabhyast ho ge haian, akasmath‌ vishesh bhar n p d jae. ahar ki matra dhire-dhire badhani chahie. is avadhi mean sharir vishesh adhik matra mean protin grahan karata hai, isaka bhi dhyan rakhana avashyak hai.

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panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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