संगम युग

sudoor dakshin bharat mean krishnaa evan tuangabhadra nadiyoan ke bich ke kshetr ko 'tamil pradesh' kaha jata tha. is pradesh mean anek chhote-chhote rajyoan ka astitv tha, jinamean cher, chol aur paandy pramukh the. dakshin bharat ke is pradesh mean tamil kaviyoan dvara sabhaoan tatha goshthiyoan ka ayojan kiya jata tha. in goshthiyoan mean vidvanoan ke madhy vibhinn vishayoan par vichar-vimarsh kiya jata tha, ise hi 'sangam' ke nam se jana jata hai. 100 ee. se 250 ee. ke madhy dakshin bharat mean tin sangamoan ko ayojit kiya gaya. is yug ko hi itihas mean "sangam yug" ke nam se jana jata hai. sarvapratham in goshthiyoan ka ayojan paandy rajaoan ke rajakiy sanrakshan mean kiya gaya tha, jisaki rajadhani maduree thi.

samajik sthiti

sangam sahityoan ke anusar is samay samaj mean varn vyavastha ka spasht vibhajan nahian tha, phir bhi samaj mean brahmanoan ko sammanajanak sthan prapt tha. sangam yug mean keval brahman hi yajnopavit dharan kar sakate the. samaj ke any varg ke logoan ko unake praantiy mool ke nam se jana jata tha. jaise- parvatiy kshetr ke logoan ko 'kutinji', samudratatiy kshetr ke logoan ko 'naiidal' adi namoan se jana jata tha. is kal ki pramukh jatiyoan ke vishay mean 'tolakappiyam' namak granth mean vistar se janakari di gee hai. is granth ke anusar is kal ki pramukh jatiyaan thian-

1. tudiyan
2. paraiyan
3. kadamban
4. panan adi.

brahmanoan ke atirikt 'sangam sahity' mean samaj ke char vargoan mean vibhajan ki janakari bhi prapt hoti hai. ye char varg the- 'arasar' (rajaparivar se ju da vyakti), 'benigar' (vanik varg), 'ballal' (b de prithakh varg, jo ki pratishthit the) tatha 'vellar' (mazadoor krishak varg).

vivah sanskar

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

is yug mean vivah ko ek sanskar mana jata tha aur prachin kal ke saman hi ath prakar ke vivah ka prachalan tha. 'sangam kal' mean 'das pratha' ka prachalan nahian tha. uchch evan sampann varg ke log pakki eeantoan tatha choone dvara nirmit bhavanoan ki oopari manjil mean rahate the tatha nichali manjil mean vyaparik kary kiya jata tha. bhavanoan ka nirman shastriy niyamoan ke anusar kiya jata tha. nimn varg ke logoan ki sthiti atyant hi samany thi.

shiksha ka star

sangam yug mean samaj ke sabhi vargoan mean shiksha ka samuchit prachalan tha, jo ki tatkalin yug ki ek bahut b di visheshata hai. sahity, vijnan, jyotish, ganit, vyakaran adi vishayoan ki shiksha di jati thi. shikshakoan ko 'kanakkatamh' tatha vidyarthiyoan ko 'pillai' kaha jata tha. mandir shiksha ke pramukh keandr the tatha gurudakshina dene ki pratha ka prachalan tha. is kal mean chitrakala ya moortikala ka bhi vikas ho gaya tha. shikar khelana, kushti l dana, dyoot, goli khelana, kavita, natak, nrity, sangit adi manoranjan ke pramukh sadhan the. is samay ka ek pramukh vady yantr tha- 'yal', jo tarayukt hota tha.

samaj mean stri ka sthan

purushoan ki apeksha striyoan ko samaj mean nimn sthan prapt tha. kanya ka janm ashubh mana jata tha. striyoan ko sampatti mean koee adhikar prapt nahian tha. striyaan shiksha grahan karati thian tatha samajik anushthanoan mean bhag le sakati thian. raja ke aangarakshak ke roop mean striyoan ki niyukti ki jati thi. patni ko ghar mean adaraniy sthan prapt tha. nrity karane vali stri ghareloo stri ke lie ashubh mani jati thi. vidhavaoan ko abhooshanoan ko tyagakar sir mu davana p data tha tatha kalash ke sath ya bina kalash ke bhi daphanane ki pratha prachalit thi. parivar pitrisattatmak hota tha. nimnavarg ki stri khetoan mean kam karati thian. uchch varg ki kuchh striyaan, jaise 'ovaiyar' evan 'nachcheliyar' ne ek saphal kavayitri ke roop mean apane ko sthapit kiya aur is varg ki striyaan shiksha prapt karati thian. vidhivaoan ki sthiti itani badatar thi ki ve svechchha se "sati" hona adhik saral samajhati thian. svaichchhik sati pratha ka prachalan sangam kalin samaj mean tha. sangam kalin samaj mean ganikaoan evan nartakiyoan ke roop mean kramashah 'parattiyar' v 'kanigaichar' ka ullekh milata hai. ye veshyavriti dvara jivanayapan karati thian.

shasan vyavastha

sangamakalin sahityanusar is samay raja ka pad vanshanugat hota tha, jo jyeshthata par adharit tha. raja ka charitravan, prajapalak, nishpaksh tatha sanyami hona anivary tha. rajasabha ko 'manaday' kaha jata tha, jahaan raja dvara nyayik kary kiye jate the. apane jivan kal mean hi raja yuvaraj ki niyukti kar dete the. yuvaraj ko 'komahan' tatha any putroan ko 'ileangoan' kaha jata tha. raja ke ni:santan marane par mantriyoan tatha praja dvara raja ka chunav kiya jata tha. raja ka janm din is yug mean mahotsav ke roop mean manaya jata tha. rajyabhishek ka prachalan nahian tha, lekin raja ke sianhasanaroodh hone ke samay utsav ka ayojan kiya jata tha. darabar mean kaviyoan evan vidvanoan ka sthan sammanajanak tha.

rajy sanchalan

raja apane paramarshadataoan ki sahayata se shasan kary ka sanchalan karate the. mukhy paramarshadata the- purohit, vaishy, jyotish evan mantrigan. paramarshadataoan ki sabha ko 'panchavarak' kaha jata tha. raja shasan kary ke sanchalan mean guptacharoan ki bhi sahayata liya karata tha. guptacharoan ko 'ortar' kaha jata tha. dand vyavastha atyant kathor thi. raja sabase b da nyayadhish hota tha. 'man day' arthath rajasabha rajy ka sabase b da nyayalay tha tatha 'mannaram' nyay ki sabase chhoti ikaee thi.

sainy prabandhan

raja ke pas rath, hathi, ashv tatha paidal sena ke char aang hote the. sainikoan dvara jin shastroan ka mukhyataya prayog kiya jata tha, ve the- 'vel' (bhala), 'vil' (dhanush), 'kol' (ban), 'val' (kh dag) tatha 'kavach' adi. shahid sainikoan ki yad mean shilapatt lagaye jate the. viragati prapt yauddhaoan ki pashan moortiyaan banakar devataoan ki tarah unaki pooja ki jati thi. senaoan ke lie ek vishesh samaroh ka ayojan kiya jata tha, jisamean senapatiyoan ko 'egadi' ki vishesh upadhi pradan ki jati thi. nagar evan gram prashasan ki mukhy ikaiyaan thian, jahaan ka prashasan sthaniy janapratinidhiyoan dvara chalaya jata tha. 'ur' nam ki sanstha dvara nagar prashasan ka sanchalan kiya jata tha. gram prashasan 'mannaram', 'podil', 'ambalay' tatha 'apai' ke nirdeshan mean sanbhala jata tha.

arthik sthiti

krishi desh ki arthik sthiti ka mooladhar thi. chaval, raee, ganna tatha kapas adi ki kheti ki jati thi. is samay nadiyoan tatha talaboan ke dvara sianchaee ki jati thi. bhoomikar rajy ki ay ka pramukh sadhan tha, jo upaj ka 1/6 bhag vasool kiya jata tha. bhoomikar ko 'karaee' kaha jata tha. us samay 'pari' namak rajy katahal aur shahad tatha cher rajy katahal, kali mirch evan haldi ki paidavar ke lie vikhyat the. sampatti, bandaragah tatha loot ke dhan adi par bhi kar lagaye jate the. samantoan dvara diya jane vala kar evan loot dvara prapt dhan 'duraee' kahalata tha. avashyakatanusar praja se atirikt kar bhi vasool kiya jata tha, jise 'iravu' kaha jata tha. krishi ke atirikt kap da bunana pramukh udyog tha. uraiyar tatha maduree vastr udyog ke pramukh keandr the. vastr udyog ke atirikt rassi baantana, hathi daant ki vastuean banana, jahaz nirman, sone ke abhooshan banana tatha samudr se moti nikalane ka kary bhi kiya jata tha, jo rajy ke arthik adhar ko sashakt banata tha.

vyapar

aantarik evan videshi vyapar ki dasha unnat thi. aantarik vyapar mukhyataya adan pradan ke dvara kiya jata tha. 'pandi' is samay vinimay ka mukhy sadhan tha. maduree tatha puhar pramukh vyaparik keandr the. puhar tatha shalipur bandaragah se videsh vyapar hota tha. isake atirikt any pramukh bandaragah the- 'gaura', 'mujirit', 'nelasida', 'toshdi' adi. ye bandaragah bharat ke pashchimi samudr tat par sthit the. kali mirch, mashala, hathi daant, moti, sooti vastroan ka niryat tatha taanba, tin, sharab adi vastuoan ka ayat kiya jata tha.

dharmik sthiti

is samay vaidik tatha brahman dharmoan ka samaj mean prachar prasar hua. brahmanoan ko adar ki drishti se dekha jata tha tatha raja dvara unhean dan bhi diya jata tha. yajnoan ka ayojan kiya jata tha. dharmik karyoan ka sampadan brahmanoan ke dvar kiya jata tha. jain dharm tatha bauddh dharm ka samaj mean nam matr hi prachalan tha. is samay mukhy upasy devata the-

1. vishnu
2. shiv
3. shrikrishna
4. balaram adi.

'vir pooja' tatha 'sati pooja' ka bhi prachalan samaj mean tha. 'murugan' dakshin bharat ka sabase adhik lokapriy devata tha. kalantar mean murugan hi 'subrahmanyam' kaha gaya, aur skand-kartikey se is devata ka ekikaran kiya gaya. murugan ka ek any nam 'vellan' bhi milata hai. vellan ka sambandh bel se hai, jisaka arth vahi hai. yah is devata ka pramukh astr tha. kisan log 'marudam' (indr) ki pooja karate the. puhar ke varshik utsav mean indr ki vishesh prakar ki pooja hoti thi. 'kaurralai' vijay ki devi thi. skand-kartikey ko uttar bharat mean shiv-parvati ke putr ke roop mean jana jata hai. tamil pradesh mean murugan ka pratik 'murga' (kukkat) ko mana gaya hai, jise parvat-shikhar par kri da karana pasand hai. murugan tamiloan ke sarvashreshth devata the. sangam kal mean tamil pradesh mean 'bali pratha' ka prachalan tha. devataoan ki pooja-archana karane ke lie mandiroan ki bhi vyavastha thi, jinhean 'nagar', 'kottam', 'puraee' ya 'koli' kaha jata tha. yadyapi mandir apane astitv mean the tathapi dharmik karyoan ka adhikaanshat: ayojan khule vrikshoan ke niche kiya jata tha.

sangam sahity

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'sangam' shabd ka arth hai- 'sangh', 'parishadh', 'goshthi' athava 'sansthan'. vastav mean sangam tamil kaviyoan, vidvanoan, acharyoan, jyotishiyoan evan buddhijiviyoan ki ek parishadh thi. tamil bhasha mean likhe gaye prachin sahity ko hi 'sangam sahity' kaha jata hai. tamil anushrutiyoan ke anusar tin parishadoan (sangam) ka ayojan hua tha- 'pratham sangam', 'dvitiy sangam' aur 'tritiy sangam'. tinoan sangam kul 9950 varsh tak chale. is avadhi mean lagabhag 8598 kaviyoan ne apani rachanaoan se 'sangam sahity' ki unnati ki. koee 197 pandy shasakoan ne in sangamoan ko apana sanrakshan pradan kiya. 'sangam sahity' ka rachanakal vivadaspad hai. is vishay mean pramanik janakari ka abhav hai, phir bhi jo sanket milate haian, unake adhar par yahi anuman lagaya ja sakata hai ki 'sangam sahity' ka sankalan 100 se 600 ee. ke madhy hua hoga. 'sangam sahity' mean ullikhit 'narakul' shabd 'smaran prashn' ke arth mean prayukt hota tha.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh