Difference between revisions of "हरिवंश राय बच्चन"
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|मृत्यु स्थान=[[मुंबई]], [[महाराष्ट्र]] | |मृत्यु स्थान=[[मुंबई]], [[महाराष्ट्र]] | ||
|अभिभावक=प्रताप नारायण श्रीवास्तव, सरस्वती देवी | |अभिभावक=प्रताप नारायण श्रीवास्तव, सरस्वती देवी | ||
| − | |पति/पत्नी=श्यामा बच्चन, [[ | + | |पति/पत्नी=श्यामा बच्चन, [[तेज़ीबच्चन|तेज़ीसूरी]] |
|संतान=[[अमिताभ बच्चन]], अजिताभ बच्चन | |संतान=[[अमिताभ बच्चन]], अजिताभ बच्चन | ||
|कर्म भूमि=[[इलाहाबाद]] | |कर्म भूमि=[[इलाहाबाद]] | ||
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'''हरिवंश राय बच्चन''' ([[अंग्रेज़ी]]: ''Harivansh Rai Bachchan'', जन्म: [[27 नवंबर]], [[1907]]; मृत्यु: [[18 जनवरी]], [[2003]]) [[हिन्दी भाषा]] के प्रसिद्ध [[कवि]] और लेखक थे। इनकी प्रसिद्धि इनकी कृति '[[मधुशाला]]' के लिये अधिक है। हरिवंश राय बच्चन के पुत्र [[अमिताभ बच्चन]] [[भारतीय सिनेमा]] जगत के प्रसिद्ध सितारे हैं। | '''हरिवंश राय बच्चन''' ([[अंग्रेज़ी]]: ''Harivansh Rai Bachchan'', जन्म: [[27 नवंबर]], [[1907]]; मृत्यु: [[18 जनवरी]], [[2003]]) [[हिन्दी भाषा]] के प्रसिद्ध [[कवि]] और लेखक थे। इनकी प्रसिद्धि इनकी कृति '[[मधुशाला]]' के लिये अधिक है। हरिवंश राय बच्चन के पुत्र [[अमिताभ बच्चन]] [[भारतीय सिनेमा]] जगत के प्रसिद्ध सितारे हैं। | ||
==जीवन परिचय== | ==जीवन परिचय== | ||
| − | 27 नवंबर, 1907 को [[इलाहाबाद]], [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] में जन्मे हरिवंश राय बच्चन [[हिन्दू]] कायस्थ [[परिवार]] से संबंध रखते हैं। यह 'प्रताप नारायण श्रीवास्तव' और 'सरस्वती देवी' के बड़े पुत्र थे। इनको बाल्यकाल में 'बच्चन' कहा जाता था जिसका शाब्दिक अर्थ 'बच्चा या संतान' होता है। बाद में हरिवंश राय बच्चन इसी नाम से मशहूर हुए। [[1926]] में 19 वर्ष की उम्र में उनका [[विवाह संस्कार|विवाह]] 'श्यामा बच्चन' से हुआ जो उस समय 14 वर्ष की थी। लेकिन [[1936]] में श्यामा की टी.बी के कारण मृत्यु हो गई। पाँच साल बाद [[1941]] में बच्चन ने [[पंजाब]] की [[ | + | 27 नवंबर, 1907 को [[इलाहाबाद]], [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] में जन्मे हरिवंश राय बच्चन [[हिन्दू]] कायस्थ [[परिवार]] से संबंध रखते हैं। यह 'प्रताप नारायण श्रीवास्तव' और 'सरस्वती देवी' के बड़े पुत्र थे। इनको बाल्यकाल में 'बच्चन' कहा जाता था जिसका शाब्दिक अर्थ 'बच्चा या संतान' होता है। बाद में हरिवंश राय बच्चन इसी नाम से मशहूर हुए। [[1926]] में 19 वर्ष की उम्र में उनका [[विवाह संस्कार|विवाह]] 'श्यामा बच्चन' से हुआ जो उस समय 14 वर्ष की थी। लेकिन [[1936]] में श्यामा की टी.बी के कारण मृत्यु हो गई। पाँच साल बाद [[1941]] में बच्चन ने [[पंजाब]] की [[तेज़ीबच्चन|तेज़ीसूरी]] से विवाह किया जो [[रंगमंच]] तथा गायन से जुड़ी हुई थीं। इसी समय उन्होंने 'नीड़ का पुनर्निर्माण' जैसे कविताओं की रचना की। [[तेज़ीबच्चन]] से अमिताभ तथा अजिताभ दो पुत्र हुए। अमिताभ बच्चन एक प्रसिद्ध [[अभिनेता]] हैं। तेज़ीबच्चन ने हरिवंश राय बच्चन द्वारा 'शेक्सपीयर' के अनुदित कई नाटकों में अभिनय किया है। |
====शिक्षा==== | ====शिक्षा==== | ||
हरिवंश राय बच्चन की शिक्षा [[इलाहाबाद]] तथा 'कैम्ब्रिज विश्वविद्यालयों' में हुई। इन्होंने कायस्थ पाठशालाओं में पहले [[उर्दू]] की शिक्षा ली जो उस समय क़ानून की डिग्री के लिए पहला क़दम माना जाता था। इसके बाद उन्होंने [[इलाहाबाद विश्वविद्यालय]] से [[अंग्रेज़ी]] में एम. ए. और कैम्ब्रिज विश्वविद्यालय से पी.एच.डी. किया। | हरिवंश राय बच्चन की शिक्षा [[इलाहाबाद]] तथा 'कैम्ब्रिज विश्वविद्यालयों' में हुई। इन्होंने कायस्थ पाठशालाओं में पहले [[उर्दू]] की शिक्षा ली जो उस समय क़ानून की डिग्री के लिए पहला क़दम माना जाता था। इसके बाद उन्होंने [[इलाहाबाद विश्वविद्यालय]] से [[अंग्रेज़ी]] में एम. ए. और कैम्ब्रिज विश्वविद्यालय से पी.एच.डी. किया। | ||
Latest revision as of 08:20, 10 February 2021
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harivansh ray bachchan (aangrezi: Harivansh Rai Bachchan, janm: 27 navanbar, 1907; mrityu: 18 janavari, 2003) hindi bhasha ke prasiddh kavi aur lekhak the. inaki prasiddhi inaki kriti 'madhushala' ke liye adhik hai. harivansh ray bachchan ke putr amitabh bachchan bharatiy sinema jagat ke prasiddh sitare haian.
jivan parichay
27 navanbar, 1907 ko ilahabad, uttar pradesh mean janme harivansh ray bachchan hindoo kayasth parivar se sanbandh rakhate haian. yah 'pratap narayan shrivastav' aur 'sarasvati devi' ke b de putr the. inako balyakal mean 'bachchan' kaha jata tha jisaka shabdik arth 'bachcha ya santan' hota hai. bad mean harivansh ray bachchan isi nam se mashahoor hue. 1926 mean 19 varsh ki umr mean unaka vivah 'shyama bachchan' se hua jo us samay 14 varsh ki thi. lekin 1936 mean shyama ki ti.bi ke karan mrityu ho gee. paanch sal bad 1941 mean bachchan ne panjab ki tezisoori se vivah kiya jo rangamanch tatha gayan se ju di huee thian. isi samay unhoanne 'ni d ka punarnirman' jaise kavitaoan ki rachana ki. tezibachchan se amitabh tatha ajitabh do putr hue. amitabh bachchan ek prasiddh abhineta haian. tezibachchan ne harivansh ray bachchan dvara 'sheksapiyar' ke anudit kee natakoan mean abhinay kiya hai.
shiksha
harivansh ray bachchan ki shiksha ilahabad tatha 'kaimbrij vishvavidyalayoan' mean huee. inhoanne kayasth pathashalaoan mean pahale urdoo ki shiksha li jo us samay qanoon ki digri ke lie pahala qadam mana jata tha. isake bad unhoanne ilahabad vishvavidyalay se aangrezi mean em. e. aur kaimbrij vishvavidyalay se pi.ech.di. kiya.
karyakshetr
harivansh ray bachchan anek varshoan tak ilahabad vishvavidyalay ke aangrezi vibhag mean pradhyapak rahe. kuchh samay ke lie harivansh ray bachchan akashavani ke sahityik karyakramoan se sambaddh rahe. phir 1955 ee. mean vah videsh mantralay mean hindi visheshajn hokar dilli chale gaye. vishvavidyalayoan ke dinoan mean inhoanne kaimbrij jakar 1952-1954 ee. mean aangrezi kavi yits par shodh prabandh likha, jo kafi prashansit hua.
sahityik parichay
[[chitr:Pant amitabh.jpg|left|thumb|250px|bachchan ji apane mahanayak putr amitabh v mahakavi sumitranandan pant ke sath]] 'bachchan' ki kavita ke sahityik mahattv ke bare mean anek mat haian. 'bachchan' ke kavy ki vilakshanata unaki lokapriyata hai. yah ni:sankoch kaha ja sakata hai ki aj bhi hindi ke hi nahian, sare bharat ke sarvadhik lokapriy kaviyoan mean 'bachchan' ka sthan surakshit hai. itane vistrit aur virat shrotavarg ka virale hi kavi dava kar sakate haian.
sarvagrahy aur sarvapriy
'bachchan' ki kavita itani sarvagrahy aur sarvapriy hai kyoanki 'bachchan' ki lokapriyata matr pathakoan ke svikaran par hi adharit nahian thi. jo kuchh mila vah unhean atyant ruchikar jan p da. ve chhayavad ke atishay sukumary aur madhury se, usaki atindriy aur ati vaiyaktik sookshmata se, usaki lakshanatmak abhivyanjana shaili se ukata gaye the. urdoo ki gazaloan mean chamak aur lachak thi, dil par asar karane ki taqat thi, vah sahajata aur sanvedana thi, jo pathak ya shrota ke muanh se barabas yah kahalava sakati thi ki, maianne paya yah ki goya vah bhi mere dil mean hai. magar hindi kavita janamanas aur jan ruchi se bahut door thi. 'bachchan' ne us samay (1935 se 1940 ee. ke vyapak khinnata aur avasad ke yug mean) madhyavarg ke vikshubdh, vedanagrast man ko vani ka varadan diya. unhoanne sidhi, sadi, jivant bhasha aur sarvagrahy, gey shaili mean, chhayavad ki lakshanik vakrata ki jagah sanvedanasikt abhidha ke madhyam se, apani bat kahana arambh kiya aur hindi kavy rasik sahasa chauank p da, kyoanki usane paya yah ki vah bhi usake dil mean hai. 'bachchan' ne prapt karane ke uddeshy se cheshta karake yah rah dhooandh nikali aur apanayi ho, yah bat nahian hai, ve anayas hi is rah par a gaye. unhoanne anubhooti se prerana payi thi, anubhooti ko hi kavyatmak abhivyakti dena unhoanne apana dhyey banaya.thumb|left|harivansh ray bachchan
pahala kavy sangrah
ek prakashan 'tera har' pahale bhi prakashit ho chuka tha, par 'bachchan' ka pahala kavy sangrah 1935 ee. mean prakashit 'madhushala' se hi mana jata hai. isake prakashan ke sath hi 'bachchan' ka nam ek gaganabhedi r aauket ki tarah tezi se uthakar sahity jagat par chha gaya. 'madhubala', 'madhushala' aur 'madhukalash'-ek ke bad ek, ye tinoan sangrah shighr hi samane a gaye hindi mean jise 'halavad' kaha gaya hai. ye us kavy paddhati ke dharm granth haian. us kavy paddhati ke sansthapak hi usake ekamatr saphal sadhak bhi hue, kyoanki jahaan 'bachchan' ki pairodi karana asan hai, vahian unaka sachche arth mean, anukaran asambhav hai. apani sari sahaj sarvajaninata ke bavajood 'bachchan' ki kavita nitant vaiyaktik, atm-sphoort aur atmakendrit hai.
prerana
'bachchan' ne is 'halavad' ke dvara vyakti jivan ki sari nirasataoan ko svikar karate hue bhi usase muanh mo dane ke bajay usaka upayog karane ki, usaki sari buraiyoan aur kamiyoan ke bavazood jo kuchh madhur aur anandapoorn hone ke karan gahy hai, use apanane ki prerana di. urdoo kaviyoan ne 'vaiz' aur 'baza', masjid aur mazahab, qayamat aur uqava ki paravah n karake duniya-e-rangoan-boo ko nikatata se, bar-bar dekhane, usaka asvadan karane ka amantran diya hai. khyam ne vartaman kshan ko janane, manane, apanane aur bhali prakar istemal karane ki sikh di hai, aur 'bachchan' ke 'halavad' ka jivan-darshan bhi yahi hai. yah palayanavad nahian hai, kyoanki isamean vastavikata ka asvikaran nahian hai, n usase bhagane ki parikalpana hai, pratyutt vastavikata ki shushkata ko apani manastarang se sianchakar hari-bhari bana dene ki sashakt prerana hai. yah saty hai ki 'bachchan' ki in kavitaoan mean roomaniyat aur qasaq hai, par halavad gam galat karane ka nimantran hai; gam se ghabarakar khudaqashi karane ka nahian.
sarvotkrisht kavyopalabdhi
[[chitr:Harivanshrai-bachchan-sumitra-nandan-pant-ramdhari-singh-dinkar.jpg|thumb|300px|harivansharay bachchan, sumitranandan pant aur ramadhari sianh 'dinakar']]
apane jivan ki is manzil mean 'bachchan' apane yuvakal ke adarshoan aur svapnoan ke bhagnavasheshoan ke bich se guzar rahe the. padhaee chho dakar rashtriy aandolan mean qood p de the. ab us aandolan ki viphalata ka k dava ghooant pi rahe the. ek chhote se skool mean adhyapak ki naukari karate hue vastavikata aur adarsh ke bich ki gahari khaee mean doob rahe the. is abhav ki dasha mean patni ke asadhy rog ki bhayankarata dekh rahe the, anivary vidroh ke atank se trast aur vyathit the. parinamat: 'bachchan' ka kavi adhikadhik aantarmukhi hota gaya. is yug aur is 'mood' ki kavitaoan ke sangrah 'nisha nimantran' (1938 ee.) tatha 'ekant sangit' 'bachchan' ki sambhavat: sarvotkrisht kavyopalabdhi haian. vaiyaktik, vyavaharik jivan mean sudhar hua. achchhi naukari mili, 'ni d ka nirman phir' se karane ki prerana aur nimitt ki prapti huee. 'bachchan' ne apane jivan ke is naye mo d par phir atm-sakshatkar kiya, man ko samajhate hue poochha,
"jo base haian, ve uj date haian, prakriti ke j d niyam se, par kisi uj de hue ko phir se basana kab mana hai?[1]"
- param nirmal man se 'bachchan' ne svikar kiya hai ki
"hai chita ki rakh kar mean, maangati sindoor duniyaan"- vyaktigat duniya ka itana saphal, sahaj sadharanikaran durlabh hai.
lokapriyata
'bachchan' ki kavita ki lokapriyata ka pradhan karan usaki sahajata aur sanvedanashil saralata hai aur yah sahajata aur saral sanvedana usaki anubhootimoolak satyata ke karan upalabdh ho saki. 'bachchan' ne age chalakar jo bhi kiya ho, arambh mean unhoanne keval atmanubhooti, atmasakshatkar aur atmabhivyakti ke bal par kavy ki rachana ki. kavi ke ahan ki sphiti hi kavy ki asadharanata aur vyapakata ban gee. samaj ki abhavagrast vyatha, parivesh ka chamakata hua khokhalapan, niyati aur vyavastha ke age vyakti ki asahayata aur bebasi 'bachchan' ke lie sahaj, vyaktigat anubhooti par adharit kavy vishay the. unhoanne sahas aur satyata ke sath sidhi-sadi bhasha aur shaili mean sahaj hi kalpanashilata aur samany bimboan se saja-sanvar kar apane naye git hindi jagat ko bheant kiye. hindi jagat ne utsah se unaka svagat kiya. [[chitr:Bhagwati-charan-verma-harivanshrai-bachchan-amitabh-bachchan.jpg|thumb|300px|left|bhagavaticharan varma ke sath harivansh ray bachchan aur amitabh bachchan]]
| san | kritiyaan |
|---|
kavi ne naye sukh aur sampannata ke yug mean pravesh kiya. 'satarangini' (1945 ee.) aur 'milan yamini' (1950 ee.) mean 'bachchan' ke naye ullas bhare yug ki sundar gitopalabdhiyaan dekhane-sunane ko milian.
atmakendrit kavi
'bachchan' ekant atmakendrit kavi haian, isi karan unaki ve rachanaean, jo sahaj sphoort nahian haian, udaharan ke lie 'bangal ke kal' aur mahatma gaandhi ki hatya par likhi kavitaean keval niras hi nahian sarvatha kavitv rahit ho gee haian. svanubhooti ka kavi yadi anubhooti ke bina kavita likhata hai to use saphalata tabhi mil sakati hai, jabaki usaki rachana ka vichar tattv ya shilp use samany tukabandi se oopar utha sake-aur vicharatattv aur shilp 'bachchan' ke kavy mean apekshakrit kshin aur ashakt haian. prabal kavyanubhooti ke kshan viral hote haian aur 'bachchan' ne bahut adhik likha hai. yah anivary tha ki unaki uttar kal ki adhikaansh rachanaean atyant samany koti ki padyakritiyaan hokar rah jatian. unhoanne kavy ke shilp mean anek prayog kiye haian, par ve prayog adhikatar urdoo kaviyoan ke tarah-tarah ki baharoan mean tarah-tarah ki 'zamin' par nazm kahane ki cheshtaoan se adhik mahattv ke nahian ho paye.
rochak prasang
umar khayyam ki rubaiyoan ka harivansharay bachchan dvara kiya gaya anuvad ek bhavabhoomi, ek darshan aur ek manaviy sanvedana ka parichay deta hai. bachchanaji ne is anuvad ke sath ek mahattvapoorn lambi bhoomika bhi likhi thi, usake kuchh aansh is prakar se haian-
umar khayyam ke nam se meri pahali jan-pahachan ki ek b di mazedar kahani hai. umar khayyam ka nam maianne aj se lagabhag 25 baras hue jab jana tha, us samay maian varnakyoolar apar praimari ke tisare ya chauthe daraje mean raha hooanga. hamare pitaji 'sarasvati' mangaya karate the. patrika ke ane par mera aur mere chhote bhaee ka pahala kam yah hota tha ki use kholakar usaki tasviroan ko dekh dalean. un dinoan rangin tasvir ek hi chhapa karati thi, par sade chitr, foto ityadi kee rahate the. tasviroan ko dekhakar ham b di utsukata se us din ki bat dekhane lagate the, jab pitaji aur unaki mitr-mandali ise padhakar alag rakh dean. aisa hote-hote doosare mahine ki 'sarasvati' ane ka samay a jata tha. un logoan ke padh chukane par ham donoan bhaee apani kaianchi aur chakoo lekar 'sarasvati' ke sath is tarah jut jate the, jaise medikal k aaulej ke vidyarthi murdoan ke sath. ek-ek karake sari tasvirean kat lete the. tasvirean kat lene ke bad patrika ka mol hamako do kau di bhi adhik jan p data. chitroan ke katane mean jaldabaji karane ke lie, ab tak yad hai, pitaji ne kee bar 'goshamali'[3] bhi ki thi.
unhian dinoan ki bat hai, kisi mahine ki 'sarasvati' mean ek rangin chitr chhapa tha-ek boodhe muslim ki tasvir thi, chehare se shok tapakata tha; niche chhapa tha-umar khayyam. rubaiyat ke kis bhav ko dikhane ke lie yah chitr banaya gaya tha, isake bare mean kuchh nahian kah sakata, is samay chitr ki koee bat yad nahian hai, siva isake ki ek boodha muslim baitha hai aur usake chehare par shok ki chhaya hai. ham donoan bhaiyoan ne chitr ko sath-hi-sath dekha aur niche padha 'umar khayyam'. mere chhote bhaee mujhase poochh p de, "bhaee, umar khayyam kya hai?" ab mujhe bhi nahian maloom tha ki umar khayyam ke kya mane haian. lekin maian b da thahara, mujhe adhik janana chahie. jo bat use nahian maloom hai, vah mujhe maloom hai, yahi dikhakar to maian apane b de hone ki dhak us par jama sakata tha. maian chookane vala nahian tha. mere guruji ne yah mujhe bahut pahale sikha rakha tha ki chup baithane se galat javab dena achchha hai. [[chitr:Bhagwati-charan-verma-harivanshrai-bachchan.jpg|thumb|300px|bhagavaticharan varma ke 75vean janmadivas par harivansh ray bachchan]] maianne apani akl dau dayi aur chitr dekhate hi dekhate bol utha, "dekho yah boodha kah raha hai-umar khayyam, jisaka arth hai 'umar khatyam', arthat umar khatam hoti hai, yah sochakar boodha afasos kar raha hai." un dinoan sanskrit bhi padha karata tha. 'khayyam' mean kuchh 'kshay' ka abhas mila hoga aur usi se kuchh aisa bhav mere man mean aya hoga. bat tali, maianne man mean apani pith thoanki, ham aur tasviroan ko dekhane mean lag gaye. par chhote bhaee ko age chalakar jivan ka aisa kshetr chunana tha, jahaan har bat ko keval thik hi thik janane ki zaroorat hoti hai. jahaan kalpana, anuman ya kayas ke lie suee ki nok ke barabar bhi jagah nahian hai. l dakapan se hi unaki adat har bat ko thik-thik janane ki or raha karati thi. unhean kuchh aisa abhas hua ki maian bepar u da raha hooan. sham ko pitaji se poochh baithe. pitaji ne jo kuchh batalaya use sunakar maian jheanp gaya. meri jheanp ko aur adhik badhane ke lie chhote bhaee bol uthe, "par bhaee to kahate haian ki yah boodha kahata hai ki umar khatam hoti hai-umar khayyam yani umar khatyam." pitaji pahale to hanse, par phir gambhir ho gaye; mujhase bole, "tum thik kahate ho, boodha sachamuch yahi kahata hai." us din maianne yahi samajha ki pitaji ne mera man rakhane ke lie aisa kah diya hai, vastav mean meri soojh galat thi.
umar khayyam ki vah tasvir bahut dinoan tak mere kamare ki divar par tangi rahi. jis duniya mean n jane kitani sajiv tasvirean do din chamakakar khak mean mil jati haian, usamean umar khayyam ki nirjiv tasvir kitane dinoan tak apani hasti banaye rakh sakati thi! umar khayyam ki tasvir to mit gayi par mere hriday par ek amit chhap chho d gayi. umar khayyam aur umar khatam hoti hai, yah donoan bat mere man mean ek sath ju d gayian. tab se jab kabhi bhi maianne 'umar khayyam' ka nam suna ya liya, mere hriday mean vahi tuk da, 'umar khatam hoti hai' gooj utha. yah to maianne bad mean jana ki apani galat soojh mean bhi maianne in do batoan mean ek bilkul thik sambandh bana liya tha.
kavy bhasha ki garima
samany bolachal ki bhasha ko kavy bhasha ki garima pradan karane ka shrey nishchay hi sarvadhik 'bachchan' ka hi hai. isake atirikt unaki lokapriyata ka ek karan unaka kavy path bhi raha hai. hindi mean kavi sammelan ki parampara ko sudridh aur janapriy banane mean 'bachchan' ka asadharan yog hai. is madhyam se ve apane pathakoan-shrotaoan ke aur bhi nikat a gaye. kavita ke atirikt 'bachchan' ne kuchh samikshatmak nibandh bhi likhe haian, jo gambhir adhyayan aur sulajhe hue vichar pratipadan ke lie pathaniy haian. unake sheksapiyar ke natakoan ke anuvad aur 'janagita' ke nam se prakashit dohe-chaupaiyoan mean 'bhagavad gita' ka ultha 'bachchan' ke sahityik krititv ke visheshataya ullekhaniy ya smaraniy aang mane jayeange ya nahian, isamean sandeh hai.
samman aur puraskar
harivansh ray bachchan ko unaki kriti 'do chattane' ko 1968 mean hindi kavita ke lie 'sahity akadami puraskar' se sammanit kiya gaya tha. unhean 'soviyat laiand neharoo puraskar' tatha ephro eshiyaee sammelan ke 'kamal puraskar' se bhi sammanit kiya gaya. bi dala phaundeshan ne unaki atmakatha ke liye unhean sarasvati samman diya tha. 1955 mean iandaur ke 'holkar k aaulej' ke hindi vibhag ke adhyaksh d aau. shivamangalasianh suman ne harivansh ray bachchan ko kavi sammelan ki adhyakshata ke lie amantrit kiya tha. harivansh ray bachchan ko bharat sarakar dvara sanh 1976 mean sahity evan shiksha ke kshetr mean padm bhooshan se sammanit kiya gaya tha.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ aandhere ka dipak -harivansh ray bachchan
- ↑ 'madhushala' ka ek aangrezi anuvad 'haus af vain' ke nam se landan se prakashit hua (roopantarakar-marjari boltan tatha ramasvaroop vyas
- ↑ kan umethana, l dakoan athava chhote naukaroan ko saza dene ke lie unake kan malana.
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
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