सुनामी
thumb|250px|sunami lahar gathan sunami ek samudri hava hai, jo b de paimane par samudri pani mean halachal paida kar deti hai. sunami japani shabd hai, jisaki utpatti do shabd-soo (harbar) aur nami (veb) se huee hai, jisaka ashay japan mean ‘bandaragah ki laharean’ se hai. sunami laharoan ki shriankhala se milakar bani ek prakritik ghatana hai jo tab uthpanhn hoti haian jab samudr ya jhil mean jal ki vhyapak matra teji se vishthapit hoti hai. sunami vishal panadubbi ya tatiy bhookanp, pani ke niche bhooshkhalan jo bhookamhp ya jhvalamukhiy gatividhi ke karan bhi ho sakata hai, b di tatiy chattan ya jhil ke kinare ke bhooshkhalan, ya samudr ki talahati ke niche ya isake samip jhvalamukhiy udagar adi ke dvara bhi uthpanhn ho sakati haian.
sunami ke prakar
sunami tin prakar ki hoti haian. ap kis prakar ki sunami ka samana kareange, yah sunami uthpanhn hone vale shthan se ap ki doori par nirbhar karata hai.
- doorashth sunami door lamhbe rashte mean uthpanhn hoti hai, jaise ki chili mean prashaant ke us par se. aisi avastha mean hamare pas nhyoojilaiand ke lie chetavani ka tin ghante se adhik samay hoga.
- kshetriy sunami apane gantavhy se door ek se tin ghante ki yatra samay ke bich uthpanhn hoti haian. nhyoojilaiand ke uttar karamadek gart mean pani ke niche jhvalamukhi udagar kshetriy sunami uthpanhn kar sakata hai.
- sthaniy sunami nyoojilaiand ke bahut hi qarib utpann hoti haian. is prakar ki sunami bahut khataranak hai khyoanki hamare pas chetavani ke keval kuchh minat hi ho sakate haian.[1]
karan
| sthan | kab ae | tivrata |
|---|---|---|
| chili | 22 mee, 1960 | 9.5 |
| prins viliyam saund, alaska | 28 march, 1964 | 9.2 |
| uttari sumatra, pashchimi tat | 26 disambar, 2004 | 9.1 |
| kamachataka, poorvi roos | 4 navambar, 1952 | 9.0 |
| maule tat, chili | 27 faravari, 2010 | 8.8 |
| ikvador ke tat par | 31 janavari, 1906 | 8.8 |
| rait ailaind alaska | 4 faravari, 1965 | 8.7 |
| uttari sumatra, indoneshiya | 28 march, 2005 | 8.6 |
| asam aur tibbat sima | 15 agast, 1950 | 8.6 |
| eandriyanoph ailaids, alaska | 9 march, 1957 | 8.6 |
| dakshini sumatra, indoneshiya | 12 sitambar, 2007 | 8.5 |
| baianda si, indoneshiya | 1 faravari, 1938 | 8.5 |
| kamachataka, poorvi roos | 3 faravari, 1923 | 8.5 |
| chili-arjenatina sima | 11 navambar, 1922 | 8.5 |
| kuril ailainds | 13 aktoobar, 1963 | 8.5 |
adhikatar sunami ka karan bhookanp hota hai. lekin jvalamukhi ke phatane, dharati ki pletoan ke khisakane, vayumandaliy dabav, samudr ke bhitar visphot aur ulkaoan ke prabhav ke karan bhi sunami ati hai. sunami chautarapha bavandar ki tarah hoti hai. isaki hava ki koee nishchit disha nahian hoti hai. 30 kilomitar pratighanta se lekar 700 kilomitar pratighanta tak isaki raphtar ho sakati hai.
sunami chetavani
samhbhavit sunami ke bare mean chetavani sandesh aur sanket anek srotoan se a sakate haian - prakritik, adhikarik ya gairadhikarik.
prakritik chetavani
sthaniy srot adharit sunami ke lie, jo minatoan mean pahuanch sakati hai, adhikarik chetavani ke lie samay nahian hoga. aise mean prakritik chetavani ke sanketoan ko pahachanana aur jalhdi se kary karana mahathvapoorn hai.
adhikarik chetavani
adhikarik chetavaniyaan keval door ki aur kshetriy srot adharit sunami ke lie hi sanbhav haian. sarakari chetavaniyaan nagarik pratiraksha evan apada prabandhan mantralay dvara rashhtriy midiya, shthaniy pradhikariyoan evan anhy pramukh jimhmedar ejeansiyoan ko prasarit ki jati haian. apaki sthaniy kauansil shthaniy midiya, sairan aur sanbhavat: anhy shthaniy vhyavashthaoan ke dvara bhi chetavaniyoan ko jari kar sakati hai.
gairadhikarik ya anaupacharik chetavani
ap dostoan, anhy samanhy janoan, aantarrashhtriy midiya aur iantaranet se chetavaniyoan ko prapht kar sakate haian. chetavani ko tabhi sathyapit karean yadi ap bahut jalhdi se aisa kar sakean. yadi adhikarik chetavani mil sake, to anaupacharik chetavaniyoan ke bajay us par jhyada bharosa karean.[1]
sunami ke dauran kya karean
- yadi sanbhav ho to apani getave kit ko apane sath le lean. apani kit ya saman uthane ke lie jokhim vale kshetroan mean n jaean.
- apane palatoo pashuoan ko sath le lean yadi ap surakshit roop se aisa kar sakean.
thumb|250px|left|sunami
Tsunami
- turant jitana ho sake najadik ki sabase ooanchi bhoomi ki or jaean, ya tat se door aantarik kshetr mean pahuanchean. yadi shthan khali karake bahar jane nakhsha maujood hai, to dikhae ge margoan ka anusaran karean.
- yadi sanbhav ho to paidal ya saikil se jaean aur yadi bahut zaroori ho tabhi ga di chalaean. yadi draiviang karate hue ap shthan khali karae jane vale kshetr se surakshit bahar nikal jate haian to apane pichhe ane valoan ko jagah dene ke lie chalana jari rakhean.
- yadi ap sunami se bach kar bhag nahian sakean, to kisi mazaboot imarat ki oopari manzil par ya chhat par ya pe d ke oopar chadh jaean, ya tairati vashtu ko pk d le aur sahayata pahuanchane tak lagatar mazabooti se pak de rahean.
- naukaean tat ki apeksha amataur par 20 mitar se adhik gahare pani mean adhik surakshit hoti haian. nav ko samudr mean le jayean jab isake lie samay ho aur aisa karana surakshit ho.
- sunami dekhane ke lie kabhi bhi kinare par mat jaean. jokhim vale kshetroan se tab tak door rahean jab tak khatara poori tarah talane ki adhikarik chetavani n jari kar di jae.
- apane shthaniy rediyo kenhdroan ko sunean jahaan apatasthiti prabandhan karmachari, apake samuday aur paristhiti ke lie sabase upayukht salah jari kareange.[1]
sunami ane ke bad
- nagarik pratiraksha salah ke lie lagatar rediyo ko sune aur tab tak khali kie gaye kshetr mean vapas n jaean jab tak khatara poori tarah talane ki adhikarik chetavani n jari kar di jae.
- savadhan rahean khyoanki ek se adhik laharean ho sakati haian aur yah 24 ghante ya adhik samay tak surakshit nahian bhi ho sakata hai. pahali lahar ke bad mean ane vali laharean aur b di ho sakati haian.
- yadi chot lagi ho to apani jaanch karean aur zaroori ho to prathamik chikithsa prapht karean. doosaroan ki madad karean yadi ap aisa kar sakean.
- isake drishhy dekhane mat jaean.
- jab gharoan ya bhavanoan mean pun: pravesh karean, to athyanht savadhani baratean khyoanki badh ka pani bhavanoan ko kshatigrasht kar chuka ho sakata hai. upayogi suvidhaoan ki tooti laeenoan ki jaanch karean aur samuchit pradhikariyoan ko isaki riport karean.
- yadi apaki sanpatti nashht ho gee ho, to bima uddeshhyoan ke lie isaka vivaran likhean aur photo khianch lean. yadi apaki samhpatti kirae ki hai, to jitani jalhdi sanbhav ho sake apane makan-malik se samhpark karean aur apani sanbandhit bima kanpani se samhpark karean.[1]
sunami bhavishyavani ka bharatiy tantr
2004 mean sunami ane ke bad bharat ne isake khatare ko kam karane ke upay par kam shuroo kiya. sunami ki chetavani jari karane ke lie 'ianndiyan osiyan sunami varniang mishigeshan sistam' (aee.o.ti.dablyoo.es.) vikasit hua. bharat, aaustreliya, iandoneshiya samet 18 desh is bat par sahamat hue ki, ve apas mean sunami jaisi kisi bhi apada ki bhavishyavani sanbandhi soochana ek doosare ke sath sajha kareange. aee.o.ti.dablyoo.es bhookanp aur jvalamukhi ka pata lagata hai, jo sunami ka karan ban sakata hai. samudri tal ke bhitar hone vale kanpan par nazar rakhata hai. yah mukhyat: do tarah se kam karata hai. pahala samudr mean ban rahe dabav ko rik aaurd karata hai, doosara laharoan ko mapata hai. usake adhar par sunami ka kitana khatara hai isaka akalan kiya jata hai. in sare data ko ikathta kar vah grih mantralay ko jari karega. 2004 se ek aantarim ejeansi jaipanij meteriyol aaujikal ejeansi ke netritv mean kam kar rahi thi, lekin aee.o.ti.dablyoo.es uchch takanik par adharit sistam hai, jo khud is tarah ki soochanaean ikathta karane mean saksham hai. aee.o.ti.dablyoo.es sunami ki bhavishyavani samudri laharoan ki ooanchaee ko nap kar karata hai.
bhookamp janit sunami
- indoneshiya (2006) - indoneshiya ke java prayadvip mean 7.7 tivrata ki bhookamp janit sunami ki vajah se 654 log mare ge the.
- soloman prayadvip (2007) - pashchimi soloman prayadvip mean 8.0 tivrata ke bhookamp se sunami paida ho gee. jisaki chapet mean akar 52 log mare ge the.
- samoa (2009) - soa mean riktar paimane par 8.0 tivrata ke bhookamp aur sunami ke karan 190 log mare ge the.
- chili (2010) - chili mean 8.8 tivrata ke bhookamp se upaji sunami ke karan qarib 600 log mare ge the.
- indoneshiya (2010) - suprama prayadvip mean 7.7 tivrata ke bhookamp aur sunami ki vajah se 112 log mare ge aur 500 log lapata ho ge.
- hind mahasagar (26 disamabar, 2004) - 9.3 tivrata ke bhookamp ke chalate hind mahasagar ka sina sunami se dahal gaya. sumatra is bhookamp ka kendr tha. 30 mitar tak ooanchi uthi laharoan ne vinash ka aisa tandav machaya ki, manavata kaanp uthi. is sunami ke karan 14 desh prabhavit hue. sarvadhik prabhavit hone vale deshoan mean bharat, indoneshiya, shrilanka aur thailaind adi pramukh the aur isamean marane valoan ki sankhya qarib dhaee lakh thi.
| parinam | tamilanadu | keral | andhr pradesh | paandicheri | kul |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mare ge log | 7,793 | 168 | 105 | 453 | 8499 |
| prabhavit janasankhya | 691000 | 2470000 | 211000 | 43000 | 3415000 |
| prabhavit kshetr (varg kilomitar) | 2487 | – | 790 | 790 | 4,067 |
| prabhavit tat ki lambaee (kilomitar) | 1000 | 250 | 985 | 25 | 2260 |
| sunami laharoan ki ooanchaee (mitar) | 7-10 | 3-5 | 5 | 10 | – |
| prabhavit gaanvoan ki sankhya | 362 | 187 | 301 | 26 | 876 |
| pashu hani | 5476 | – | 195 | 3445 | 916 |
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh