सौरमण्डल

(2) sauramandal (Solar System)

soory ke charoan or chakkar lagane vale vibhinn grahoan, kshudr grahoan, dhoomaketuoan, ulkaoan tatha any akashiy pindoan ke samooh ko sauramandal (Solar System) kahate haian. sauramandal mean soory ka prabhutv hai, kyoanki sauramandal nikay ke dravy ka lagabhag 99.999 dravy soory mean nihit hai. sauramandal ke samast oorja ka srot bhi soory hi hai.

sauraparivar ki sarani

grahoan ke nam	vyas (kimi0)	paribhraman samay apane aksh par	parikraman samay soory ke charoan or	upagrahoan ki sankhya
budh	4,878	58.6 din	88 din	0
shukr	12,102	243 din	224.7 din	0
prithvi	12,756-12,714	23.9 ghante	365.26 din	1
mangal	6,787	24.6 ghante	687 din	2
brihaspati	1,42,800	9.9 ghante	11.9 varsh	28
shani	1,20,500	10.3 ghante	29.5 varsh	30
yoorenas (varun)	51,400	16.2 ghante	84.0 varsh	21
nepchyoon (arun)	48,600	18.5 ghante	164.8 ghante	8

soory (Sun)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

soory sauramandal ka pradhan hai. soory ka vyas 13 lakh 92 hazar kimi0 hai, jo prithvi ke vyas ka lagabhag 110 guna hai. soory prithvi se 13 lakh guna b da hai, aur prithvi ko sooryatap ka 2 arab vaan bhag milata hai.

sauramandal ke pind

aantarrashtriy khagolashastriy sangh (International Astronomical Union—IAU) ki prag sammelan—2006 ke anusar sauramandal mean mauzood pindoan ko tin shreniyoan mean baanta gaya hai—

1. paramparagat grah— budh, shukr, prithvi, mangal, brihaspati, shani, arun evan varun.
2. baune grah— plooto, cher aaun, seras, 2003 yoobi 313.
3. laghu sauramandaliy pind— dhoomaketu, upagrah evan any chhote khagoliy pind.

grah

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

grah ve khagoliy pind haian, jo ki nimn shartoan ko poora karate haian—(1) jo soory ke charoan or parikrama karata ho, (2) usamean paryapt gurutvakarshan bal ho, jisase vah gol svaroop grahan kar sake, (3) usake asapas ka kshetr saf ho yani usake asapas any khagolie pindoan ki bhi d–bhar n ho.

budh (Mercury)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

• yah soory ka sabase najadiki grah hai.

shukr (Venus)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

yah prithvi ka nikatatam grah hai.

brihaspati (Jupiter)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

yah sauramandal ka sabase b da grah hai.

mangal (Mars)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

ise lal grah (Red Planet) kaha jata hai.

shani (Saturn)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

yah akar mean doosara sabase b da grah hai.

arun (Uranus)

• yah akar mean tisara sabase b da grah hai.
• isaki khoj 1781 ee0 mean viliyam harsel dvara ki gee thi.
• isake charoan or nau valayoan mean paanch valayoan ka nam alpha, bita, gama, delta evan ipsil aaun haian.
• yah apane aksh par poorv se pashchim ki or ghoomata hai. jabaki any grah pashchim se poorv ki or ghoomate haian.
• yahaan sooryoday pashchim ki or evan sooryast poorab ki or hota hai.
• yah apani dhuri par soory ki or itana jhuka hua hai ki leta hua sa dikhalaee p data hai. isilie ise leta hua grah kaha jata hai.
• isake sabhi upagrah bhi prithvi ki viparit disha mean paribhraman karate haian.
• isaka din karib 11 ghante ka hota hai. isaka tapaman 18ºC hai.
• isake 21 upagrah haian, jinamean eriyal tatha miraanda pramukh haian.

varun (Neptune)

• isaki khoj 1846 ee0 mean jarman khagolajn jah aaun gale ne ki hai.
• yah 166 varshoan mean soory ki parikrama karata hai tatha 12.7 ghante mean apani dainik gati poora karata hai.
• nee khagoliy vyavastha mean yah soory se sabase door sthit grah hai.
• yah hare rang ka hai.
• isake charoan or ati shital mithen ka badal chhaya hua hai.
• isake 8 upagrah haian, jinamean taitan pramukh hai.

prithvi (Earth)

• yah akar mean paanchavaan sabase b da grah hai.
• yah sauramandal ka ekamatr grah hai, jis par jivan hai.
• isaka vishuvatiy vyas 12,756 kimi0 aur dhruviy vyas 12,714 kimi0 hai.
• prithvi apane aksh par 23 1º/2 jhuki huee hai.
• yah apane aksh par pashchim se poorv 1610 kimi0 pratighanta ki chal se 23 ghante 56 minat aur 4 sakend mean ek chakkar poora karati hai. prithvi ki is gati ko ghoornan ya dainik gati kahate haian. is gati se hi din v rat hote haian.
• prithvi ko soory ki ek parikrama poori karane mean 365 din 5 ghante 48 minat 46 sekend (lagabhag 365 din v 6 ghante) ka samay lagata hai. soory ke chaturdik prithvi ke is parikrama ko prithvi ki varshik gati athava parikraman kahate haian. prithvi ko soory ki ek parikrama poori karane mean lage samay ko saur varsh kaha jata hai. pratyek saur varsh, kalendar varsh se lagabhag 6 ghanta badh jata hai. jise har chauthe varsh mean lip varsh banakar samayojit kiya jata hai. lip varsh 366 din ka hota hai. jisake karan pharavari mah mean 28 din ke sthan par 29 din hote haian.
• prithvi par rritu parivartan, isaki kaksha par jhuke hone ke karan tatha soory ke sapeksh isaki sthiti mean parivartan yani varshik gati ke karan hoti hai. varshik gati ke karan hi prithvi par din–rat chhota–b da hota hai.
• akar evan banavat ki drishti se prithvi shukr ke saman hai.
• jal ki upasthiti ke karan is nila grah bhi kaha jata hai.
• isaka aksh isaki kaksha ke sapeksh 66.5º ka kon banata hai.
• soory ke bad prithvi ke sabase nikat ka tara pr aauksima senchuri hai, jo alpha senchuri samooh ka ek tara hai. yah prithvi se 4.22 prakash varsh door hai.
• prithvi ka ekamatr upagrah chandrama hai.

not—24 agast, 2006 ko antarrashtriy khagol vijnani sangh (aeeeyoo) ki prag (chek ganarajay) baithak mean khagol vijnaniyoan ne plooto ka grah hone ka darja khatm kar diya, kyoanki isaki kaksha vrittakar nahian hai aur yah varun grah ki kaksha se hokar gujarati hai. nee khagoliy vyavastha mean plootoan ko baune grahoan ki shreni mean rakha gaya hai.

chandrama (Moon)

• chandrama ki satah aur usaki antarik satah ka adhyayan karane vala vijnan selenol aauji kahalata hai.
• is par dhool ke maidan ko shantisagar kahate haian. yah chandrama ka pichhala bhag hai, jo aandhakaramay hota hai.
• chandrama ka uchchatam parvat libanitj parvat hai, jo 35000 phut (10,668 mi0) ooancha hai. yah chandrama ke dakshini dhruv par sthit hai.
• chandrama ko jivashm grah bhi kaha jata hai.
• chandrama prithvi ki ek parikrama lagabhag 27 din aur 8 ghante mean poori karata hai aur itane hi samay mean apane aksh par ek ghoornan karata hai. yahi karan hai ki chandrama ka sadaiv ek hi bhag dikhaee p data hai. prithvi se chandrama ka 57% bhag dekha ja sakata hai.
• chandrama ka aksh tal prithvi ke aksh ke sath 58.48º ka aksh kon banata hai. chandrama prithvi ke aksh ke lagabhag samanantar hai.
• chandrama ka vyas 3,480 kimi0 tatha dravyaman, prithvi ke dravyaman ka lagabhag 1/8 hai.
• prithvi ke saman isaka parikraman path bhi dirgh vrittakar hai.
• soory ke sandarbh mean chandrama ki avadhi 29.53 din (29 din, 12 ghante, 44 minat aur 2.8 sekend) hoti hai. is samay ko ek chandramas ya sainodik mas kahate haian.
• nakshatr samay ke drishtikon se chandrama lagabhag 27½ din (27 din, 7 ghante, 43 minat aur 11.6 sekend) mean punah usi sthiti mean hota hai. 27½ din ki yah avadhi ek nakshatr mas kahalati hai.
• jvar uthane ke lie apekshit saur evan chandrama ki shaktiyoan ke anupat 11:5 haian.
• opolo ke aantariksh yatriyoan dvara lae ge chattanoan se pata chala hai ki chandrama bhi utana hi purana hai, jitani ki prithvi (lagabhag 460 karo d varsh). isaki chattanoan mean taiteniyam ki matra atyadhik matra mean payi gayi hai.

baune grah

yam (Pluto)

• isaki khoj 1930 mean klad tamavoan ne ki thi.
• agast 2006 ki aee0e0yoo0 ki prag sammelan mean grah kahalane ke mapadand par khare nahian utarane ke karan yam ko grah ki shreni se alag kar baune grah ki shreni mean rakha gaya hai.
• yam ko grah ki shreni se nikale jane ke karan haian—(1) akar mean chandrama se chhota hona, (2) isaki kaksha ka vrittakar nahian hona, (3) varun ki kaksha ko katana.
• aeeeyoo ne isaka naya nam 134340 rakha hai.

seras (Ceres)

• isaki khoj itali ke khagolashastri piyaji ne kiya tha.
• aee0e0yoo ki nee paribhasha ke anusar ise baune grah ki shreni mean rakha gaya hai, jahaan par ise sankhya 1 se jana jaega.
• isaka vyas budh ke vyas ka 1/5 bhag hai.
• any baune grah haian, cher aaun evan 2003 UB 313 (iris).

laghu sauramandaliy pind

• kshudr grah (Asteroids)—mangal evan brihaspati grah ki kakshaoan ke bich kuchh chhote–chhote akashiy pind haian, jo soory ki parikrama kar rahe haian, use kshudr grah kahate haian. khagolashastriyoan ke anusar grahoan ke visphot ke phalasvaroop toote tuk doan se kshudr grah ka nirman hua hai.
• kshudr grah jab prithvi se takarata hai to prithvi ke prishth par vishal gart banata hai. maharashtr mean lonar jhil ek aisa hi gart hai.
• phor vesta ekamatr kshudr grah hai, jise nangi aankhoan se bhi dekha ja sakata hai.

dhoomaketu (Comet)

• sauramandal ke chhor par bahut hi chhote–chhote araboan pind vidyaman haian, jo dhoomaketu ya puchchhal tara kahalate haian.
• yah gais evan dhool ka sangrah haian, jo akash mean lambi chamakadar pooanchh sahit prakash ke chamakile gole ke roop mean dikhaee dete haian.
• dhoomaketu keval tabhi dikhaee p data hai, jab vah soory ki or agrasar hota hai, kyoanki soory ki kiranean isaki gais ko chamakila bana deti haian.
• dhoomaketu ki pooanchh hamesha soory se door hoti pratit hoti hai.
• haile namak dhoomaketu ka parikraman kal 76 varsh hai, yah antim bar 1986 mean dikhaee diya tha. agali bar yah 1986+76=2062 mean dikhaee dega.
• dhoomaketu hamesha ke lie tikaoo nahian hote haian, phir bhi pratyek dhoomaketu ke lautane ka samay nishchit hota hai.

ulka (Meteros)

• ulkaean prakash ki chamakili dhari ke roop mean dikhati haian, jo akashaganga mean kshanabhar ke lie chamakati haian aur lupt ho jati haian.
• ulkaean kshudr grahoan ke tuk de tatha dhoomaketuoan ke dvara pichhe chho de ge dhul ke kan hote haian.