सुब्रह्मण्यम चंद्रशेखर

thumb|subrahmanyam chandrashekhar san 1983 mean bhautik shastr ke lie nobel puraskar vijeta da. subrahamanyam chandrashekhar khagol bhautik shastri the. unaki shiksha chennee ke presideansi k aaulej mean huee. vah nobel puraskar vijeta sar si. vi. raman ke bhatije the. bad mean da. chandrashekhar amerika chale ge. jahaan unhoanne khagol bhautik shastr tatha sauramandal se sanbadhit vishayoan par anek pustakean likhian.

• subrahmanyam chandrashekhar ne 'vhait dvarph', yani shvet baune nam ke nakshatroan ke bare mean siddhaant ka pratipadan kiya.
• in nakshatroan ke lie unhoanne jo sima nirdharit ki hai, use chandrashekhar sima kaha jata hai.
• unake siddhaant se brahmaand ki utpatti ke bare mean anek rahasyoan ka pata chala.

20vian shatabdi ke mahanatam vaijnanikoan mean se ek vaijnanik subrahmanyam chandrashekhar apane jivan kal mean hi ek kianvadanti ban ge. kameshvar si. vali chandrashekhar ke jivan ke bare mean likhata hai ki "vijnan ki khoj mean asadharan samarpan aur vijnan ke niyamoan ko amali roop dene aur jivan mean nikatatam sanbhavit sima tak usake manoan ko atmasat karane mean vah sab se alag dikhaee dete haian." usake bahusarjak yogadanoan ka vistar khagol - bhautik, bhautik - vijnan aur vyaharik ganit tak tha. usaka jivan unnati ka sarvottam udaharan hai jise koee bhi vyakti prapt kar sakata hai basharte ki usamean sankalp, shakti, yogyata aur dhairy ho. usaki yatra asan nahian thi. use sab prakar ki kathinaeeyoan se jhoojhana p da. vah ek aisi rachana thi jise bharat (jahaan usaka janm hua), ianglaiand aur yooese ki tin atyadhik bhinn sanskritiyoan ki jatilataoan dvara akar diya gaya.

vah manavoan ki sajhi parampara mean vishvas rakhata tha. usane kaha tha, "tathy yah hai ki manav man ek hi tarike se kam karata hai. is se ham pun: ashvast hote hai ki jin chijoan se hamean anand milata hai, ve vishv ke har bhag mean logoan ko anand pradan karati hai. ham sab ka sajha hit hai aur is tathy se is bat ko bal milata hai ki hamari ek sajhi parampara hai." vah ek mahan vaijnanik, ek kushal adhyapak aur durjey vidvan tha.

jivan parichay

subrahmanyam chandrashekhar ka janm lahaur me 19 aktoobar, 1910 ko hua. usake pita subrahmanyam ayar sarakari seva me the. si.vi.raman, vijnan mean pahale bharatiy nobel puraskar vijeta chandrashekhar ke pita ke chhote bhaee the. chandrashekhar ka baly jivan chennee mean bita. gyarah varsh ki ayu mean madras presideansi kalej mean usane dakhila liya jahaan pahale do varsh usane bhautiki, kaimistri, aangrezi aur sanskrit ka adhyayan kiya. chandrashekhar ne 31, julaee 1930 ko uchch shiksha ke lie ianglaiand ka prasthan kiya aur is prakar ek lamba aur shanadar vaijnanik kairiyar aanrabh kiya jo 65 varshoan tak vistrit tha. pahale chh: varshoan ko chho d, usane shikago vishvavidyalay me kam kiya.

chandrashekhar sima

apani shanadar khoj ‘chandrashekhar sima’ ke lie vah atyadhik prasiddh hai. usane dikhaya ki ek atyadhik dravyaman hai jise ilaiktroannoan aur paramanu nabhikoan dvara banaye dab dvara gurutv ke viruddh sahara diya ja sakata hai. is sima ka man ek saur dravyaman se lagabhag 1.44 guna hai. 1930 mean chandrashekhar ne isaki vyupatti ki jabaki vah ek vidyarthi hi tha. tarakiy vikas ki janakari prapt karane mean chandrashekhar sima ek nirnayak bhoomika nibhati hai. yadi ek tare ka dravyaman is sima se badhata hai, to tara ek safed bauna nahian banega. yah gurutvakarshan ki shaktiyoan ke atyadhik dav ke antargat tootata rahega. chandrashekhar sima ke pratipadan ke phalasvaroop nyootron taroan aur kale gaddhoan ka pata chala. yah pata chala ki tare sthir hote haian aur ve samapt nahian hote kyoanki bhitari dab paramanu nabhikoan aur ilaiktranoan ke tapiy sanchalan aur nabhakiy pratikriyaoan dvara utpann vikiran ke dab se bhi gurutv ko santulit karate haian. tathapi, pratyek tare ke lie ek aisa samay ayega jab nabhakiy pratikriyaean band ho jaegi aur isaka arth yah hoga ki gurutvakarshan ka mukabala karane ke lie bhitari dab nahian hoange. dravyaman ke adhar par ek tare ke tin sanbhavit charan hote haian -

1. safed bona,
2. nyootran tara
3. kale gaddhe.

chandrashekhar ko sanyukt roop se nabhakiy khagol bhautiki dablyoo.e.phaular ke sath 1983 mean bhautiki mean nobel puraskar pradan kiya gaya. chooanki chandrashekhar sima ke karan chandrashekhar prasiddh hai isalie usake lie koee sima nahian thi. jaisa pahale bataya gaya hai usake kam ke vistar mean bhautik - vijnan, khagol - bhautik aur vyavaharik ganit shamil haian. usake apane shabdoan mean “mere jivan mean sat kal aye aur ve sankshipt roop se haian-

1. tarakiy dhaancha, safed baunoan ke siddhaant sahit (1929-39)
2. tarakiy gatik, braumin sanchalanoan ke siddhaant sahit (1938-473)
3. vikirani antaran ka siddhaant, pradipti aur saur prakashit akash ke dhruvan ka siddhaant, grihiy aur tarakiy vatavaran ke siddhaant aur haidrojan ke nakaratmak ayan ka pariman siddhaant
4. haidro-gatik aur haidro-chuanbakiy sthirata (1952-61)
5. samyavastha ki dirghavrittajiy akritiyoan ka santulan aur sthayitv. (1961-68)
6. sapekshata aur apekshikiy khagol-bhautiki ke samany siddhaant (1962-71)
7. kale gaddhoan ka ganitiy siddhaant (1974-73)”

usaka anusadhan utpadan apoorv hai aur chandrashekhar dvara prakashit pratyek monograph ya pustak gauravagranth ban ge haian. sanbandhit kshetroan ka koee bhi gambhir vidyarthi chandrashekhar ke kam ki upeksha nahian kar sakata. vah kisi ekal samasya se nahian balki is ichchha se prerit tha ki samast kshetr par sapeksh mahatv ya mahatvahinata ke bare mean vah kabhi chintit nahian tha. use is bat ki jara bhi chinta nahian thi ki usaka kam usake lie prasiddhi aur manyata lane vala hai. usane kaha - "pahale taiyari ke varshoan ke bad, mera vaijnanik kary ek nishchit paitarn par chala hai jo mukhyatah sandarsho ki talash dvara prerit hai. vyavahar mean is khoj mean ek nishchit kshetr ka mere dvara ( kuchh jaanchoan aur kashtoan ke bad) chayan shamil hai jo sanvardhan ke lie parikshaniy dikhaee diya aur meri roochi, mijaz aur yogyataoan ke anukool tha aur jab kuchh varshoan ke adhyayan ke bad, maian mahasoos karata hooan ki maine jnan ki paryapt matra sanchit kar li hai aur maianne apana drishtikon prapt kar liya hai to meri ichchha hai ki apane drishtikon ko maian ne sire se susangat tarike se kram, roop aur dhaanche ko prastut karooan."

ek bar jab vah ek vishesh kshetr samapt kar leta tha to ek ne kshetr par kam aranbh karane ke lie taiyar ho jata tha. chandrashekhar ke vaijnanik jivan ka sar tha "ek kshetr ki sampoorn janakari prapt karana, poornaroop se samajh lena aur use abhyantar roop dena."

jo kuchh bhi usane kiya, usane satarkata ke sath hi nahian balki suruchipoorn dhang se kiya. limanan spitajar ne kaha, “chandrashekhar ke laikchar ko sunana aur usase saiddhaantik dhaanchoan ke vikas ka adhyayan karana ek labhaprad aur saundaryaparak anubhav hota hai. anand adesh deta hai aur unhean pairagraphoan mean baant deta hai. kya ve unhean chhota ya lanba banate haian ? udaharanarth, ek paira ke lie keval ek hi vaky ka prayog karane, ya ek aantim vaky ka vichar jisamean n to karta hai aur n hi karm. keval chand shabd .............. is prakar yah hai ............. ya koee chhota vakyaansh jaise vah. maian aisi yuktiyoan ko janaboojh kar apanata hooan."

aangrezi sahity mean roochi

vijnan mean poori tarah vyast hote hue bhi, usaki any vishayoan mean bhi dilachaspi thi aranbh se hi usaki sahity mean roochi thi. usane kaha, "varsh 1932 ke asapas kaimbrij mean sahity mean meri gambhir ruchi utpann huee. us samay mere lie vastavik khoj roosi lekhak the. maianne yojanabaddh tarike se turganev ke sab upanyas, dostyovaski ke 'kraim eand panishameant', 'brardas karamajov', aur 'posesd' upanyas kaanstaans garnet anuvad mean padhe. shaikav ki sab kahaniyoan aur natakoan ko padha. t aaulast aauy ke sab to nahian lekin 'anna keranina' jaroor padha. aangreji lekhakoan mean se maianne 'virajina vulph', 'ti es eeliyat', 'thamas hardi', 'j aaun galsavardi' aur 'barnad sh aau' ko padhana aranbh kiya. 'henarik ibasen' bhi mere priy lekhakoan mean se ek tha."

doosaroan ki prerana

doosaroan mean parishram ke lie utsah utpann karane ki chandrashekhar mean vilakshan yogyata thi. usake margadarshan me 50 se jyada vidyarthiyoan ne PHD kary kiya. apane vidyarthiyoan ke sath usake sanbandh hamean purane jamane ki guroo shishy paranpara ki yad dilate hai. vidyarthiyoan se vah adar prapt karata tha lekin vah unhean utsahit bhi karata tha ki ve apane drishtikon nirbhik ho kar rakhean. usane kaha - "mere vidyarthi, aise vidyarthi jinake sath maianne nikat se kam kiya hai, ve ek prakar se shrriddhalu hai jo purane jamane ki yad dilate hai jinhean ham pustakoan mean padhate haian. isake sath hi jo maian kahata hooan usase ve bilkul bhayabhit nahian hote. unaki pratikriya sakaratmak hogi ya nakaratmak, ve charcha karate haian aur tark vitark bhi karate haian. jo ap kahate haian yadi koee vyakti usase poori tarah sahamat hota hai to vichar - vimarsh ka koee bindu nahian hoti."

apane samagr jivan mean yuva logoan ke sath usane parichay banae rakhi. ek bar usane kaha - "maian asani se kalpana kar sakata hooan ki yadi maianne 'pharmi' ya 'v aaun nyooman' ke sath kam nahian kiya to kuchh bhi nahian khoya, lekin apane vidyarthiyoan ke bare mean maian vaisi bat nahian kar sakata."

patrikaoan ka sampadan

vah 1952 se 1971 tak khagol-bhautiki patrika ka prabandh sampadak raha. shikago vishvavidyalay ki ek niji patrika ko usane amerikan estronamikal sosaiti ki ek rashtriy patrika ke roop mean parivartit kar diya. pahale barah varshoan tak patrika ki prabandh – vyavastha chandrashekhar aur ek aansh kalik sachiv ke hath mean thi. “ham milajul kar sare nemi kam karate the. hamane vaijnanik patrachar par dhyan diya. ham bajat, vijnapan aur prishth prabhar taiyar karate the. ham ri – priant ardar dete the aur bil bhejate the ”. jab chandrashekhar sampadak bana to patrika varsh me chhah bar nikalati thi aur kul prishth sankhya 950 thi lekin chandrashekhar ke sampadakatv ki samapti ke samay patrika varsh mean chaubis bar prakashit hoti thi aur kul prishth sankhya 12,000 thi. usake netritv mean patrika shikago vishvavidyalay se vittiy roop se svatantr ho gee. usane patrika ke lie apane pichhe 500,000 yoo es dalar ki arakshit nidhi chhodi.

samarpit bharatiy

chandrashekhar mukhyatah videsh mean aur vahian kam kiya. 1953 mean vah amariki nagarik bana gaya. tathapi bharat ki behatari ki use gahari chinta thi. bharat mean bahut se vijnan sansthanoan aur javan vaijnanikoan ke sath usaka gahara sanbandh tha. apane bachapan mean use ramanujam ke vijnan ke prati sampoorn samaparn ke udaharan se prerana mili thi. ramanujam mean usaki dilachaspi jivan bhar bani rahi. 1940 ke uttarradh mean madras mean ramanujam ianstichyoot aauph maithimaitiks sthapit karane mean sahayak ki bhoomika ada ki aur jab ianstichyoot ko arthik sankat ka samana karana p da to usane is mamale ko neharooji ke samane rakha. ramanujam ki vidhava jo garibi ki halat mean rah rahi thi, usake lie peanshan rashi mean vriddhi karane ki vyavastha ki. richard aske dvara ramanujam ki ardhapratimaean dhalavane ke lie bhi vah uttaradayi tha.

vijnan ki khoj mean lage rahane mean chandrashekhar ke lie kya prerana thi ? usake ek vidyarthi yoovooz nootakoo ne kaha: “ har samay sikhate hue chandr sansthapan ke bare mean tanik bhi chinta nahian karata tha. jo kuchh usane kiya vah is lie kiya kyoanki vah upajaoo tarike se jijnasu tha. usane keval ek karan se hi yah kiya – isase use shaanti aur antarik shanti milati thi ”.

jo vijnan ki khoj mean lage haian ya aisa karane ki yojana bana rahe haian unake lie ham chandrashekhar ko uddhrit karate hue ise samapt karana chahegean. “ vijnan ki khoj ki tulana kee bar parvatoan ooanche lekin jyada ooanchean nahian, ke arohan ke sath ki gee hai. lekin hamamean se kaun asha, ya kalpana hi, kar sakata hai ki asim tak phaili evarest par chadhaee kare aur usake shirsh par pahuanche jab ki akash nila ho aur hava rooki huee ho aur hava ki stabdhata mean barph ke saphe़d chamakilepan mean samast himalay ghati ka sarvekshan kare. ham mean se koee apane ird gird vishv aur prakriti ke tulanatmak drishti ke lie asha nahian kar sakata. lekin niche ghati mean kh de hona aur kanchanajanga ke oopar sooryoday hone ki pratiksha karane mean kuchh bhi buraee ya hinata nahian hai”.

nidhan

chandrashekhar ka nidhan 21 agast, 1995 ko hua.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani

1. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Kameshwar C. Wali, Current Science pp. 477-479, 1998;
2. Chandrasekhar and His Limit by G. Venkataraman, Universities Press, 1992;
3. Truth and Beauty : Aesthetics and Motivation in science by S. Chandrasekhar, University of Chicago Press, 1987;
4. Chandra : A Biography of S. Chandrasekhar by Kameshwar C. Wali, Penguin Books, 1990;
5. Eddington : The Most Distinguished Astrophysicist of His Time by S. Chandrasekhar, Cambridge University Press, 1983;
6. Resonance (a journal of science education published by the Indian Academy of Science, Bangalore) April 1997 Issue.