चाणक्य
chanaky
| |
| poora nam | chanaky |
| any nam | kautily, vishnugupt |
| janm | anumanat: eesa poorv 370 |
| janm bhoomi | panjab |
| mrityu | anumanat: eesa poorv 283 |
| mrityu sthan | pataliputr |
| pati/patni | 'brihatkathakosh' ke anusar chanaky ki patni ka nam 'yashomati' tha. |
| karm bhoomi | bharat |
| karm-kshetr | shikshak |
| mukhy rachanaean | arthashastr |
| prasiddhi | rajanitijn aur chandragupt maury ke mahamantri |
| vishesh yogadan | chanaky ki sahayata aur unake kushal nirdeshan se hi chandragupt maury ne bharat mean maury vansh ki sthapana ki thi. |
| nagarikata | bharatiy |
| sanbandhit lekh | chandragupt maury, dhananand, takshashila |
| mukhy prasang | 'mudrarakshas' mean kaha gaya hai ki raja nand ne bhare darabar mean chanaky ko usake us pad se hata diya, jo use darabar mean diya gaya tha. is par chanaky ne shapath li ki "vah usake parivar tatha vansh ko nirmool karake nand se badala lega." |
| any janakari | chanaky ne 'arthashastr' namak ek granth ki rachana ki, jo tatkalin rajaniti, arthaniti, itihas, acharan shastr, dharm adi par bhali-bhaanti prakash dalata hai. 'arthashastr' maury kal ke samaj ka darpan hai, jisamean samaj ke svaroop ka sarvagan dekha ja sakata hai. |
kautily athava 'chanaky' athava 'vishnugupt' (janm- anumanat: eesa poorv 370, panjab; mrityu- anumanat: eesa poorv 283, pataliputr) sampoorn vishv mean ek mahanh rajanitijn aur maury samrat chandragupt maury ke mahamantri ke roop mean prasiddh haian. inaka vyaktivachak nam 'vishnugupt', sthaniy nam 'chanaky' (chanakyavasi) aur gotr nam 'kautily' (kutil se) tha. ye chandragupt maury ke pradhanamantri the. chanaky ka nam sanbhavat unake gotr ka nam 'chanak', pita ke nam 'chanak' athava sthan ka nam 'chanak' ka parivartit roop raha hoga. chanaky nam se prasiddh ek nitigranth 'chanakyaniti' bhi prachalit hai. takshashila ki prasiddhi mahanh arthashastri chanaky ke karan bhi hai, jo yahaan pradhyapak tha aur jisane chandragupt ke sath milakar maury samrajy ki nianv dali. 'mudrarakshas' mean kaha gaya hai ki raja nand ne bhare darabar mean chanaky ko usake us pad se hata diya, jo use darabar mean diya gaya tha. is par chanaky ne shapath li ki "vah usake parivar tatha vansh ko nirmool karake nand se badala lega." 'brihatkathakosh' ke anusar chanaky ki patni ka nam 'yashomati' tha.[1]
janm tatha shiksha
mana jata hai ki chanaky ne eesa se 370 varsh poorv rrishi chanak ke putr ke roop mean janm liya tha. vahi unake aranbhik kal ke guru the. kuchh itihasakar manate haian ki chanak keval unake guru the. chanak ke hi shishy hone ke nate unaka nam 'chanaky' p da. us samay ka koee pramanik itihas upalabdh nahian hai. itihasakaroan ne prapt soochanaoan ke adhar par apani-apani dharanaean banaee. parantu yah sarvasammat hai ki chanaky ki aranbhik shiksha guru chanak dvara hi di gee. sanskrit jnan tatha ved-puran adi dharmik granthoan ka adhyayan chanaky ne unhian ke nirdeshan mean kiya. chanaky medhavi chhatr the. guru unaki shiksha grahan karane ki tivr kshamata se atyant prasann the. tatkalin samay mean sabhi soochanaean v vidhaean dharmagranthoan ke madhyam se hi prapt hoti thian. at: dharmik pustakoan ka adhyayan shiksha prapt ka ekamatr sadhan tha. chanaky ne kishoravastha mean hi un granthoan ka sara jnan grahan kar liya tha.[2]
arthashastr
inhoanne 'arthashastr' namak ek granth ki rachana ki, jo tatkalin rajaniti, arthaniti, itihas, acharan shastr, dharm adi par bhali bhaanti prakash dalata hai. 'arthashastr' maury kal ke samaj ka darpan hai, jisamean samaj ke svaroop ko sarvagan dekha ja sakata hai. arthashastr se dharmik jivan par bhi kafi prakash p data hai. us samay bahut se devataoan tatha deviyoan ki pooja hoti thi. n keval b de devata-devi apitu yaksh, gandharv, parvat, nadi, vriksh, agni, pakshi, sarp, gay adi ki bhi pooja hoti thi. mahamari, pashurog, bhoot, agni, badh, sookha, akal adi se bachane ke lie bhi bahut se dharmik krity kiye jate the. anek utsav, jadoo tone adi ka bhi prachar tha. arthashastr rajaniti ka utkrit granth hai, jisane paravarti rajadharm ko prabhavit kiya. chanaky ne arthashastr mean varta (arthashastr) tatha dandaniti (rajyashasan) ke sath anvikshiki (tarkashastr) tatha trayi (vaidik granthoan) par bhi kafi bal diya hai. arthashastr ke anusar yah rajy ka dharm hai ki vah dekhe ki praja varnashram dharm ka 'uchit palan karati hai ki nahian.[3]
- kautiliy arthashastr ke anusar
raja ka mukhy kartavy tha praja dvara varnashram dharm aur naitik acharan ka palan karana. chanaky rajanitishastr ke prasiddh granth 'kautiliy arthashastr' ke rachayita evan chandragupt maury ke pradhan mantri the. chanaky ka likha hua arthashastr aj bhi apane vishay ka ek shreshth granth hai. arthashastr mean unhoanne svayan likha hai-
'yen shastran ch shastran nandarajagata ch bhoo:.
asarshenoddhritanyashu ten shastramidan kritamh..'
arthath jisane kop se shastr, shastr aur nandaraja ke adhinasth bhoomi ka shighr uddhar kiya, usi ne arthashastr namak granth ki rachana ki hai. vishnu puran mean bhi likha hai ki kautily namak brahman nand vansh ka vinash karega aur chandragupt maury ko raja banayega. in pramanoan se siddh hota hai ki kautily chandragupt maury ke mahamaty the aur arthashastr ka rachana kal lagabhag 300 eesa poorv hai.
achary dandi ne kautily ke arthashastr ke padhane ki sanstuti ki hai aur likha hai ki usaka vishay dandaniti hai tatha usamean 600 shlok haian. dandi ki tarah hi achary kamandak ne bhi likha hai ki vishnugupt ne arthashastr ke samudr se nitishastr roopi amrit nikala hai aur vah rajy vidya ke janane valoan mean sarvashreshth hai. kintu banabhatt ne kautily ke arthashasatr ko praman manane valoan ko atinrishans aur nirghrin kaha hai. isase spasht hai ki unake samay mean arthashastr ke mahattv ka hras ho gaya tha.
arthashastr ki parampara
kautily ne anekoan granthoan ka adhyayan karake arthashastr ki rachana ki thi. bauddh dharm ke jatak granthoan, lagabhag 600 eesa poorv se arthashastr ki ganana ek pramukh roop mean hone lagi thi. ashvalayan grihasootr mean adity namak ek achary ka ullekh milata hai, jinhoanne arthashastr par ek granth likha hai. svayan kautily ne apane arthashastr mean manav, barhaspaty, aushanas, parashar, pishun (narad), kausapadant (bhishm-ambhiy), vatavyadhi (uddhav), vahudanti putr (indr), bharatadvaj, vishalaksh, dron adi arthashastr ke acharyoan ka namollekh kiya hai. isake atirikt inhoanne 'iti acharyoan' kahakar kisi any achary ka bhi ullekh kiya hai. adhunik vidyarthi ke mat se ve achary kautily ke guru the. kautily ne in sabhi acharyoan ke matoan ki alochana ki hai aur ant mean apana mat prastut kiya hai. aise avasaroan par ek ya kee acharyoan ke mat ka udaharan dekar ve likhate haian- 'neti kautily', arthath kautily aisa nahian manate haian.
kautily ke bad arthashastr ka vishay dand niti se hatakar janapad sanbandhi karyoan ka vidhan ho gaya. tab se dharmashastr ke lekhak dandaniti aur arthashastr ke siddhaantoan ki bhi charcha apane granthoan mean karane lage the. isi prakar puranakar bhi puranoan mean inaki charcha karane lage the. parantu kautily ke arthashastr ki parampara mean ye granth mukhyat: nahian ate haian. unaki parampara mean kamandak ka nitisar, shukr nitisar, brihaspati sootr, somadev ka nitivakyatamrit, viramitroday, rajanitimayookh, rajaniti kamadhenu adi granth haian. brihaspati sootr moolaroop mean kautily ke prachin tha, kintu jis roop mean aj vah upalabdh hai, vah navam shatabdi ka sanskaran hai. isi prakar kamandak nitisar mool roop se 400 eesavi ka granth hai. kintu aj vah jis roop mean upalabdh hai, vah 17vian shatabdi ka hai. isi prakar shukr nitisar bhi aj jis roop mean milata hai, vah kautily poorv shukr ya ushanas ka likha hua nahian hai. vartaman manusmriti bhi kautily poorv manu ki rachana nahian hai. is prakar is samay arthashastr vishayak sabase prachin granth kautily ka arthashastr hi hai. isake poorv nishchay hi brihaspati shukr tatha manu ke rachit granth the, kintu ab ve upalabdh nahian haian.
arthashastr ki khoj
20vian shati mean mahamahopadhyay shamashastri aur mahamahopadhyay ganapati shastri ne arthashastr ki khoj ki aur use sampadit karake prakashit kiya. shamashastri ne isaka aangrezi anuvad 1915 mean maisoor se prakashit kiya. mahamahopadhyay ganapati shastri ne is par ek tika sanskrit mean likhi tatha mool aur tika donoan ko maisoor se 1925 mean tin khandoan mean prakashit kiya. tika k poorv sanskrit mean bhattasvami aur madhavayajva ne arthashastr par tikaean likhian. is par ek tika malayalam mishrit tamil mean bhi hai. kintu ve tinoan tikaean apoorn haian. poorn tika keval ganapati shastri ki hai. arthashastr ka hindi anuvad vachaspati gairola ne kiya hai, jo varanasi se prakashit hai. d aau. kashi prasad jayavasal, d aau. veni prasad, d aau. ji. boohalar prabhooti vidvanoan ne kautily ke rajanitik siddhantoan ka vivechanatmak anushilan prastut kiya. kintu ve anushilan abhi aparyapt haian. at: abhi is or ganbhir anushilan kary ho raha hai. 1976 mean pro. vi.pi. sinha ne 'ridiangs in kautilyaj arthashastr' nam se ek aisa hi anushilan dilli se prakashit kiya hai.
arthashastr ki parampara ke vishay mean yah jnatavy hai ki yah manu ki parampara se bhinn hai. manu ki parampara ved moolak hai aur arthashastr ki parampara lokayatamoolak hai. pahali anudan parampara hai aur doosari pragatishil tatha udar parampara hai. dasoan, shoodroan, striyoan adi ke bare mean in donoan paramparaoan ko rekhaankit kiya ja sakata hai. arthashastr ki parampara vastut: ihalokavad (sekuleanrijam) ki parampara hai. vah arth ko pradhan purusharth manati hai, jab ki manu ki parampara dharm ko pradhan purusharth manati hai.
darshanashastr
aushanas dandaniti ko hi ekamatr vidya manate haian. barhaspaty varta aur dandaniti in vidhaoan ko manate the. manav trayi (ved), varta aur dandaniti in tin vidhaoan ko manate haian. ve sabhi achary anvikshiki (darshanashastr) ko koee svatantr vidya ya shastr nahian manate the. kintu kautily anvikshiki ko ek prithakh vidya manate hue kahate haian ki anvikshiki, trayi, varta aur dandaniti ye char vidyaean haian. anvikshiki ke aantargat ve saankhy yog aur lokayat ko rakhate haian. unake mat se anvikshiki any tinoan vidyaoan ke balabal (pramany ya apramany) ka nirdharan hetuoan se karati haian. nishchay hi anvikshiki ke sarvadhik mahatv ko sarvapratham kautily ne hi pratipadit kiya hai. unaka kahana hai-
pradip: sarvavidyayanamupay: sarvakarmanamh.
ashray: sarvadharmanaan shashvadanvikshiki mata..
arthath anvikshiki sabhi vidyaoan ka shashvat pradip, sabhi karyoan ka shashvat sadhan aur sabhi dharmoan ka shashvat ashray hai. kautily ne jaise arthashastr namak ek naye shastr ka pravartan kiya vaise hi unhoanne anvikshiki ke sahi svaroop ki bhi sansthapana ki hai.
dand ya rajashasan praja ko dharm, arth aur kam mean pravritt karata hai. yah dand ya rajashasan hi kautily ke arthashastr ka mukhy varny vishay hai. adhunik anushilanoan se siddh hai ki kautily ne jis rajy ki avadharana ki thi, vah ek lok kalyanakari rajy (belafeyar stet) hai. yadyapi ve samrajyavadi the aur manate the ki dharm, vyavahar, charitr aur rajy shasan qanoon ke char pad haian aur in padoan mean uttarottar pad poorvapad se adhik pramanik aur sabal haian, tathapi unake mat se samrat nirankush nahian haian. samrat ko varnashram ki vyavastha ka palan evan sanrakshan karana chahie, kyoanki varnashram dharm ke nasht ho jane par samast pooja ka nash ho jata hai. aisa isalie hota hai ki tab praja kiankartavyavimukh ho jati hai aur arajakata ki sthiti paida ho jati hai. thumb|250px|left|chanaky punashch, kautily manate haian ki arth hi pradhan purusharth hai aur dharm tatha kam arth par nirbhar karate haian. 'arth evan pradhan: iti kautily: arthamoolau hi dharmakamaviti'. phir arth ki paribhasha dete hue ve kahate haian ki manushyoan ki vritti arth hai ya manushyavati bhoomi arth hai. is arth ke labh aur palan ke upay ko batalane vala shastr arthashastr hai. is prakar kautily ke arthashastr mean adhunik rajaniti aur adhunik arthashastr donoan ka vidhan hai. kautily ne rajasatta aur arth ko anyonyashrit mana hai. yah ek shastr hai aur pratyek shastr lokahit ka vardhak hota hai. at: arthashastr bhi lokahit ka hi sampadan karata hai. yadi kartavyavash kisi raja ya doot ko apane shatruoan se chhal karane ki shiksha yah shastr deta hai to is karan is shastr ko asatshastr ya vanchanashastr nahian kaha ja sakata. yah vyakti vishesh ki paristhiti ka dayitv hai, jise koee yatharthavadi nakar nahian sakata. advaitavedaanti anandagiri ne arthashastr vishayak chiantan ko shishtoan ka paramarth chintan mana hai, kyoanki jo sukh hai, vah arthaghn nahian ho sakata-'n charthachanan sukhamh'. punashch, jis arth sadhan ka vidhan arthashastr karata hai, vah trivarg ka sadhak hai, ath ch dharm aur kam purushartha ka unnayak hai. vastav mean moolat: arthashastr ka ekamatr prayojan praja ke sukh tatha hit ka sanvardhan karana hai. isaka auchity anvikshiki par adharit hai aur is karan kautily ke arthashastr mean samaj darshan, rajaniti darshan, arth darshan aur vidhi darshan ke siddhaant nihit aur charchit haian.
arthashastr 32 yuktiyoan se yukt hone ke karan ek shastr hai. ve yuktiyaan arthashastr ke aantim adhyay mean varnit haian.
jnanamimaansa aur tarkashastr ke drishtikon se in tantrayuktiyoan ka mahatv atyadhik hai. adhunik yug mean ekziyomaitiks (abhigrihitamimaansa), sanpratyatmak yojana (kanasepchual skim) ka tatha adhisaddhaant (meta-thiyari) ki jo parikalpanaean ki gee haian, ve sab tantrayukti ke aantargat a jati haian. kisi shastr ya vijnan ki vaijnanikata ki kasauti ke roop mean aj bhi inaka mahattv akshunn hai. yah doosari bat hai ki aj in tantrayuktiyoan ke naye vargikaran kiye ge haian aur kuchhek ko jo da aur hataya bhi gaya hai. kintu kautily ne inaka pravidhan kiya hai aur inake bal par arthashastr ko ek shastr ya vijnan siddh kiya hai. yah keval aitihasik drishti se hi abhootapoorv kary nahian tha, apitu tarkik sankalpana ki drishti se bhi isaka mahatv abhootapoorv tha. at: kautily ka yogadan tarkashastr mean bhi atyant mahattvapoorn hai.
samaj ki avadharana
kautily ne jis samaj ki avadharana ki hai, usaka pran tatv raja ya rajasatta (stet) hai. rajasatta ke abhav mean matsyanyay tatha arajakata utpann hoti hai, parantu rajasatta par bhi dharm ka anushasan rahata hai, kyoanki dharm rajasatta ka poorvavarti aur prerak tatv hai. is prakar kautily ka samaj aryoan ka varnashram dharm se anushasit samaj hi hai. parantu usake anusar aryoan mean das pratha ka abhav hai. unhoanne likha hai ki koee ary das nahian ho sakata- 'netvevaryasy dasabhav:'. das keval ve hi ho sakate haian, jo anary ya mlechchh hoan. parantu aryoan mean bhi apatti ke samay kuchh kal ke lie das banaye jate the, banaye ja sakate haian, aisa kautily ne likha hai. kintu adarsh roop mean unhoanne yahi mana hai ki yatha sambhav aryoan mean das bhav nahian hona chahie. isi adhar par maigasthanij ne likha tha ki maury kal mean bharatiyoan mean vah das pratha nahian thi, jo yoonaniyoan mean thi. kintu aryoan ka samaj brahman, kshatriy, vaishy aur shoodr in char varnoan mean banta tha aur pratyek varn ke vyaktiyoan ke shasatranumodit kartavy the. yadyapi niyamat: koee vyakti apane paitrik vyavasay ke atirikt doosare varn ka vyavasay nahian kar sakata tha, tathapi kuchhek log aisa vyavasay parivartan kar lete the. kautily ne brahman, kshatriy aur vaishyoan ke lie brahmachary, grihasth, vanaprasth tatha sannyas ashramoan ka vidhan kiya hai. kintu jab tak kisi vyakti ke oopar ghareloo dayitv hai, tab tak use vanaprasth ya sannyas ashram mean nahian jana chahie, aisa unaka mat hai. isi prakar jo striyaan santan paida kar sakati haian, unhean sannyas grahan karane ka upadesh dena kautily ki drishti mean anuchit hai. isase spasht hai ki kautily ne grihasth ashram sudridh karane ka athak parishram kiya hai. vivah ke bare mean kautily ka mat manu ke mat ki tulana mean kuchh pragatishil hai. samaj mean jitane prakar ke vivah hote the, un sabako kautily ne pramanit mana hai. kisi prakar ghrina ya hinata ki drishti se unako nahian dekha gaya hai. brahman adi pratham char prakar ke vivahoan mean pita hi praman hai aur gandharv adi char vivahoan mean mata tatha pita donoan praman haian. aantarjitiy vivah, vidhava vivah tatha talak ki prathaean bhi us samay prachalit thian.
kintu kautily ke samaj ki sabase b di visheshata yah hai ki vah ek sarvabhaum samaj tha. vah sabhi jatiyoan aur deshoan ke lie hitakar tha. yah kahane mean atishiyokti nahian hai ki tatkalin vishv mean kautily ka samaj nishchay hi sarvadhik manavavadi aur janavadi tha. rajasatta ka uddeshy praja ke sukh aur hit ka sanvardhan tatha sanrakshan karana tha. pratidin uthate hi shasak ko sochana chahie ki praja ka arthik utthan kis prakar ho aur arthanushasan kaise sthapit ho. unnati ka mool arthik unnati hai.
prajasukhe sankhu rajn: prajanaan ch hite hitamh.
natmapriyan hitan rajn: prajanaan tu priyan hitamh..
tasmannityotthato raja kuryadarthanushasanamh.
arthasyamoolamutthanamanarthasy visharyay:..
mrityu
achary chanaky ki mrityu ke vishay mean kee tarah ki batoan ka ullekh milata hai. kahate haian ki ve apane sabhi karyoan ko poora karane ke bad ek din rath par savar hokar magadh se door jangaloan mean chale ge aur usake bad ve kabhi nahian laute. kuchh itihasakar manate haian ki unhean magath ki hi rani helena ne jahar dekar marava diya tha. kuchh manate haian ki helena ne unaki hatya karava di thi.
yah bhi kaha jata hai ki biandusar ke mantri subandhu ke sh dayantr ke chalate samrat biandusar ke man mean yah sandeh utpann kiya gaya ki unaki mata ki mrityu ka karan chanaky the. is karan dhire-dhire raja aur chanaky mean dooriyaan badhati geean aur ek din chanaky hamesha ke lie mahal chho dakar chale ge. halaanki bad mean biandusar ko isaka pachhatava hua tha. ek doosari kahani ke anusar biandusar ke mantri subandhu ne achary ko jianda jalane ki koshish ki thi, jisamean ve saphal bhi hue. halaanki aitihasik tathyoan ke anusar chanaky ne khud pran tyage the ya phir ve kisi sh dayantr ka shikar hue the, yah spasht nahian hai.[4]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
pandey, pro. sangamalal vishv ke pramukh darshanik (hindi). bharatadiskavari pustakalay: vaijnanik tatha takaniki shabdavali ayog, nee dilli, 158.
- ↑ kautily (hindi). . abhigaman tithi: 16 julaee, 2013.
- ↑ chanaky jivan gatha (hindi). . abhigaman tithi: 14 faravari, 2014.
- ↑ 'kautily' aur 'arthashastr'
- ↑ aise huee thi achary chanaky ki maut? (hiandi). . abhigaman tithi: 13 pharavari, 2020.
sanbandhit lekh