User:शिल्पी गोयल/अभ्यास

magadhi bhasha

magahi ya magadhi bharat ki ek bhasha hai. magahi shabd ka vikas magadhi se hua hai (magadhi > magahi >magahi). magahi bharat mean kul 17,449,446 logoan dvara boli jati hai. prachin kal mean yah magadh samrajy ki bhasha thi. bhagavan buddh apane upadesh isake prachin rup magadhi prakrit mean hi dete the. magahi ka maithili aur bhojapuri bhashaoan se bhi gahara sanbandh hai jinhean samoohik roop se bihari bhashaean kaha jata hai jo indo-aryan bhashaean haian. maithili ki paranparik lipi “kaithi” hai par ab yah samanyatah devanagari lipi mean hi likhi jati hai. magahi bihar ke mukhyatah patana, gaya, jahanabad, aur aurangabad zile mean boli jati hai. isake alava yah palamoo, giridih, hazaribag, muanger, aur bhagalapur, jharakhand ke kuchh ziloan tatha pashchim bangal ke malada mean bhi bola jata hai.

adhunik kal mean hi magahi ke anek rup drishtigat hote haian. magahi bhasha ka kshetr vistar ati vyapak hai; atah sthan bhed ke sath-sath isake roop badal jate haian . pratyek boli ya bhasha kuchh doori par badal jati hai. magahi bhasha ke nimnalikhit bhedoan ka sanket bhashavid krishnadev prasad ne kiya hai :-'sa magadhi moolabhasha' is vaky se yah bodh hota hai ki bhagavan gautam buddh ke samay magadhi hi mool bhasha ke rup mean jan samany ke bich boli jati thi. kaha jata hai ki bhasha samay pakar apana svarup badalati hai aur vibhinn rupoan mean vikasit hoti hai.

magahi ka vikas

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magahi ka vikas 'magadhi' shabd se hua hai. dhvani parivartan ke karan magadhi > magahi > magahi. ady akshar mean svar sankoch hone ke karan ma > m ke rup mean vikasit hua hai. yahaan yah prashn upasthit hota hai ki magahi bhasha ka vikas magadhi (pali) athava natakoan mean prayukt magadhi prakrit se hua athava magadh janapad mean boli jane vali kisi any bhasha se. jahaan tak natakoan mean prayukt hone vali magadhi prakrit ka sambandh hai usase magahi ka vikas nahian mana ja sakata hai kyoanki magadhi mean r ka l aur s ka sh ho jata hai. jabaki magahi mean r auऱ l tatha s adi dhvaniyoan ka svatantr astittvahai. magahi mean sh ka prayog hi nahian hota hai. magadhi mean j ka y ho jata hai, kintu magahi mean yah j ke rup mean hi milata hai, yatha - janm > janam, jal > jal. magadhi mean anvarvati chchh ka shch ho jata hai jabaki magahi mean chh ka chh hi rahata hai, yatha - gachchh > gachh, puchchh > pooanchh, guchchhak > guchchha. magadhi mean ksh ka shk ho jata hai jabaki magahi mean ksh ka kh ho jata hai, yatha - paksh > pakkh > pakh, pankh, kshetr > khett > khet. uparyukt tathyoan ke adhar par yah kaha ja sakata hai magadhi prakrit se magahi ka vikas nahian mana ja sakata hai. pali jise magadhi kahate haian, usamean magahi ke anek shabd milate haian, yatha - nisseni > niseni, gachchh > gachh, rukkh > rukh, jankhane > jakhane, tankhane > takhane, kankhane > kakhane, kuhi, kahan > kahaan, jahi, jahian > jahaan adi.

kintu pali aur magahi ki tulanatmak vivechana se yah spasht ho jata hai ki pali (magadhi) se bhi magahi vikasit nahian huee hai. suniti kumar chatarji ne pashchimi magadhi apabhransh se bihari boliyoan ko vikasati mana hai. dohoan ki bhasha aur magahi bhasha ki tulana se yah tathy sunishchit hota hai ki magahi siddhoan ki bhasha se vikasit huee hai. sarvanam mean sarahapad ki bhasha mean jahaan ko, je ka prayog hota hai, vahi magahi ke, je ka prayog prachalit hai. char, chudah, das (dah) adi sankhyavachak shabdoan ka prayog magahi ke saman hai. samayik parivartan ke karan prayog magahi tatha siddhoan ki magahi mean samayik parivartan drishtigat hota hai kintu donoan ki pravriti evan prakriti mean ekarupata hai.

siddhoan ki shabdavaliyaan kuchh parivartan ke sath magahi mean prayukt hoti hai. yatha - aisan, appan, kise, leli-leli, lelaki, ail > ayal, aili, andhari > aandhar, phatila > phatili, adharati, adharatiya, bhili, bheli bhili, adi. siddh sahity ki panktiyaan bhi magahi ke atyant nikat maloom p dati hai :

bhav n hoi abhav n jagi.
ais sanvahai ko patiai..
aji bhoosu bangali bhili
niadharani chandali lali (charyapad 29).

siddhoan ki bhashakar gathanatmak rup magahi se poornat: ekanishth hai. kisi bhasha ki gathanatmak svarup ka nirupan, sanjna, sarvanam, kriya, visheshan, upasarg tatha pratyay adi se hota hai. siddhoan ki bhasha ki sanjna, sarvanam, magahi ke saman hi haian. at: yah kaha ja sakata hai ki siddhoan ki bhasha se hi magahi ka bhashik rup vikasit hai. siddhoan ki bhasha aur magahi mean paryapt samarupata hai. udaharan ke liye yaryapad ki kuchh panktiyaan dekhi ja sakati hai:

sarah bhashi jap uju bhila
(sarahapa charyapad)

nana taruvar maulil te ganat lalegi dali.
(sarahapa charyapad)

ail garahak apane bahia.
(birua, charyapad)

uparyukt panktiyoan mean siddhoan ne vartaman bhootakalik kridant pratyay "il' ka prayog kiya hai. aise prayog adhunik magahi mean bhi milate haian. magadhi apabhransh se adhunik magahi poornat: sambaddh hai. apabhransh mean prayukt vibhaktiyukt sanjnapadoan ke rup magahi mean paye jate haian, yatha - "ghare mean dinarat bithal hi. baboo ji ghare n hathun." apabhransh kal mean vibhaktibodhak par sargoan ka prayog hone laga tha, jinaka vikas any bhashaoan ke sath magahi mean bhi hua. isi prakar sanjna, sarvanam, visheshan tatha kriya adi ka vikas magadhi (pashchimi) apabhransh se hua. apabhransh mean tatsam shabdoan ke bahishkar ki prakriti drishtigat hoti hai, adhunik magahi mean bhi yah pravriti vartaman hai. magahi ke tadbhav aur deshi shabd-tantr mukhyat: prakrit aur apabhransh ke shabd-tantr ke hi vikasit rup haian. yahaan yah bata dena samichin hai ki siddh sahity ke rup mean prapt magahi ke prachinakalik svarup ke anantar usake adhunik rup hi milate haian, madhyakalin svarup aprapt hai.

bhashattv

magahi ka svatantr bhashattv hai kintu maithili bhasha vaijnanikoan arthat jayakant mishr ne yah siddh karane ka prayatn kiya hai ki magahi ka svatantr astittv hai. jayakant mishr ne magahi ko maithili ki ek upaboli ke rup mean siddh kiya hai kintu maithili aur magahi ko ek doosare se prithak karane vali vishishtata donoan ki auchcharanik evan dhvanyatmak parivartan ki prakiya hai. at: magahi ko maithili ki upaboli ke rup mean svikar nahian kiya ja sakata hai. isaka svatantr bhashattv hai.

magahi tatha bhojapuri mean bhi kuchh bhashik evan vyakaranik ekarupata drishtigat hoti hai, kintu donoan bhashaoan ka prithak-prithak astittv hai. bihari boliyoan mean payi jane vali antarik ekarupata avashy milati hai. kintu antarik vishamata bhi prabhoot rup mean milati hai. magahi tatha bhojapuri mean vyakaranik bhinnata bhi hai. magahi kriyaoan mean jahaan karta ke anurup liangabhed nahian hota vahaan bhojapuri mean hota ha. sankshepat: yah kaha ja sakata hai ki magahi ki svatantr bhashik satta hai.

magahi bhasha ki sima ka vivechan karane par pata chalata hai ki yah keval patana aur gaya zile mean hi nahian apitu jharakhand pradesh ke hajaribag, giridih adi zile mean bhi boli jati hai. magadh ke pashchimi sima par jharakhand rajy ke palamoo zile ke kuchh bhagoan mean tatha poorv mean bihar rajy ke hi muanger tatha bhagalapur ke kshetroan mean bhi magahi boli jati hai.

magahi kshetr ke uttar mean gangapar tirahut kshetr mean maithili boli ka kshetr hai. pashchim mean shahabad tatha palamoo ka bhojapuri kshetr hai. uttar poorvi sima par muanger, bhagapur aur santhal paragana (jharakhand) mean aangika (chhikachhiki) boli jati hai. magahi ki dakshin sima par raanchi mean sadani bhojapuri ka kshetr hai.

magahi ke roop

griyarsan ne magahi ke do rupoan ko svikar kiya hai:

1. poorvi magahi
2. shuddh magahi

poorvi magahi

poorvi magahi ka koee shrriankhalabaddh rup nahian hai. yah magahi hajaribag ke dakshinapoorv bhag, manabhoom evan raanchi ke dakshin poorv bhag kharasavaan tatha dakshin mean mayoorabhanj evan bamara tak boli jati hai. malada zile ke pashchimi bhag mean bhi poorvi magahi ka kshetr hai.

shuddh magahi

shuddh magahi apane kshetr mean boli jati hai. yah pashchimi kshetr mean patana, gaya, hajaribag, muanger aur bhagalapur zile mean hi nahian apitu poorv kshetr mean raanchi ke dakshin bhag mean, sianhabhoom ke uttari kshetr mean tatha sarayakela evan karasavaan ke kuchh kshetroan mean magahi boli jati hai.

mishrit magahi

poorvi magahi tatha shuddh magahi ke sath hi mishrit magahi ki bhi ek vyapak sanjna ho sakati hai. mishrit magahi ka rup vahaan dikhaee p data hai jahaan adarsh magahi apani sima par any sahodar bhashaoan, jaise maithili aur bhojapuri se ek se ek hokar evan apane astittv ko kshirodakibhoot kar simavarti boliyoan ke rup mean vyakt hoti hai.

adhunik kal mean magahi

adhunik kal mean hi magahi ke anek rup drishtigat hote haian. magahi bhasha ka kshetr vistar ati vyapak hai, parinamat: sthan bhed ke karan isake rup bhed bhi prachalit haian. pratyek boli ya bhasha kuchh doori par badal jati hai.

krishnadev prasad ke anusar

magahi bhasha ke nimnalikhit bhedoan ka sanket krishnadev prasad ne kiya hai :

1. adarsh-magahi
2. shuddh-magahi
3. talahamagahi
4. sonatariyamagahi
5. jangalimagahi

adarsh- magahi

yah mukhyat: gaya zile mean boli jati hai.

shuddh -magahi

is prakar ki magahi rajagrih se lekar biharashariph ke uttar char kos bayana steshan (relave) patana zile ke any kshetroan mean boli jati hai

talaha -magahi

talaha magahi mukhy rup se mokama, b dahiya, badh anumandal ke is par ke kuchh poorvi bhag aur lakkhisaray thana ke kuchh uttari bhag giddhaur aur poorv mean phatuhaan mean boli jati hai.

sonatariya magahi

son nadi ke tatavarti bhoo-bhag mean patna aur gaya zile mean sonatariya magahi boli jati hai.

jangali magahi

rajagrih, gaya, jharakhand pradesh ke chhotanagapur (uttari chhotanagapur moolat:) aur visheshataur se hajaribag ke vany ya jangali kshetroan mean jangali magahi boli jati hai.

griyarsan mahoday ke anusar

shri krishnadev prasad ne poorvi magahi ka ullekh nahian kiya hai. griyarsan mahoday ke anusar poorvi magahi ka kshetr hajaribag, manabhoom, dakshinabhoom, dakshinapoorv raanchi tatha u disa mean sthit kharasavaan evan mayurabhanj ke kuchh bhag tatha chhattisagadh ke vam da mean hai. malada zile ke dakshin mean bhi griyarsan poorvi-magahi ki sthiti svikar karate haian. bholanath tivari ne magahi ke char rupoan ka nirdharan hindi bhasha namak pustak mean kiya hai :

1. adarsh-magahi
2. poorvi-magahi
3. jangali-magahi
4. sonatari magahi

bholanath tivari ke anusar

bholanath tivari ki manyata hai ki magahi ka parinishthit rup gaya zile mean bola jata hai. griyarsan ne bhi gaya zile mean boli jane vali magahi ko vishuddhatam ki sanjna di hai. prachin gaya janapad mean magahi bhasha ke tin spasht bhed prachalit the. navada anumandal, aurangabad anumandal tatha gaya ke shesh kshetr ki magahi mean spasht antar hai. kintu zile ke punargathan ke pashchat gaya zile mean ek hi prakar ki magahi prachalit hai. patana zile ke dakshini bhag aur pray: sampoorn gaya zile mean vishesh rup se ekarupata payi jati hai. patana aur gaya zile ki bhasha ko hi parinishthit magahi manana yuktisangat evan samichin hai. at: brajamohan pandey 'nalin' jo ki pali bhasha ke magadh vishvavidyalay mean vibagadhyaksh haian magahi sahityakaroan se nivedan karate huai likhate haian; 'magahi sahityakaroan se at: mera nivedan hai ki ve gaya ki magahi ko hi parinishthit manakar apane rachanatmak karyoan ka sampadan karean.'

magahi bhasha ke prachin sahityetihas

magahi bhasha ke prachin sahityetihas ka prarambh athavian shatabdi ke siddh kaviyoan ki rachanaoan se hota hai. sarahapa ki rachanaoan ka suvyavasthit evan vaijnanik sanskaran dohakosh ke nam se prakashit hai jisake sampadak mahapanidat rahul saankrityayan haian. siddhoan ki parampara mean madhyakal ke anek santakaviyoan ne magadhi bhasha mean rachanayean ki. in kaviyoan mean baba karamadas, baba sohangadas, baba hemanath das adi anek kaviyoan ke nam ullekh haian.

adhunik kal mean magahi bhasha

adhunik kal mean magahi bhasha mean sahity pranayan ki parampara age tivr gati se badhi hai. shrikant shasri adhunik magahi sahity ki chetana ka arambh shrikrishnadev prasad ki rachanaoan se manate haian. adhunik magahi sahity ki shrivriddhi karane valoan mean shrikant shasri, shrikrishnadev prasad, ramanaresh, pathak, jayaram sianh, ramanandan, mrityunjay mishr "karunesh', yogeshvar sianh "yogesh', ram naresh mishr "hans', baboolal "madhukar', satish mishr, ramkrishna mishr, ramaprasad sianh, ramanaresh prasad varma, ramapukar sianh rathaur, govardhan prasad saday, sooryanarayan sharma, mathura prasad "navin', shrinandan shasri, suresh doobe "saras', sheshanand madhukar, ramaprasad pundarik, anik vibhakar, mithilesh jaitapuriya, rajesh pathak, suresh anand pathak, devanandan vikal, ramasianhasan sianh vidyarthi, shridhar prasad sharma, kapiladev prasad trivedi, "dev magahiya', harishchandr priyadarshi, harinandan mishr "kisalay', ramagopal sharma "rudr', ramasanehi sianh "sanehi', sidhdeshvar pandey "nalin', radhakrishna ray adi ke nam pramuk hai. jin kaviyoan, lekhakoan, natakakaroan, kahanikaroan, upanyasakaroan evan nibandhakaroan ne sahity ki vividh vidhaoan mean rachanadharmita ko jivant rakhate hue kalam chalaee hai, unaka sankshipt vivaran niche diya ja raha hai :

adhunik kal mean lokabhasha aur lokasahity sambandhi adhyayan ke parinamasvarup magahi ke prachin paramparagat lokagitoan, lokakathaoan, lokanatyoan, muhavaroan, kahavatoan tatha paheliyoan ka sangrah kary b di tivrata ke sath kiya ja raha hai. sath hi magahi bhasha mean yugochit sahity, arthat kavita, kahani, natak, upanyas, ekaanki, lalit nibandh adi ki rachanaean, patr-patrikaoan ka prakashan evan bhasha aur sahity par anusandhan bhi ho rahe haian.

prabandh kavy evan mahakavy

• harinath mishr - lalit ramayan
• harinath mishr - lalit bhagavat
• ramaprasad sianh - loha marad
• yogeshvar prasad sianh "yogesh' - gautam
• yogesh pathak - jarasandh

khand kavy

• mithilesh prasad mithilesh - radhiya
• ramaprasad sianh - sarahapad

muktak kavy

• ramanaresh prasad varma - chyavan
• svarnakiran - jivak, sujata
• suresh doove ""saras - nihora
• prasad sianh - parasapallav
• ramavilas rajakan - vasanti
• ramavilas rajakan - dooj ke chaand
• ramavilas rajakan - panasokha rajanigandha
• ramapukar sianh rathaur - aujan
• ramasianhasan sianh - jagarana
• yogeshvar prasad ""yogesh - lotachutti

gitikavy aur kavita

• ramkrishna mishr - git ke ju dachhaant
• ramkrishna mishr - belapattar
• ramadas ary - git adami ke
• svarnakiran - dharati phat gelee
• shrinandan shasri - appanagit
• mahendr prasad dehati - papihara
• jay prakash - mati ke diya
• ramadhar sianh adhar - magahi kavitavali
• satish kumar mishr - toosa
• svarnakiran - dharati ke pati
• jayanath kavi - panaghat
• ramanagina sianh magahiya - halapha
• rajenedr sianh - luathi
• yogeshvar prasad sianh yogesh - tulasidas
• ranjan kumar mishr - dharakit lor
• mathura prasad navin - b dahiya goli kaand
• rajakumar prasad - lutti
• mrityunjay mishr karunesh - gajal he nam
• dinabandhu - tit-mith-gajalagit
• suresh datt mishr - ugen
• ramagopal sharma rudr - upades - gatha
• shyamapyari kuanar - vandana
• ramanagina sianh magahiya - bhor
• svarnakiran - muar
• brajamohan pandey nalin (san) - atit - gatha
• ramaprasad sianh (san.) - jharokha
• ramaprasad sianh (san.) - muskan
• baboolal madhukar - lahara
• ramanagina sianh mahariya - vikramapukar
• ramanagina sianh mahariya - dhar daya git
• ramanagina sianh mahariya - vikram pratijna
• ramanagina sianh mahariya - gavee git
• ramanagina sianh mahariya - jay magahi
• yogeshvar prasad sianh yogesh - ianjor
• baboolal madhukar - aanguri ke dag
• mahendr prasad shubhaansu - taras uthal jiyara
• govind pyasa - badhava mean bhel d bihan
• govind pyasa - sanjhuti
• rajendr pandey - dhibari

kahani sangrah

• jitendr vats - kiriya karam
• shrikant shasri - magahi kahani seangaran
• rajeshvar pathak ""rajesh - nagarabahoo
• lakshman prasad - katha thud
• ramanaresh prasad varma - sejiyadan
• abhimanyu prasad maury - katha sarovar
• alakhadev prasad achal - kathakali
• suresh pradas nirdvenddh - muraga bol delak
• tarakeshvar bharati - naina kajar
• radhakrishna - e neur too ganga ja
• ramanandan - lut geliya
• brajamohan pandey ""nalin - ek par ek
• ramachandr adip - gamala mean gachh
• ramachandr adip - bikharit gulapasa

natak

• baboolal madhukar - nayaka bhor
• harinandan kisalay - appan gaanv
• babooram sianh ""lamago da - gandhari ke sarap
• babooram sianh ""lamago da - bujjhal diya k matti
• alakhadev prasad achal - badalav
• abhimanyu prasad maury - prem aisan hovad he
• satyendr prasad sianh - aancharava ke laj
• keshav prasad varma - kanahiya k darad
• ranandan - kaumudi mahotsav
• ramanaresh mistr ""hans - sujata
• raghuvir prasad samadarshi - bhasmasur
• gopal ravat pipasa - adhi rat ke bad

ekaanki sangrah

• chhotoo narayan sharma - magahi ke doo phool
• keshav prasad varma - sona ke sita

upanyas

• jayanath pati - sunita
• jayanath pati - phoolabahadur
• jayanath pati - gadahanit
• rajendr prasad chaudhey - bisesara
• ram nandan - adami au devata
• shrikant shasri - godana
• chakradhar sharma - hay re u din
• chakradhar sharma - sakaly
• baboolal madhukar - ramaratiya
• dvarika prasad - monabhinya
• upama datt - piyakk d
• ramaprasad sianh - narak-sarag-dharati
• ramavilas rajakan - dhoomail dhoti