हिन्दी साहित्य
hindi sahity
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| vivaran | 'hindi sahity' hindi bhasha ka rachana sansar hai. hindi bharat aur vishv mean sarvadhik boli jane vali bhashaoan mean se ek hai. |
| prakar | tin (gady, pady aur champoo) |
| pahali gady rachana | hiandi ki pahali rachana kaun si hai is vishay mean vivad hai lekin zyadatar sahityakar devakinandan khatri dvara likhe gaye upanyas chandrakaanta ko hindi ki pahali pramanik gady rachana manate haian. |
| pramukh rachanaean | prithviraj raso, padmavat, alhakhand, ramacharitamanas, godan adi |
| sanbandhit lekh | bhaktikal, ritikal |
| any janakari | samakalin sahityakaroan mean namavar sianh, kedaranath sianh, nirmal varma, bhishm sahani, mannoo bhandari, nasira sharma, jnanaranjan, vinod kumar shukl, mangalesh dabaral, viren dangaval, uday prakash adi anek mahattvapoorn nam haian. |
hindi sahity hindi bhasha ka rachana sansar hai. hindi bharat aur vishv mean sarvadhik boli jane vali bhashaoan mean se ek hai. usaki j dean prachin bharat ki sanskrit bhasha mean talashi ja sakati haian. parantu hindi sahity ki j dean madhyayugin bharat ki brajabhasha, avadhi, maithili aur marava di jaisi bhashaoan ke sahity mean paee jati haian. hiandi mean gady ka vikas bahut bad mean hua aur isane apani shuruat kavita ke madhyam se jo ki jyadatar lokabhasha ke sath prayog kar vikasit ki gee. hiandi mean tin prakar ka sahity milata hai. gady, pady aur champoo. hiandi ki pahali rachana kaun si hai is vishay mean vivad hai lekin zyadatar sahityakar devakinandan khatri dvara likhe gaye upanyas chandrakaanta ko hindi ki pahali pramanik gady rachana manate haian.
itihas
babar, humayooan aur sherashah ke samay mean hindi ko rajakiy sanrakshan prapt nahian hua, kintu vyaktigat prayasoan se ‘padmavat’ jaise shreshth granth ki rachana huee. mugal samrat akabar ne hindi sahity ko sanrakshan pradan kiya. mugal darabar se sambandhit hindi ke prasiddh kavi raja birabal, manasianh, bhagavanadas, narahari, harinath adi the. vyaktigat prayasoan se hindi sahity ko mazabooti pradan karane vale kaviyoan mean mahattvapoorn the- nandadas, vitthaladas, paramanand das, kumbhan das adi. tulasidas evan sooradas mugal kal ke do aise vidvan the, jo apani kritiyoan se hindi sahity ke itihas mean amar ho gaye. arbdurahaman khanakhana aur rasakhan ko bhi inaki hindi ki rachanaoan ke karan yad kiya jata hai. in sabake mahattvapoorn yogadan se hi ‘akabar ke kal ko 'hindi sahity ka svarn kal’ kaha gaya hai. akabar ne birabal ko ‘kavipriy’ evan narahari ko ‘mahapatr’ ki upadhi pradan ki. jahaangir ka bhaee daniyal hindi mean kavita karata tha.
shahajahaan ke samay mean sundar kaviray ne ‘sundar shrriangar’, ‘senapati ne ‘kavitt ratnakar’, kavindr achary ne ‘kavindr kalpataru’ ki rachana ki. is samay ke kuchh any mahanh kaviyoan ka sambandh kshetriy rajaoan se tha, jaise- bihari maharaja jayasianh se, keshavadas orachha se sambandhit the. keshavadas ne ‘kavipriya’, ‘rasikapriya’ evan ‘alankar manjari’ jaisi mahattvapoorn rachanayean ki. akabar ke darabar mean prasiddh granthakarta kashmir ke muhammad husain ko ‘jari kalam’ ki upadhi di gee. bangal ke prasiddh kavi mukundaray chakravarti ko profesar k aauvel ne ‘bangal ka kraib’ kaha hai. hindi mean pahali pramukh pustak 12vian sadi mean lahaur ke chandabaradaee ka prithvirajaraso mahakavy hai, jisamean islami akraman se pahale dilli ke aantim hiandoo raja prithviraj ke sahasik karyoan ka varnan kiya gaya hai, yah pustak rajapootoan ke darabar ki bhat paranpara par adharit hai, farasi kavi amir khusaro ki kavitaean bhi ullekhaniy haian, jinhoanne avadhi mean likha. hindi mean adhikatar praranbhik sahity ki prerana dharm par adharit hai.
adikal
hindi sahity ke adikal ko alochak 1400 isavi se poorv ka kal manate haian jab hindi ka udbhav ho hi raha tha. hindi ka vikas dilli, kannauj aur ajamer kshetroan mean hua mana jata hai. prithviraj chauhan ka us vaqt dilli mean shasan tha aur chandabaradaee namak usaka ek darabari kavi hua karata tha. kannauj ka aantim rathau d shasak jayachand tha jo sanskrit ka bahut b da sanrakshak tha.
bhaktikal
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hindi ke mahanh kavi tulasidas rajapur ke brahman the, jinhoanne jivan ke shuroo mean hi sansar tyag diya aur banaras (vartaman varanasi) mean bhakt ke roop mean din vyatit kie. unhoanne adhikatar lekhan kary avadhi bhasha mean kiya aur ram ki pooja ko hiandoo dharm ka keandr banaya, unaki sabase mahattvapoorn rachana ramacharitamanas hai, jo sanskrit ramayan se prerit hai. yah hindibhashi kshetr ka pavitr hiandoo granth ban gaya hai tatha pratyek sal lokapriy ramalila ke roop mean isaka manchan hota hai.
madhyayug
madhyayug mean darshanik evan bhaktimarg ke samarthak vallabh anuyayiyoan mean netrahin kavi sooradas sarvashreshth haian, jinhoanne krishna aur radha ki stuti mean anaginat bhajan rache. inhean soorasagar mean sankalit kiya gaya hai, halaanki bhakt kaviyoan mean se anek samany parivaroan se the, lekin jodhapur ki rajakumari mirabaee apavad thian, jinhoanne hindi aur gujarati, donoan mean apane prasiddh git likhe. poorv avadh praant ke muslim kavi jayasi dvara rachit dharmik mahakavy padmavat (1540) atyant mahattvapoorn rachana hai. avadhi mean rachit yah mahakavy sanskrit kavy shaili ke anuroop racha gaya hai. is yug ke any rachanakaroan mean rahim, rasakhan, keshavadas, nandadas ke nam ullekhaniy haian.
ritikal
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bhaktikal ke bad ritikal ka sootrapat hua, jisake rachanakaroan ne samakalin aitihasik sanvedanaoan ko abhivyakti di. bhog-vilas, prem-sauandary aur shrriangarikata se paripoorn is yug ki kavitaoan ko jin rachanakaroan ne roop diya, unamean matiram, keshav, bihari, ghananand, bodha adi ka nam ullekhaniy hai. premachand ke sahity evan laghu kahaniyoan mean samany gramin jivan ka varnan hai tatha banaras ke bharateandu harishchandr, jinhoanne brajabhasha mean likha.
adhunik kal
adhunik hindi sahity ki j de kavita evan natak mean bharateandu harishchandr ke sahity mean, alochana aur any gady lekhan mean mahavir prasad dvivedi tatha katha sahity mean premachand ke sahity mean haian, 19vian sadi ke uttarardh ki is avadhi mean mukhy roop se sanskrit, baangla aur aangreji se anuvad ka zor raha. rashtravad evan ary samaj ke samajik sudhar aandolan se prabhavit hokar lanbi varnanatmak kavitaean, jaise maithilisharan gupt, jayashankar prasad dvara natak tatha chaturasen shastri evan vriandavanalal varma dvara aitihasik upanyas rache ge. in upanyasoan ki prishthabhoomi mukhyat: maury, gupt evan mugalakalin thi.
satyagrah evan asahayog aandolan
is avadhi ke bad mahatma gaandhi ke satyagrah evan asahayog aandolanoan ka daur aya, jisane makhanalal chaturvedi, maithilisharan gupt evan subhadra kumari chauhan jaise kaviyoan tatha premachand v jaineandr kumar jaise upanyasakaroan ko prerit kiya. atant: gaandhivadi prayog se mohabhang tatha yooropiy sahity par marksavad ke badhate prabhav ne yashapal, raangey raghav aur nagarjun jaise lekhakoan ko prabhavit kiya. 1930 ke dashak ke sarjanatmak kaviyoan sumitranandan pant, prasad, nirala aur mahadevi varma ne aangrezi evan baangla kavita ki svachchhandatavadi tatha madhyakalin hindi kavita ki rahasyavadi paranpara se prerana li. pratikriyasvaroop marksavadi kavi ramavilas sharma aur nagarjun tatha hiranand sachchidanand vatsyayan ajney evan bharat bhooshan agraval jaise prayogavadi kavi samane ae. nirala, jinaka vikas rahasyavadi, svachchhandatavadi se yatharthavadi evan prayogavadi kavi ke roop mean hua. 1950 ke dashak ke sarvashreshth kavi the. 1960 ke dashak mean muktibodh, sarveshvar dayal saksena evan raghuvir sahay jaise maulik kavi hue.
adhunik sahity ki disha
premachand evan jaineandr kumar ke sahity ka pratinidhitv karane vali do pravrittiyaan hindi katha sahity ko do bhinn dishaoan mean le geean. jabaki samajik yatharthavadiyoan jaise yashapal, upeandranath ashk, amritalal nagar, mohan rakesh, rajeandr yadav, kamaleshvar, nagarjun evan phanishvaranath renu ne bharatiy samaj ke badalate parivesh ka eemanadari se vishleshan kiya. 1930 evan 1940 ke dashakoan ke natakakaroan mean goviand ballabh pant aur seth goviand das bhi the. unaki atyadhik sanskrit yukt bhasha ke karan unake natakoan ke darshak simit the. any sahityakaroan mean namavar sianh, kedaranath sianh, nirmal varma, bhishm sahani, mannoo bhandari, nasira sharma, jnanaranjan, vinod kumar shukl, mangalesh dabaral, viren dangaval, uday prakash adi anek mahattvapoorn nam haian.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh