किण्वन

kinvan pharmenteshan laitin shabd se vyutpann hai jisaka arth hai ubalana. bad mean alankarik dhang se is shabd ka prayog aangoor ke ras ke phenil hone ke lie kiya jane laga. at: hiandi shabd kinvan bhi isi ke lie prayukt hota hai.

atyant prachin kal se manushy ailkohaliy kinvan se parichit tha. sanh‌ 1857 mean phraans ke prasiddh vaijnanik luee pastur ne isaki vaijnanik riti se khoj ki. usane dekha ki doodh ka kinvan katipay sookshm jivanuoan ki hi upasthiti mean sanbhav hai tatha in jivanuoan ko door rakhane par yah sanbhav nahian ho sakata. at: usane nishkarsh nikala ki kinvan aisi kriya hai jo jivanukoshoan par, visheshat: yist koshoan par nirbhar hoti hai. sanh‌ 1875 mean usane yah bhi jnat kiya ki kinvan aksijan ki anupasthiti mean bhi sanbhav hai. at: kinvan ki paribhasha aksijan rahit jivan kahakar ki gee. sanh‌ 1897 mean bukanar ne yist koshoan ko baloo ke sath pisakar unaka sar nikala, jisamean sharkara vilayan ko vighatit karane ki vaisi hi kshamata thi jaisi jivit yist koshoan mean. sanh‌ 1905 mean harden tatha yang ne yah jnat kiya ki ph aausphetoan ki upasthiti mean kinvan adhik sugamata se hone lagata hai, kyoanki karban daiaksaid gais adhik matra mean der tak nikalati rahati hai. bad mean r aaubinsan, nyoobarg, meyarah aauf adi ne kinvan sanbandhi anek shodhe kian. harden aur yang ne yah bhi jnat kiya ki yadi yist ke sar ko apohit kiya jae to vah apani sakriyata kho deta hai, jisase yah jnat hua ki nishkarsh mean kinvaj (Enzyme) ke atirikt sahakinvaj (Coenzyme) bhi hota hai.

at: kinvan ki nimnalikhit paribhasha di ja sakati hai :

karbohaidret tatha tatsanbandhi yaugikoan ke nirvat vichchhedan dvara aise padarthoan ki prapti jo aksijan ke prabhav ko chho dakar kinvajoan ya jivakoshoan ke dvara aur adhik vighatit n hoan, kinavan kahalati hai. yah moolat: vayu ki anupasthiti mean hota hai aur jivanu is prakriya mean pramukh bhag lete haian.

kinvan mean mool yaugik ke khand-khand ho jate haian, tatha 1 anu glookos se 2 anu ailkohal tatha 2 anu karban daiaksaid athava 2 anu laiktik aml prapt ho sakate haian, parantu yadi aksijan ki upasthiti mean glookos ka upachayan hota hai to 6 anu pani tatha 6 anu karban daiaksaid banate haian aur kinvan se adhik oorja mukt hoti hai. pastur ne yah dikhalaya ki aksijan ki upasthiti mean yist ki sakriyata mand p d jati hai aur tab vatiy upachayan hone lagata hai. is prabhav ko pastur ghatana ya prabhav kahate haian.

jivanuoan dvara prerit kinvan kriyaean kee prakar se vargikrit ki jati haian :

1. prayukt madhyam ke anusar, yatha karbohaidret protin ya vasa ka kinvan; 2. krishijany padarthoan athava audyogik sahajatoan par jivanuoan ki abhikriya ke anusar, yatha ann, aloo, ikshu, sharkara, shira, chay adi ka kinvan; 3. utpann mukhy yaugikoan ke adhar par, yatha ailkohaliy ya laiktik kinvan; 4. vayu ki upasthiti ya anupasthiti ke anusar, yatha vatiy athava nirvat kinvan; 5. jivanuoan ke udbhav evan unaki vishuddhata ke adhar par, yatha vishuddh sanvardh kinvan, prakrit vishuddh kinvan, mishrit sanvardh kinvan, kshanik kinvan adi.

kinvan pravidhi-jivanuoan ke prayog dvara kinvan paranparagat kala ke roop mean hi surakshit raha hai. parantu ab ek vijnan ke roop mean prayukt aur samadrit hai, kyoanki isake aantargat jivanuvijnan, jaiv rasayan, bhautik rasayan, ganit tatha ianjiniyari sab sammilit hai. at: yah kinvan ianjiniyari ke nam se vikhyat ho raha hai.

kinvan udyog mean nimnalikhit kary kie jate haian.

kachche mal ka chunav; upayukt jivanuoan ka chunav; kachche mal ka nirman; aant:kram (Inoculum) ki taiyari; jivanviy abhikriya ka sanchalan, pun:prapti, tatha upajatoan ka upayog.

kachche mal se tatpary aise upalabdh padarthoan se hai jo jivanviy abhikriya dvara any navin padarthoan mean parinat ho sakean. krishijany padarthoan mean se phaloan , annoan tatha kandoan ka upayog audyogik tatha pey ailkohal, laiktik, aml tatha khady yist ke nirman mean hota hai. doodh, malaee tatha kesin se nana prakar ke khadyapadarth taiyar kie jate haian. udyogoan se prapt upajatoan mean se shire ka upayog audyogik ailkohal tatha khady yist ke nirman mean, soyabin ki khali, santare ke chhilakoan tatha ta dikhanoan se bache padarthoan ka upayog kinvajoan, jivanudveshiyoan (antibiotics) tatha vitaminoan ke nirman mean, maans udyog se bache pliha, yakrit adi ke avasheshoan ka upayog jelatin tatha vitaminoan ke nirman mean hota hai. un sabhi kachche maloan ki upayogita kabohaidret ki upasthiti tatha matra par nirbhar rahati hai. in padarthoan ke sath kuchh gaun padarthoan ki bhi avashyakata kinvan mean p dati hai. yatha tanukaran ke liye jal, udasini karan ke lie choona, jivanuoan ke sanvardhan ke lie naitrojan, phasphoras adi. inhean svadisht banane ke lie lavan tatha masale jaise gain padarthoan ka bhi upayog kiya jata hai.

jivanuoan ki upayogita par n keval vaanchhit abhikriya nirbhar rahati hai, varanh‌ samay ki bhi bachat hoti hai. upayukt jivanu dvara hi pidhi dar pidhi unaki sakriyata ko akshunn rakha ja sakata hai. kinvan ke lie tin prakar ke pramukh jivoan ka upayog hota hai-yist, jivanu (bacteria) tatha phaphooand (mould). kachche mal ko jivanviy abhikriya ke yogy banane ke liye, use bhautik tatha rasayanik roop se upacharit hona chahie, yatha shire ka pani mean vilay karana, phaloan ko phaankoan mean katana tatha kuchalana hota hai, starchayukt padarthoan ko ubalana p data hai. tab nicho dane ke bad, chhanakar jo svachchh taral dravy prapt kiya jata hai usaka piech vyavasthit karake nishkarsh ko garam, thandha athava ardhavinivrit (sterilized) kiya jata hai, jisase vaanchhit jivanu vriddhi karean. is avastha mean kinvan praranbh karane ke lie jivit jivanu (aant:kram) chho de jate haian. ab vastavik kinvan praranbh hota hai. yah anek batoan par nirbhar hai, yatha karbohaidret, vatan, tap, piech, kinvapatr tatha jivanuoan ki sankhya.

vatan ka kary budabudikaran dvara sanpann kiya jata hai. praranbh mean jivanuoan ki vriddhi ke lie vayu avashyak hoti hai. jivanuoan ki kriya dvara prachur ushma utpann hoti hai, at: kinvapatr ko shital karane ka uchit prabandh karana p data hai. kinvan ke pashchath‌ vibhinn padarthoan ka prithakkaran vashpan athava manibhikaran dvara kiya jata hai.

rasayanik kriyaoan ke adhar par kivann ke chhah bhed kie ge haian:

1. aianlakohaliy kinvan-isamean sharkara kinvan se ethil ailkohal (ethinol) tatha karban daiaksaid prapt hote haian. phasphet ki upasthiti mean sharkara ka kinvan drut gati se hone lagata hai. sanpoorn kriya ko is prakar likha ja sakata hai. zaimez kinvaz sankirn

C6 H12 O6 --------> 2 C2H5 O H + 2 CO2 heksos ethil ailakohal + karban daiaksaid

is kriya mean sarvapratham phasphet tatha sharkara ke yog se phasphorit sharkara utpann hoti hai, tab heksos shrankhala ke vighatan se glisaraildihaid-3-phasphet tatha dvihaidr aauksi aisiton phasphet banate haian. inamean se doosare yaugik ke roopaantaran se pratham yaugik banata rahata hai. agali avastha mean glisaraildihaid-3- phasphet ke upachayan se glisarik aml phasphet banata hai, jisake viphasphorikaran se pairoovik aml utpann hota hai jo aisitaildihaid mean parivartit ho jata hai. aant mean aisi taildihaid se ethil ailkohal banata hai.

is prakar ke kinvan mean karban daiaksaid tatha ailkohal ke atirikt any padarth bhi banate haian, jinhean foozel ayal ki sanjna pradan ki gee hai. ye madira ko vishisht svad pradan karate haian. ailakohaliy kinvan ke lie yist, baiktiriya tatha phaphanoodoan ka prayog kiya jata hai, parantu audyogik star par yist ko hi pramukhata di jati hai. ailkohal, yavasura (biyar) tatha dhanyasura (hviski) ke lie saikkaromaisiz serivisiee (Saccharmyces cerevisiae), drakshamadira (vain) ke lie saikkaromaisiz elipsoidyoos (Saccharomyces ellipsoidus) tatha paisturiyanas (Pasteurianus) yist ki pramukh prajatiyaan prayukt ki jati haian. yistean vibhinn prakar ki sharkaraoan ko kinvit karane mean samarth haian, parantu tetros, peantos ya heptos sharkaraoan par unaka koee prabhav nahian p data. glookos sabase shighr kinvit hota hai. bahu-sharkaraean sarvapratham jalavishleshit hokar ekasharkaraoan mean parivartit hone ke anantar kinvit hoti haian. ailkahaliy kinvan ke dvara audyogik ailkohal, ailkohaliy pey, yavamadira, drakshamadira, yavasavan (Brewing) pavaroti tatha yist ka nirman vyaparik paimane par kiya jata hai.

2. laiktik aml kinvan-vibhinn prakar ke laiktik baiktiriya sharkara ke kinvan dvara lainktik aml utpann karate haian : C6 H12 O6 2 C3 H6 O3 heksos (sharkara) laiktik aml

pashuoan ke ootakoan mean yah kriya glaikovishleshan (Glycolysis) kahalata hai. laiktik aml ka nirman turant praranbh nahian hota, varanh‌ isaki ek tvaran avadhi hoti hai, jo phasphat ki upasthiti mean ghat jata hai. vibhinn sharkaraean nimnaankit kram se kinvit hoangi :

phruktos > mainos > dekstros > gailaiktos > laiktos

audyogik roop mean laiktik aml ka nirman makka, panir, shire ke sath 0.5-2.5% laikto-baiktiriya ka sanvardh dalakar kinvit karake kiya jata hai. 42-500 seantigred par 3-4 din mean kinvan poorn ho jata hai.

3. propiyonik kinvan-yah propiyonik baiktiriya ke dvara, jo avatanjivi haian, sanpadit hota hai. inake atirikt any kee prakar ke baiktiriya bhi propiyonik aml utpann kar sakate haian. propiyonik baiktiriya ke dvara glookos, laiktik aml, mailik aml tatha kabhi kabhi glisaral se propiyonik aml aur sath saph saksinik aml banate haian. pratyek dasha mean karban daiaksaid utpann hota hai. 4. pharmik kinvan-is kinvan ko sanpadit karane vale anek prakar ke baiktiriya mean atyant mahatvapoorn hai. yah pashuoan ki b di aant mean paya jata hai. jab ye baiktiriya sharkara par kriya karate haian to pharmik aml utpann hota hai. parantu is prakar ke kinvan ki sabase b di visheshata yah hai ki isamean haidrojan gais bhi nikalati hai. haidrojan tatha karban daiaksaid mean 1:1 ka anupat rahata hai:

2C6H12O6 +H2O__2CH3CHOHC OOH + C2H5OH+ CH3COOH+2 CO2+2 H2O

yah haidrojan pharmik aml ke vighatan se hi sanbhav hai. sath mean ailkohal aur aisitik tatha laiktik aml bhi banate haian. H C O O H = H2 + C O2 pharmik aml haidrojan

pairoovik aml ke kinvan se bhi pharmik aml mukhy padarth ke roop mean banata hai. CH3COOOOH + H2O__(CH3 COOH) + HCOOH pairoovik aml aisitik aml pharmik aml

5. byootil byootarik-kinvan-yah atyant jatil kinvan hai. yah klastridiya jivanuoan dvara jo poornat: avatajivi haian, sanbhav hai. sharkaraoan ya sanbandhit yaugikoan par inaki kriya dvara byootarik aml ke atirikt byootil ailkohal, aisiton, aisopropil ailkohal, aisitik aml, pharmik aml, ethil ailkohal, karban daiaksaid tatha haidrojan mean se ya ek adhik padarth utpann hote haian. is prakar ke byootarik kinvan ka pata sarvapratham 1861 ee. mean luee pastur ne lagaya. byootarik aml ka nirman ka2...(C2__) yaugikoan se hi sanbhav hai. byootil ailkohal isi aml ke apachayan dvara banata hai.

1. upachayan kinvan-ye vastavik kinvan nahian haian, kyoanki inamean aksijan prayukt hota hai. parantu audyogik vidhiyoan mean koee bhi jaiv-rasayanik kriya, jo jivanuoan dvara sanpann ho sake, kinvan kahalati hai. is prakar ke kinvanoan ethil ailkohal ka aisitik aml mean parivartan tatha sharkaraa se sitrik, phyoomairik tatha aksailik amloan ke nirman pramukh haian.

sura ko vayumandal mean khula rakhakar aml utpadan ki ghatana ka pata lagate samay sarvapratham luee pastur ne sanh‌ 1860 mean do prakar ke jivanuoan ko amlata utpadan ke lie uttaradayi bataya. sanh‌ 1899 mean berik ne un jivanuoan ko jo aisitik aml utpann karate haian, aisito baiktar (Acetobacter) nam diya. in jivanuoan ki sabase b di visheshata hai ailkohal ko aisitik aml mean parivartit karane ki.

CH3CH2OH + O2___C H2 COOH + H2O

ajakal is kinvan ka upayog aisitik aml ka vyaparik matra mean nirman karane mean kiya jata hai.

sharkaraoan se sitrik aml banane ki kshamata anek jivanuoan mean prapt huee hai, parantu inamean sitrimaisiz (Citromies) ka upayog sitrik amal ka audyogik star par nirman karane ke liye hota hai. is prakar ke kinvan se prapti kam hone ke karan ab ek prakar ke kavak (phangas) aisparajilas naijar ka atyadhik upayog hone laga hai.

riyozas nigrikans namak jivanu ethil ailkohal tatha aisitik aml ko phyoomerik aml mean parivartit karane ki kshamata rakhate haian . 100 gram sharkara se 50 gram aml prapt kiya ja sakata hai.

upayuktt audyogik mahatvoan ke atirikt kinvan dvara rasoeegharoan tatha pavaroti vikretaoan ke lie prachur matra mean khady yist ka prayog kiya jane laga hai. is khady yist ka nirman sharkara ke kinvan dvara naitrojan tatha phasphoras ki upasthiti mean bahut paimane mean kiya jata hai. is yist ko sukha kar prayog mean laya jata hai.

kinvan dvara glisalar jaise mahatvapoorn padarth ka nirman bhi hone laga hai. pratham vishvayuddh mean jarmani mean vasiy padarthoan ki upalabdhi n hone ke karan kinvanavidhi se nirman ka ashray liya gaya. ailkohaliy kinvan mean tho de se parivartan karake glisarol ki upalabdhi ki jati hai. ye parivartan nyoobarg ki dvitiy tatha tritiy vidhiyaan kahalati haian. inamean kramash: sodiyam baisalphait tatha kshariy madhyam ka prayog ailkohaliy kinvan mean kiya jata hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh