स्मृतियाँ
'smriti' shabd do arthoan mean prayukt hua hai. ek arth mean yah vedavanmay se itar granthoan, yatha panini ke vyakaran, shraut, grihyasootr evan dharmasootroan, mahabharat, manu, yajnavalky evan any granthoan se sambandhit hai. kintu sankirn arth mean smriti evan dharmashastr ka arth ek hi hai, jaisa ki manu ka kahana hai.[1] taittiriy aranyak mean bhi 'smriti' shabd aya hai[2] gautam[3] tatha vasishth[4] ne smriti ko dharm ka upadan mana hai.
dharmashastroan ka ullekh
arambh mean smriti-granth kam hi the. gautam[5] ne manu ko chho dakar kisi any smritikar ka nam nahian liya hai; yadyapi unhoanne dharmashastroan ka ullekh kiya hai. baudhayan ne apane ko chho dakar sat dharmashastrakaroan ke nam liye haian- aupajanghani, katy, kashyap, gautam, prajapati, maudgaly evan harit. vasishth ne keval paanch nam ginaye haian-- gautam, prajapati, manu, yam evan harit. apastamb ne das nam likhe haian, jinamean ek, kunik, pushkarasadi keval vyakti-nam haian. manu ne apane ko chho dakar chh: nam likhe haian-atri, utathy ke putr, bhrigu, vasishth, vaikhanas (ya vikhanas) evan shaunak. yajnavalky ne sarvapratham ek sthan par 20 dharmavakyaoan ke nam diye haian jinamean ve svayan evan shankh tatha likhit do prithakh-prithakh vyakti ke roop mean sammilit haian. yajnavalky ne baudhayan ka nam chho d diya hai. parashar ne apane ko chho dakar 19 nam ginaye haian. kintu yajnavalky evan parashar ki soochi mean kuchh antar hai. parashar ne brihaspati, yam evan vyas ko chho d diya hai kintu kashyap, gargy evan pracheta ke nam sammilit kar liye haian.
dharm-sanhita
kubharil ke tantravartik mean 18 dharm-sanhitaoan ke nam aye haian. vishvaroop ne vriddh-yajnavalky ke shlok ko uddhrit kar yajnavalky ki soochi mean das nam jo d diye haian. chatuvianshatimat namak granth mean 24 dharnashastrakaroan ke nam ullikhit haian. is soochi mean yajnavalky vali soochi ke do nam, yatha katyayan evan likhit chhoot gaye haian, kintu chh: nam adhik haian, yatha gargy, narad, baudhayan, vats, vishvamitr, shankh (shaankhyayan). aangira ne jise smritichandrika, hemadri, sarasvati vilas tatha any granthoan ne uddhrit kiya hai, upasmritiyoan ke nam bhi ginaye haian. ek any smriti ka nam hai shattrianshanmat, jise mitakshara, aparark tatha any granthoan ne ullikhit kiya hai. paithinasi ne 36 smritiyoan ke nam ginaye haian. aparark ke anusar bhavishy puran mean 36 smritiyoan ke nam aye haian. vriddh-gautamasmriti mean 57 dharmashastroan ke nam aye haian. viramitroday mean uddhrit prayogaparijat ne 18 mukhy smritiyoan, 18 upasmritiyoan tatha 21 any smritikaroan ke nam liye haian.[6]
manusmriti ke atirikt nimn smritiyaan haian-
- vyas smriti,
- laghu vishnu smriti,
- apastamb smriti,
- vasishth smriti,
- parashar smriti,
- vrihatparashar smriti,
- atri smriti,
- laghushankh smriti,
- vishvamitr smriti,
- yam smriti,
- laghu smriti,
- brihadyam smriti,
- laghushatatap smriti,
- vriddh shatatap smriti,
- shatatap smriti,
- vriddh gautam smriti,
- brihaspati smriti,
- yajnavalaky smriti aur
- brihadyogi yajnavalky smriti.
gady-pady smriti
yadi bad mean ane vale nibandhoan, yatha nirnayasindhu, nilakand evan viramitroday ki mayookh-soochiyoan ko dekha jay to smritiyoan ki sankhya lagabhag 100 ho jayagi. vishvasaniy smritiyaan kee yugoan ki kritiyaan haian. kuchh to poornataya gady mean, kuchh mishrit arthath gady-pady mean haian aur adhikaansh pady mean haian. kuchh ati prachin haian aur eesa se kee sau varsh poorv pranit hooee thian, yatha gautam, apastamb, baudhayan ke dharmasootr evan manusriti. kuchh ka pranayan eesa ki pratham shatabdi mean hua, yatha yajnavalky, parashar evan narad.
kal-nirnay
uparyukt smritiyoan ke atirikt any 400 ee. se 1000 ee. ke bich ki haian. sabaka kal-nirnay saral nahian hai. kuchh to prachin sootroan ke padyoan mean sanshodhan matr haian, yatha shankh. kabhi-kabhi do ya tin smritiyaan ek hi nam ke sath chalati haian, yatha shatatap, harit, atri. kuchh mean to poornaroopen sampradayikata payi jati hai, yatha haritasmriti, jo vaishnav hai. kuchh smritiyoan ke praneta haian pramukh smritikar; kintu vriddh, brihath evan laghu ki upadhiyoan ke sath, yatha vriddh-yajnavalky, vriddh-gargy, vriddh-manu, vriddh-vasishth, brihath-parashar adi.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ shrutistu vedo vijneyo dharmashastran tu vai smriti:. manusmriti, 2.10
- ↑ taittiriy aranyak, 1.2
- ↑ gautam, 1.2
- ↑ vasishth, 1.4
- ↑ gautam, 11.19
- ↑ 18 mukhy smritikar haian-manu, brihaspati, daksh, gautam, yam, aangira, yogishvar, pracheta, shatatap, parashar, sanvart, ushana, shankh, likhit, atri, vishnu, apastamb, harit.
- upasmritiyoan ke lekhak haian- narad: pulahau gargy: pulasty: shaunak: katu:. baudhayano jatakarno vishvamitr: pitamah:॥
jabalirnachiketashch skando laugakshikashyapau. vyas: sanatkumarashch shantanurjanakastatha॥
vyaghr: katyayanashchaiv jatookarny: kapinjal:. baudhayanashch kanado vishvamitrastachaiv ch. paithonasirgobhilashchetyupasmritividhayaka:॥
any 21 smritikar haian-
vasishtho naradashchaiv sumantushch pitamah:. vishnu: karshnajini: satyavrato gargyashch deval:॥
jamadagnirbharadvaj: pulasty; pulah: rritu:. atreyashch gaveyashch marichirvats ev ch॥
paraskarashcharshyashrino vaijavapastathaiv ch. ityete smritikartar ekavianshatirorita:॥
viramitroday, paribhasha prh., prishth 18. dharm 6
- upasmritiyoan ke lekhak haian- narad: pulahau gargy: pulasty: shaunak: katu:. baudhayano jatakarno vishvamitr: pitamah:॥