राहुल सांकृत्यायन

rahul saankrityayan
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poora nam	rahul saankrityayan
any nam	kedaranath pande, damodar svami
janm	9 aprail, 1893
janm bhoomi	pandaha gram, zila ajamagadh, (uttar pradesh)
mrityu	14 aprail, 1963
mrityu sthan	darjiliang, pashchim bangal
abhibhavak	govardhan pande, kulavanti
karm bhoomi	bihar
karm-kshetr	sahity
mukhy rachanaean	ghumakk d shastr, 'satami ke bachche', 'jine ke lie', 'sianh senapati', 'volga se ganga' adi.
vishay	darshan, dharm, yatra, rajaniti
bhasha	hindi, pali, prakrit, apabhransh
puraskar-upadhi	sahity akadami puraskar (1958), padm bhooshan (1963), tripitika chary
nagarikata	bharatiy
adyatan‎	15:17, 19 agast 2012 (IST)
inhean bhi dekhean	kavi soochi, sahityakar soochi

mahapandit rahul saankrityayan (janm- 9 aprail, 1893; mrityu- 14 aprail, 1963) ko hindi yatra sahity ka janak mana jata hai. ve ek pratishthit bahubhashavid the aur 20vian sadi ke poorvarddh mean unhoanne yatra vritaant tatha vishv-darshan ke kshetr mean sahityik yogadan kie. bauddh dharm par unaka shodh hindi sahity mean yugantarakari mana jata hai, jisake lie unhoanne tibbat se lekar shrilanka tak bhraman kiya tha.

jivan parichay

rahul saankrityayan ji ka janm 9 aprail, 1893 ko pandaha gram, zila ajamagadh (uttar pradesh) mean hua. rahul saankrityayan ke pita ka nam govardhan pande aur mata ka nam kulavanti tha. inake char bhaee aur ek bahin thi, parantu bahin ka dehant balyavastha mean hi ho gaya tha. bhaiyoan mean jyeshth rahul ji the. pitrikul se mila hua unaka nam 'kedaranath pande' tha. sanh 1930 ee. mean lanka mean bauddh hone par unaka nam 'rahul' p da. bauddh hone ke poorv rahul ji 'damodar svami' ke nam se bhi pukare jate the. 'rahul' nam ke age 'saanskrityayan' isalie laga ki pitrikul saankrity gotriy hai.

baly kal

rahul ji ka baly jivan nanihal arthat pandaha gram mean vyatit hua. rahul ji ke nana ka nam tha pandit ram sharan pathak, jo apani yuvavastha mean fauj mean naukari kar chuke the. nana ke mukh se suni huee fauzi jivan ki kahaniyaan, shikar ke adbhut vrittant, desh ke vibhinn pradeshoan ka rochak varnan, ajanta-elora ki kivadantiyoan tatha nadiyoan, jharanoan ke varnan adi ne rahul ji ke agami jivan ki bhoomika taiyar kar di thi. isake atirikt darja tin ki urdoo kitab mean padha hua 'navajinda-bajinda' ka sher

sair kar duniya ki gaphil zindagani phir kahaan,
zindagi gar kuchh rahi to naujavani phir kahaan

rahul ji ko door desh jane ke lie prerit karane laga. kuchh kal pashchath ghar chho dane ka sanyog yoan upasthit hua ki ghi ki mataki sambhali nahian aur do ser ghi zamin par bah gaya. ab nana ki daant ka bhay tha, navajinda bajinda ka vah sher aur nana ke hi mukh se suni kahaniyaan in sabane milakar kedaranath pande (rahul ji) ko ghar se bahar nikal diya.

jivan yatra

rahul ji ki jivan yatra ke adhyay is prakar haian-

• pahali u dan varanasi tak
• doosari u dan kalakatta tak
• tisari u dan pun: kalakatta tak

isake bad pun: vapas ane par himalay ki yatra par gaye, sanh 1990 ee. se 1914 ee. tak vairagy se prabhavit rahe aur himalay par yayavar jivan jiya. varanasi mean sanskrit ka adhyayan kiya. parasa mahant ka sahachary mila, agara mean padhaee ki, lahaur mean mishanari kary kiya, isake bad pun: 'ghumakk di ka bhoot' havi raha. kurg mean bhi char mas tak rahe.

rajaniti mean pravesh (1921-27)

rahul saankrityayan ne chhapara ke lie prasthan kiya, badh pi ditoan ki seva ki, svatantrata aandolan mean satyagrah mean bhag liya aur usamean jel ki saza mili, baksar jel mean chh: mas tak rahe, zila kaangres ke mantri rahe, isake bad nepal mean dedh mas tak rahe, hazari bag jel mean rahe. rajanitik shithilata ane par pun: himalay ki or gaye, kauansil ka chunav bhi l da.

lanka ke lie prasthan (1927)

rahul saankrityayan ne lanka mean 19 mas pravas kiya, nepal mean ajnatavas kiya, tibbat mean sava baras tak rahe, lanka mean doosari bar gaye, isake bad satyagrah ke lie bharat mean lautakar aye. kuchh samay bad lanka ke lie tisari bar prasthan kiya.

yatraean (1932-33)

rahul saankrityayan ne ianglaind aur yoorop ki yatra ki. do bar laddakh yatra, do bar tibbat yatra, japan, koriya, manchooriya, soviyat bhoomi (1935 ee.), eeran mean pahali bar, tibbat mean tisari bar 1936 ee. mean, soviyat bhoomi mean doosari bar 1937 ee. mean, tibbat mean chauthi bar 1938 ee.mean yatra ki.

aandolan (1938)

kisan mazadooroan ke andolan mean 1938-44 tak bhag liya, kisan sangharsh mean 1936 mean bhag liya aur satyagrah bhookh h datal kiya.

saza, jel aur ek naye jivan ka prarambh

rahul saankrityayan ji kamyunist parti ke sadasy bane. jel mean 29 mas (1940-42 ee.) rahe. isake bad soviyat roos ke lie pun: prasthan kiya. roos se lautane ke bad rahul ji bharat mean rahe aur kuchh samay ke pashchath chin chale gaye, phir lanka chale gaye.

mahan paryatak

rahul ji ki prarambhik yatraoan ne unake chiantan ko do dishaean dian. ek to prachin evan arvachin vishayoan ka adhyayan tatha doosare desh-deshantaroan ki adhik se adhik pratyaksh janakari prapt karana. in do pravrittiyoan se abhibhoot hokar rahul ji mahanh paryatak aur mahanh adhyeta bane.

dharm

kattar sanatani brahman kul mean janm lekar bhi sanatan dharm ki roodhiyoan ko rahul ji ne apane oopar se utar pheanka aur jo bhi tarkavadi dharm ya tarkavadi samajashastr unake samane ate gaye, use grahan karate gaye aur shanai: shanai: un dharmoan evan shastroan ke bhi mool tatvoan ko apanate hue unake bahy dhaanche ko chho date gaye.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif "kamar baandh lo bhavi ghumakk doan! sansar tumhare svagat ke lie bekarar hai." chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

sanatan dharm se, ary samaj se aur bauddh dharm se samyavad-rahul ji ke samajik chintan ka kram hai, rahul ji kisi dharm ya vicharadhara ke dayare mean bandh nahian sake. 'majjhim nikay' ke sootr ka havala dete hue rahul ji ne apani 'jivan yatra' mean is tathy ka spashtikaran is prakar kiya hai-

“b de ki bhaanti maianne tumhean upadesh diya hai, vah par utarane ke lie hai, sir par dhoye-dhoye phirane ke lie nahian-to maloom hua ki jis chiz ko maian itane dinoan se dhooandhata raha hooan, vah mil gayi”.

medhavi vyaktitv ke dhani

yadyapi rahul ji ke jivan mean paryatak vritti sadaiv pradhan rahi, parantu unaka paryatan keval paryatan ke lie hi nahian raha. paryatan ke mool mean adhyayan ki pravritti sarvopari rahi. anek dharmik evan rajanitik valayoan mean rahane ke bad bhi unake adhyayan evan chintan mean kabhi j data nahian ane payi. rahul ji balyakal se hi medhavi the. samooche darje mean avval hona unake lie sadharan bat thi. paristhitiyoan ke anusar jis vishay ke sampark mean ve aye, usaki poori janakari prapt karana unaka vyaktigat dharm ban gaya. varanasi mean jab sanskrit se anurag hua, to sampoorn sanskrit sahity evan darshanadi ko padh liya. kalakatta mean aangrezi se pala p da to kuchh samay mean aangrezi ke jnata ban gaye. ary samaj ka jab prabhav p da to vedoan ko math dala. bauddh dharm ki or jab jhukav hua to pali, prakrit, apabhransh, tibbati, chini, japani, evan sianhali bhashaoan ki janakari lete hue sampoorn bauddh granthoan ka manan kiya aur sarvashreshth upadhi 'tripitika chary' ki padavi payi. samyavad ke kro d mean jab rahul ji gaye to karl marks, lenin tatha stalin ke darshan se poorn parichay hua. prakarantar se rahul ji itihas, puratattv, sthapaty, bhashashastr evan rajaniti shastr ke achchhe jnata the.

ghumakk di svabhav

thumb|220px|rahul saankrityayan pratima rahul saankrityayan ka manana tha ki ghumakk di manav-man ki mukti ka sadhan hone ke sath-sath apane kshitij vistar ka bhi sadhan hai. unhoanne kaha bhi tha ki- "kamar baandh lo bhavi ghumakk doan, sansar tumhare svagat ke lie bekarar hai." rahul ne apani yatra ke anubhavoan ko atmasat karate hue ‘ghumakk d shastr’ bhi racha. ve ek aise ghumakk d the jo sachche jnan ki talash mean tha aur jab bhi sach ko dabane ki koshish ki gee to vah bagi ho gaye. unaka sampoorn jivan antarvirodhoan se bhara p da hai.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif “b de ki bhaanti maianne tumhean upadesh diya hai, vah par utarane ke lie hai, sir par dhoye-dhoye phirane ke lie nahian-to maloom hua ki jis chiz ko maian itane dinoan se dhooandhata raha hooan, vah mil gayi”. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif - rahul saankrityayan

vedant ke adhyayan ke pashchath jab unhoanne mandiroan mean bali chadhane ki parampara ke viruddh vyakhyan diya to ayodhya ke sanatani purohit un par lathi lekar toot p de. bauddh dharm svikar karane ke bavajood vah isake ‘punarjanmavad’ ko nahian svikar pae. bad mean jab ve marksavad ki or unmukh hue to unhoanne tatkalin soviyat sangh ki kamyunist parti mean ghuse sattalolup suvidhaparastoan ki tikhi alochana ki aur unhean andolan ke nasht hone ka karan bataya. sanh 1947 mean akhil bharatiy sahity sammelan ke adhyaksh roop mean unhoanne pahale se chhape bhashan ko bolane se mana kar diya evan jo bhashan diya, vah alpasankhyak sanskriti evan bhashaee saval par kamyunist parti ki nitiyoan ke viparit tha. natijan parti ki sadasyata se unhean vanchit hona p da, par unake tevar phir bhi nahian badale. is kalavadhi mean ve kisi bandish se pare pragatishil lekhan ke sarokaroan aur tatkalin prashnoan se lagatar ju de rahe. is bich marksavadi vicharadhara ko unhoanne bharatiy samaj ki thos paristhitiyoan ka aankalan karake lagoo karane par zor diya. apani pustak ‘vaijnanik bhautikavad’ evan ‘darshan-digdarshan’ mean is sambandh mean unhoanne samyak prakash dala. antat: sanh 1953-54 ke dauran pun: ek bar ve kamyunist parti ke sadasy banaye gaye.

sahityik jivan

apani 'jivan yatra' mean rahul ji ne svikar kiya hai ki unaka sahityik jivan sanh 1927 se prarambh hota hai. vastavik bat to yah hai ki rahul ji ne kishoravastha par karane ke bad hi likhana shuroo kar diya tha. jis prakar unake paanv nahian ruke, usi prakar unake hath ki lekhani bhi kabhi nahian ruki. unaki lekhani se vibhinn vishayoan par pray: 150 se adhik granth pranit hue haian. prakashit granthoan ki sankhya sambhavat: 129 hai. lekhoan, nibandhoan evan vaktritataoan ki sankhya hazaroan mean haian.

kritiyaan

thumb|rahul saankrityayan rahul ji ki prakashit kritiyoan ka kram is prakar hai-

upanyas-kahani

maulik	anuvad
'satami ke bachche' (kahani, 1939 ee.) 'jine ke lie' (1940 ee.) 'sianh senapati' (1944 ee.) 'jay yaudhey' (1944 ee.) 'volga se ganga' (kahani sangrah, 1944 ee.) 'madhur svapn' (1949 ee.) 'bahurangi madhupuri' (kahani, 1953 ee.) 'vismrit yatri' (1954 ee.) 'kanaila ki katha' (kahani, 1955-56 ee.) 'saptasindhu'	'shaitan ki aankh' (1923 ee.) 'vismriti ke garbh se' (1923 ee.) 'jadoo ka mulk' (1923 ee.) 'sone ki dhal' (1938) 'dakhunda' (1947 ee.) 'jo das the' (1947 ee.) 'anath' (1948 ee.) 'adina' (1951 ee.) 'soodakhor ki maut' (1951 ee.) 'shadi' (1952 ee.)

darshan 'vaijnanik bhautikavad' (1942 ee.) 'darshan digdarshan' (1942 ee.) 'bauddh darshan' (1942 ee.) kosh 'shasan shabd kosh' (1948 ee.) 'rashtrabhasha kosh' (1951 ee.) jivani 'meri jivan yatra' (do bhagoan mean 1944) 'saradar prithvi sianh' (1944 ee.) 'naye bharat ke naye neta' (1944 ee.) 'rajasthani ranivas' (1953 ee.) 'bachapan ki smritiyaan' (1953 ee.) 'atit se vartaman' (1953 ee.) 'stalin' (1954 ee.) 'karl marks' (1954 ee.) 'lenin' (1954 ee.) 'akabar' (1956 ee.) 'maotse tuang' (1954 ee.) 'ghumakk d svami' (1956 ee.) 'asahayog ke mere sathi' (1956 ee.) 'jinaka maian kritajn' (1956 ee.) 'vir chandr sianh gadhavali' (1957 ee.) bauddh dharm 'buddhacharya' (1930 ee.) 'dhammapad' (1933 ee.) 'majjhimanikay' (1933) 'vinay pitak' (1934 ee.) 'dirghanikay' (1935 ee.) 'mahamanav buddh' (1956 ee.)

rajaniti samyavad 'baisavian sadi' (1923 ee.) 'samyavad hi kyoan' (1934 ee.) 'dimagi gulami' (1937 ee.) 'kya karean' (1937 ee.) 'tumhari kshay' (1947 ee.) 'soviyat nyay' (1939 ee.) 'rahul ji ka aparadh' (1939 ee.) 'soviyat kamyunist parti ka itihas' (1939 ee.) 'manav samaj' (1942 ee.) 'aj ki samasyaean' (1944 ee.) 'aj ki rajaniti' (1949 ee.) 'bhago nahian badalo' (1944 ee.) 'kamyunist kya chahate haian?' (1953 ee.) desh darshan 'soviyat madhy eshiya' (1947 ee.) 'kinnar desh' (1948 ee.) 'darjiliang parichay' (1950 ee.) 'kumaooan' (1951 ee.) 'gadhaval' (1952 ee.) 'naipal' (1953 ee.) 'himalay pradesh' (1954 ee.) 'jaunasagar deharadoon' (1955 ee.) 'ajamagadh puratattv' (1955) sanskrit balapothi (sampadan) darshan, dharm 'vadanyay' (1935 ee.) 'pramanavarttik' (1935 ee.) 'adhyarddhashatak' (1935 ee.) 'vigrahavyavarttani' (1935 ee.) 'pramanavarttikabhashy' (1935-36 ee.) 'pr. va. svavritti tika' (1937 ee.) 'vinayasootr' (1943 ee.)

yatra 'meri laddakh yatra' (1926 ee.) 'lanka yatravali' (1927-28 ee.) 'tibbat mean sava varsh' (1939 ee.) 'meri yoorop yatra' (1932 ee.) 'meri tibbat yatra' (1934 ee.) 'yatra ke pann' (1934-36 ee) 'japan' (1935 ee.) 'eeran' (1935-37 ee.) 'roos mean pachchis mas' (1944-47 ee.) 'ghumakk d shastr' (1949 ee.) 'eshiya ke durgam khandoan mean' (1956 ee.) sahity aur itihas 'vishv ki rooparekha' (1923 ee.) 'tibbat mean bauddh dharm' (1935 ee.) 'puratattv nibandhavali' (1936 ee.) 'hindi kavyadhara' (apabhransh, 1944 ee.) 'bauddh sanskriti' (1949 ee.) 'sahity nibandhavali' (1949 ee.) 'adi hindi ki kahaniyaan' (1950 ee.) 'dakkhini hindi kavyadhara' (1952 ee.) 'saral doha kosh' (1954 ee.) 'madhy eshiya ka itihas, 1,2' (1952 ee.) 'rrigvaidik ary' (1956 ee.) 'bharat mean aangrezi rajy ke sansthapak' (1957 ee.) 'tulasi ramayan sankshep' (1957 ee.) bhojapuri natak 'tin natak' (1944 ee.) 'paanch natak' (1944 ee.)

karmayogi yoddha

ek karmayogi yoddha ki tarah rahul saankrityayan ne bihar ke kisan-andolan mean bhi pramukh bhoomika nibhaee. sanh 1940 ke dauran kisan-andolan ke silasile mean unhean ek varsh ki jel huee to devali kaimp ke is jel-pravas ke dauran unhoanne ‘darshan-digdarshan’ granth ki rachana kar dali. 1942 ke bharat chho do andolan ke pashchath jel se nikalane par kisan andolan ke us samay ke shirsh neta svami sahajanand sarasvati dvara prakashit saptahik patr ‘huankar’ ka unhean sampadak banaya gaya. british sarakar ne phoot dalo aur raj karo ki niti apanate hue gair kaangresi patr-patrikaoan mean char aankoan hetu ‘gundoan se l die’ shirshak se ek vijnapan jari kiya. isamean ek vyakti gaandhi topi v javahar bandi pahane ag lagata hua dikhaya gaya tha. rahul saankrityayan ne is vijnapan ko chhapane se inkar kar diya par vijnapan ki moti dhanarashi dekhakar svami sahajanand ne ise chhapane par jor diya. antat: rahul ne apane ko patrika ke sampadan se hi alag kar liya. isi prakar sanh 1940 mean ‘bihar prantiy kisan sabha’ ke adhyaksh roop mean jamiandaroan ke atank ki paravah kie bina ve kisan satyagrahiyoan ke sath khetoan mean utar hansiya lekar ganna katane lage. pratirodh svaroop zamiandar ke lathaitoan ne unake sir par var kar lahuluhan kar diya par ve himmat nahian hare. isi tarah n jane kitani bar unhoanne janasangharshoan ka sakriy netritv kiya aur apani avaj ko mukhar abhivyakti di.

any vishayoan par drishtikon

[[chitr:Rahul-Sankrityayan-Stamp.jpg|thumb|rahul saankrityayan ke samman mean jari dak tikat]] rahul ji ne hindi sahity ke atirikt dharm, darshan, lok sahity, yatra sahity, jivani, rajaniti, itihas, sanskrit ke granthoan ki tika aur anuvad, kosh, tibbati bhasha evan balapothi sampadan adi vishayoan par poore adhikar ke sath likha hai. hindi bhasha aur sahity ke kshetr mean rahul ji ne 'apabhransh kavy sahity' 'dakkhini hindi sahity' 'adi hindi ki kahaniyaan' prastut kar luptapray nidhi ka uddhar kiya hai. rahul ji ki maulik kahaniyaan evan upanyas ek naye drishtikon ko samane rakhati hai. sahity se sambandhit rahul ji ki rachanaoan mean ek aur vishisht bat yah rahi hai ki unhoanne prachin itihas athava vartaman jivan ke un achhoote aangoan ko sparsh kiya hai, jis par sadharanataya logoan ki drishti nahian gayi thi. un rachanaoan mean jahaan ek or prachin ke prati moh, itihas ka gaurav adi hai, to doosari or unaki anek rachanaean sthaniy rangat ko lekar mohak chitr upasthit karati hai. 'satami ke bachche' aur 'kanaila ki katha' is tathy ki pushti karate haian. rahul ji ne prachin khandaharoan se ganatantriy pranali ko khoj nikala. dharmik andolanoan ke mool mean jakar sarvahara ke dharm ko pak d liya. itihas ke prishthoan mean asadharan ke sthan par sadharan ko adhik prashray diya aur is prakar janata, janata ka rajy, mehanatakash mazadoor yah sab unaki rachanaoan ke mooladhar bane. sahityik bhasha, kavyatmakata athava vyanjanaoan ka sahara n lete hue rahul ji ne sidhi, saral shaili ka sahara liya. isilie rahul ji ki rachanaean pathakoan ke lie bhi manoranjak evan bodhagamy haian.

puraskar

mahapandit rahul saankrityayan ko sanh 1958 mean 'sahity akadami puraskar' aur sanh 1963 bharat sarakar dvara 'padm bhooshan' se sammanit kiya gaya.

mrityu

rahul saankrityayan ko apane jivan ke aantim dinoan mean ‘smriti lop’ jaisi avastha se gujarana p da evan ilaj hetu unhean masko le jaya gaya. march, 1963 mean ve pun: masko se dilli a ge aur 14 aprail, 1963 ko sattar varsh ki ayu mean sannyas se samyavad tak ka unaka saphar poora ho gaya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

bahari k diyaan

• mahapandit rahul saankrityayan
• rahul saankrityayan aur bihar mean kisan aandolan
• athato ghumakk d - jijnasa : rahul saankrityayan
• bhojapuri ke bare mean kh‍ya sochate the rahul saankrith‍yayan
• rahul saankrityayan ka ghumakk d shastr