अरबी संस्कृति

arabi sanskriti arab desh dakshini pashchimi eshiya ka sabase b da prayadvip hai jo kshetraphal mean yoorop ke chaturth tatha sanyukt rajy amarika ke tritiy bhag ke barabar hai. desh ke adhikatar bhag marusthal tatha parvatiy haian, keval kahian-kahian chhote-chhote srot tatha khajoor ke jhuramut dikh jate haian. dakshini pashchimi bhag tatha samudravarti bhookhand upajaoo hai jahaan annadi vastuoan ki kheti hoti hai. kshetraphal ki tulana mean arab ki janasankhya nyoonatam hai.

vahaan ke nivasiyoan ko arab kahate haian jinaka sanbandh sami vansh se hai. isi vansh se sanbandhit any sabhy jatiyaan jaise babuli (babiloniyan) asuri (asiniyan), kildani, amoori, kanani, phiniki tatha yahoodi haian.

arab nivasiyoan ki sanskriti ko do kaloan mean vibhajit kiya jata hai: prakh‌ igaslam kal tatha islamottar kal. pahale ko aitihasik paribhasha mean jahalat ya ajnan ka kal aur doosare ko islami kal bhi kahate haian. pratham kal 610 ee. ke poorv ka hai tatha dvitiy usake pashchath‌ ka. 610 ee. vah shubh varsh hai jisamean muhammad sahab ko, jinaka janm 575 ee. mean makka mean hua tha, eeshadauty (nubuvvat) mila. isi varsh se unake jivan mean parivartan praranbh hua aur ve nabi ke nam se pukare jane lage. isi varsh se araboan ke jivan ke pratyek bhag mean prabhavashali kraanti aee aur jahili sabhyata islami sanskriti mean parivartit ho gee.

dakshini arab ki prachin sabhyata---prachin kal mean eesa se tin shatabdi poorv tin prakar ki sabhyataoan ke nam itihas mean milate haian: (1) babuli sabhyata, dajala aur pharat ki ghati ki, (2) nil ghati ki sabhyata, prachin misr ki, tatha (3) siandh ghati ki sabhyata jisako bharat ke prachin nivasi dravi doan ne unnati ke shikhar par pahuanchaya tha. chooanki dakshini arab do prachin sabhyataoan ke keandr babul tatha misr ke madhy mean sthit tha tatha usake tatavarti bhookhand upajaoo bhi the, vahaan ke nivasiyoan ki apani sabhyata thi jisaki samanata prachin babuli athava misri sabhyata se to nahian ki ja sakati, phir bhi usaka apana mahatv hai. uparyukt sabhyataoan se vah n keval prabhavit thi, apitu ghanishth sanbandh bhi rakhati thi. vahaan ke nivasi tatavarti bhookhand mean basane ke karan jalayan chalane mean daksh the. at: vyapari apani samagri tatha saanskritik sanpatti jal thal ke marg dvara sthanaantarit karate the. sanbhav hai, isi karan inhian prachin araboan ne isako arab sagar ki sanjna di ho. at: is sabhyata ko yadi samudri sabhyata kaha jae to anuchit n hoga.

dakshini arab mean sabaee sarvapratham arab the jo sabhyata ke kshetr mean ae. inaka desh yaman tha aur inaka vyavasay jalayan chalana tatha vyapar karana tha. ye mukhyat: deshi vastuoan, masale tatha sugandhit vastuoan ka vyapar karate the. isake atirikt pharas ki kha di ke mani, bharat ki talavarean, kap de, chin ka resham, hathidaant, simurg ke par, svarn tatha any bahumooly evan adbhut vastuean ve poorab se pashchim ki mandiyoan mean vyapar ke hetu le jate the. is samay yah jati samudri vyapar mean agrani thi. us bhookhand mean chhoti-chhoti bastiyaan thi jinaki jivanavyastha kabaili thi.

dakshini arab mean sarvapratham sthapit honevala rajy minaee tha. yah nazaran tatha hajhऱmaut ke madhy jauphulayaman mean tha. usaka utkarsh kal 1.300 ee.poo. se 650 ee.poo. tak hai. is rajy mean lagabhag 26 raja hue. rajyarohan ka niyam paitrik tha. is rajy ka utthan bahut kuchh vyapar ke karan hi hua. minaee rajy ke pashchath‌ sabaee rajy sthapit hua jo 650 ee.poo. se 115 ee.poo. tak raha. sabaee rajy poore dakshini arab mean phaila hua tha. unaka pratham kal 650 ee.poo. mean samapt ho jata hai. is kal mean raja dharmik neta bhi hota tha aur usaki upadhi 'mukarianb saba' thi. dvitiy kal 115 ee.poo. mean samapt ho jata hai. is kal mean raja 'malik saba' ke nam se pukara jata tha. isaki rajadhani marib thi. ye log vastu-nirman-kala mean daksh the. inhoanne anek gadh banae the jinake khandahar ab bhi pae jate haian. inhoanne ek bhavy baandh bhi baandha tha jo 'saddamarib' ke nam se prasiddh tha. 115 ee.poo. ke pashchath‌ dakshini arab ka rajy himyari jati ke hath mean aya. isaka pratham kal 300 ee. tak raha. himyari, sabaee tatha minaee sanskriti tatha vyapar ke adhikari the. ve krishi mean daksh the. sianchaee ke lie unhoanne kuean, talab tatha baandh nirmit kie the. inaki rajadhani jafar thi jo saanskritik drishti se samunnat thi. is kal mean nirman kala ki adhik unnati huee. yaman prasadabhoomi ke nam se pukara jane laga. in prasadoan mean gumadan ka prasad bahut prasiddh tha jo vishv itihas mean pratham gaganachuanbi tha. usaki chhat aise patthar se banaee gee thi ki aandar se bahar ka akash dikhata tha. sabaee tatha himyari rajy ka shasan b da adbhut tha jisamean jatiy, vargiy tatha samrajyavadi shasan sabhi ke aansh milate haian. himyari rajy ke isi pratham yug mean araboan ka patan ho gaya. isaka mukhy karan roomiyoan ki shakti ka avirbhav tha. jaise-jaise roomiyoan ke jalayan arab sagar tath kuljum sagar mean ane lage tatha roomo vyapari yaman ke vyapar par adhikar karane lage vaise-vaise dakshini arab ki arthik dasha jirn hoti gee. arthik durdasha se rajanitik patan ka avirbhav hua. himyari rajy ka dvitiy kal 300 ee. se praranbh hota hai. isi kal mean habh‌shah (abisiniya) ke raja ne yaman par akraman karake 340 ee. se 378 ee. tak rajy kiya parantu pun: himyari rajy ne apana adhikar sthapit kar liya. is kal mean himyari rajaoan ki upadhi tubba thi jinhoanne dakshini arab par 525 ee. tak raj kiya aur apani sabhyata ko kayam rakha. 525 ee. mean pun: habshah nivasiyoan ne yaman par akraman karake usaki svadhinata ko samapt kar diya. abrahah dakshini arab shasak tha. usane 570 ee. mean makka par bhi akraman kiya parantu asaphal raha. 575 ee. mean eeraniyoan ne yaman par akraman karake habshah ke rajy ko nasht kar diya aur kuchh dinoan pashchath‌ eeraniyoan ka poorn roop se yaman par adhikar ho gaya. 628 ee. mean yaman ke paanchavean shasak ne islam svikar kiya jis karan yaman musalamanoan ke adhikar mean a gaya. islam ke poorv dakshini arab ka dharm nakshatroan par adharit tha. isi nam ke devi devataoan ki pooja ki jati thi. dakshini arab mean yahoodipan aur eesaeepan adhik matra mean a gaya tha. nazaran mean eesaiyoan ki sankhya adhik thi.

uttari tatha madhy arab ki prachin sabhyata-dakshini arab ke saman uttari arab mean bhi anek svadhin rajy sthapit hue, jinaki shakti tatha vaibhav vyapar par adharit tha. unaki sabhyata bhi eerani athava roomi sabhyata se prabhavit thi. yahaan sarvapratham raj nabitiyoan ka tha jo eesa se 600 varsh poorv ae the aur kuchh dinoan ke pashchath‌ petra par adhikar kar liya tha. ye log vastushilp mean daksh the. inhoanne parvatoan ko katakar suandar bhavan banae. eesa se pray: char sau varsh poorv tak yah nagar saba tatha roomasagar ke karavani marg mean mahatvapoorn sthan rakhata tha. yah rajy roomiyoan ke adhikar mean tha parantu 105 ee. mean roomiyoan ne isapar akraman karake ise apane samrajy ka ek praant bana liya. isi prakar ka doosara rajy tadmur (Palmyra) ke nam se prasiddh tha. usaka vaibhavakal 130 ee. se 270 ee. tak tha. isaka vyapar chin tak phaila hua tha. roomiyoan ne 270 ee. mean ise bhi nasht kar diya. tadmur ki sabhyata yoonan, sam aur misr ki sabhyata ka adbhut mishran thi. in donoan svadhin rajyoan ke pashchath‌ do rajy aur kayam hue-ek gassani, jo bijantini (Byzantine) rajy ke adhin tha, tatha doosara lakhmi, jo eerani rajy ke adhin tha. pratham rajy ki sanskriti roomiyoan se prabhavit thi tatha dvitiy ki iraniyoan se. lakhmi tatha gassani donoan ne vastu mean adhik unnati kar li thi. khavarnak tatha sadir do bhavy prasad unhian ke mahanh‌ kary haian jinaka varnan prachin arabi sahity mean bhi milata hai. gassaniyoan ne bhi apane bhookhand ko suandar prasadoan, jalakuandoan, snanagaroan tatha kridasthaloan se susajjit kiya tha. in donoan rajyoan ka unnatikal chhathi shatabdi hai. isi prakar ka ek rajy madhy arab mean kianda ke nam se prasiddh tha jo yaman ke tubba vansh ke rajaoan ke adhin tha. kianda ki sabhyata yamani sabhyata thi. vah isalie mahatvapoorn hai ki usane arab ke anek vanshoan ko ek shasak ke adhin karane ka pratham prayatn kiya tha.

nazd tatha hijaj mean khanabadosh raha karate the. isamean tin nagar the- makka, yasrib, tatha taeph. in nagaroan mean badavi jivan ke tatv adhik matra mean pae jate the, yadyapi anek vansh ke log vyapar kiya karate the. madhy arab ke nivasiyoan ka jivan tatha sabhyata badaviyana thi aur unaki jivanavyastha gotriy (kabilaee) thi. isi karan yuddh khoob hua karate the. badaviyoan ka dharm moortipooja tha. yasrib mean kuchh yahoodi bhi raha karate the. makka mean kaba tha jo jahil arab ke dharmik vishvasoan ka srot tha.

islami sabhyata- 610 ee. mean, jaisa uparyukt panktiyoan mean varnit hai, eeshadoot hajarat muhammad ne ek navin dharm, navin samaj, tatha navin sabhyata ki nianv rakhi. jab vah 622 ee. mean makka se hijarat kar (chho dakar) madina ge tab vahaan ek navin prakar ke rajy ki sthapana ki. is navin dharm ki praranbhik shiksha ka srot kuran hai. isaki aranbhik tatha mahatvapoorn shikshaean tin haian: 1. tauhid (ek eeshvar ki upasana karana); 2. risalat (hajarat muhammad sahab ko eeshadoot manana); 3. pralok (mad) arthath‌ is nashvar sansar ka ek aantim divas hoga aur us din pratyek manushy eeshvar ke samaksh apane karmoan ka uttar dega.

is dharm ke mahatvapoorn sanskaroan mean paanch samay namaz padhana aur varsh mean ek bar haj karana, yadi haj karane mean samarth ho, tha. arthik santulan kayam rakhane ke lie pratyek dhani musalaman ka yah kartavy mana gaya ki apani varsh bhar ki bachi huee pooanji mean se dhaee pratishat vah din dukhiyoan ki arthik dasha ke sudhar ke lie de de. navin samaj ki rachana is prakar ki gee ki ve jahili arab jo anekanek jatiyoan mean vibhajit the sab ekabaddh ho ge aur unhoanne pahali bar rashtriyata ki kalpana ki. jahili samaj mean keval raktasanbandh jati ke pratyek vyakti ko ekatr rakhata tha parantu islami samaj mean dharm tatha bhratritv ka sanbandh pratyek musalaman ko ek hi jhande ke niche ekatrit karata tha. isake atirikt islami samaj ki nianv bina kisi bhedabhav ke dharm, bhratritv tatha nyay par adharit thi. naitik tatha samajik buraiyoan se bachane ki prerana mili tatha sadachar aur paropakar ko protsahan mila. atev is navin dharm tatha samaj ki nianv par ek samunnat sabhyata ke bhavan ka nirman hua. eeshadoot (paiganbar nabi) ne madina mean ek ne dhang ke rajy ki sthapana ki jo ganatantriy niyamoan par adharit tha. aise shasan se unhoanne keval das varsh mean poore arab deshoan par adhikar kar liya.

jab 632 ee. mean muhammad sahab ka dehaant hua to lagabhag poore arab ke nivasi musalaman ho chuke the. unake dehaant ke pashchath‌ 661 ee. tak yah ganatantriy shasan sthapit raha. tadanantar muhammad sahab ke khalipha (pratinidhi) aboobakr, umar, usman aur ali ne unhian ke dhang par shasan kiya aur ganatantr ke tatvoan ko kayam rakha. shasak tatha praja ke bhed-bhavoan ko samapt kar diya gaya tatha nyay aur bhratritv ke adhar par desh sanghatit hua. rajy ki mahatvapoorn samasyaean paramarsh samiti dvara nishchit ki jati thian. isi karan is kal ko 'khulfaerashidin' ka kal kahate haian. 661 ee. mean umavi kal praranbh hota hai. umavi rajy ke sansthapak amir muaviya the. unake rajyarohan se rajy ki paristhitiyoan mean kee parivartan hue. khilafat (pratinidhan) saltanat mean parivartit ho gaya tatha ganatantr svadhinata mean. khalifa ya raja jatiy tatha paitrik hone lage. khalifa ke nirvachan ki pratha samapt ho gee. yah rajy 750 ee. tak kayam raha. isi rajadhani damishk thi. khulafaerashidin tatha umavi kal islami vijayoan ka kal hai. in donoan yugoan mean islami vijayoan ki pradhanata rahi. umavi rajy yoorop mean biske ko kha di tatha uttari aphrika se poorv mean siandhu nadi tatha chin ki sima tak, uttar mean arab sagar se dakshin mean nil nadi ke jharanoan tak phail gaya tha. sanh‌ 750 ee. mean yah rajy abbasi khalifaoan ke adhikar mean a gaya. is rajy ka sansthapak abulabbas saffah tha. abbasi rajy ki rajadhani bagdaad thi jo unhian ka basaya hua ek navin nagar tha. isi samay spen ki khilafat abbasi khilafat se prithakh‌ ho gee. spen ke rajy ka sansthapak 756 ee. mean abdurrahaman umavi tha. abbasi rajy ka patan 1258 ee. mean halakoo khaan dvara hua aur spen ka rajy 1492 ee.mean mit gaya.

saanskritik drishti se khulfaerashidin ka kal praranbhik hai. arab apane sath vijit deshoan mean jnan tatha sanskriti nahian le ge the. sam, misr, irak tatha eeran mean vijit jatiyoan ke samaksh unako jhukana p da aur unaka saanskritik netritv unhean svikar karana p da. aitihasik drishtikon se umavikal jahilikal se adhik door n tha, phir bhi jnan ka bijaropan usi kal mean hua. damishk, koofa, vasara, makka, madina praranbhik jnan tatha jnaniyoan ke mahatvapoorn keandr the. abbasi kal mean jnan aur vidya ki jo unnati rajadhani bagdaad mean huee usaka praranbh umavi kal mean hi ho chuka tha, jab yoonani, sami tatha bharatiy sanskriti arab nivasiyoan ko prabhavit kar rahi thi. at: sarvaangin roop se ham umavikal ko jnanaroopi balak ke palan-poshan ka kal kah sakate haian.

arab sabhyata ka vikas umavi khalifa abdulamalik-bin-maravan (685-705) mean kal se praranbh hota hai. usane karyalayoan ki bhasha latini, yoonani tatha pahlavi ki jagah arabi kar di. vijit jatiyoan ne arabi sikhana aranbh kar diya; yahaan tak ki dhire-dhire pashchimi eshiya ke adhikatar deshoan tatha uttari aphrika ki bhasha arabi ho gee. sah saty hai ki araboan ke pas apani sanskriti nahian thi, parantu unhoanne vijit jatiyoan ko apana dharm tatha apani bhasha sikhaee aur unako aise avasar die ki ve apana krititv dikhala sakean. araboan ka sabase mahanh‌ kary yah hai ki unhoanne vijit jatiyoan ko saanskritik sanbhavanaoan ko ubha da aur apana dharm tatha apani bhasha prachalit karake unako bhi arab shabd ke arth mean sammilit kar liya aur vijeta tatha vijit ka aantar samapt ho gaya. unamean shasan ki yogyata poorn roop se vidyaman thi. unhoanne ne keval shasanavyavastha mean bijantini tatha sasani rajy ke niyamoan ka anusaran kiya, apitu unamean sanshodhan karake unako suandar banaya. araboan ne anek prachin sabhyataoan ke mitate hue jnan mool se anoodit aur sanrakshit kie aur unaka prachar, jahaan-jahaan ve ge, yoorop adi deshoan mean unhoanne kiya.

jnanavijnan tatha sahityik drishtikon se abbasi kal bahut mahatv rakhata hai. yah unnati, ek sima tak bharatiy, yoonani, eerani prabhav ke karan huee. jnan vijnan ki unnati ka praranbh adhikatar anuvadoan se hua jo eerani sanskriti, suryani (siriyak) tatha yoonani bhasha se kie ge the. tho de samay mean arastoo tatha afalatoon ki darshan ki pustakean, nav-afalatooni tikakaroan ki vyakhyaean, jalinoos (galen) ki chikitsa sanbandhi pustakean, ganit vidya mean nipun ukalaiditas (yuklid) tatha batalimoos (ptolemi) ki pustakean tatha eeran aur bharat ko vaijnanik tatha sahityik pustakean anuvadoan dvara araboan ke adhikar mean a gee. atev jin shastroan , vijnanoan ko sikhane mean yoonaniyoan ko shatabdiyaan lag gee thian unako araboan ne varsho mean sikh liya aur keval sikha hi nahian, unamean mahatv ke sanshodhan bhi kie. isi karan madhyakalin itihas mean arab vaijnanik sahityik drishti se unnati ke shikhar par pahuanch chuke the. yah saty hai ki is sabhyata ka srot prachin misri, babuli, phiniki tatha yahoodi sabhyataean thian aur unhian se ye dharaean bahakar yoonan aee thian aur is kal mean pun: yoonani jnan-vijnan tatha sabhyata ke roop mean ulati bahakar poorvi deshoan mean a rahi thian. isake pashchath‌ ye hi sikliya (sisili) tatha spen pahuanchi aur vahaan ke araboan ne phir in dharaoan ko yoorop pahuanchaya.

araboan ke vaijnanik jagaran, visheshat: naitik sahity tatha ganit mean, bharat ne bhi praranbh mean bhag liya tha. jyotish vidya ke ek granth patrika-siddhaant ka anuvad muhammad bin ibrahim fazari ne (mri.796-806 ke bich kabhi) kiya aur vahi musalamanoan mean pratham jyotishi kahalaya. usake pashchath‌ khvarizami (mri. 750) ne jyotish vidyaoan mean bahut parivardhan kiya tatha yoonani v bharatiy jyotish mean anukoolata lane ka prayatn kiya. isake pashchath‌ araboan ne ganit kean aankoan tatha dashamalav bhinn ke niyam bhi bharatiyoan se grahan kie. arabi bhasha mean sarvapratham sahityik pustak 'q lila v dimana' hai jisaka abdulla bin mukaphpha (mri.750) ne pahlavi se anuvad kiya tha. is pustak ki pahlavi prati ka nausharavaan ke samay sanskrit se anuvad kiya gaya tha. is pustak ka mahatv is karan hai ki pahlavi prati ki prapti sanskrit prati ke saman hi durlabh hai, parantu ab bhi ye kahaniyaan panchatatr mean vistarapoorvak mil sakati haian. is bich abbasi khalifa mamoon (813-844) ne bagadad mean baitulahikamat ki sthapana ki jo vachanalay tatha anuvadabhavan tha, jnanasansthan. is akadami dvara yoonani vaidyakashastr, ganit tatha yoonani darshan ka parichay musalamanoan ko hua. is samay ke arabi anuvadakoan mean prasiddh hunain bin ishak (809-73) tatha sabit bin kurra (836-90) haian.

anuvadakal lagabhag ek shatabdi tak raha. usake pashchath‌ svayan araboan mean uchch koti ke lekhakoan ne janm liya jinhoanne vijnan tatha sahity ke bhaandar mean parivardhan kiya. unamean se apane vishay mean daksh lekhakoan ke nam nimnalikhit haian:

vaidyak mean razi (850-923) tatha ibnasina (980-1037); jyotish tatha ganit mean battani (877-918), alabarooni (973-1048) tatha umar khaiyam (mri. 1123-4); rasayanashastr mean jabir bin hayyam (8vian shatabdi); bhoogol mean ibn khurdadabeh (mri. 912), yakoobi (9vian shatabdi ke aant mean), istakhari (10vian shatabdi mean), ibn hauqal (10vian shatabdi), makdasi (10vian shatabdi mean), hamdani (mri.945) tatha yakoot (1079-1229); itihas mean ibn hisham (mri.824), vakidi (mri.823),balajuri (mri. 872), ibn kubaita (moo.889), tabari (838-923), sasoodi (10vian shatabdi mean), abul asir (1160-1234), tatha ibn khaldoon (1332-1406); dharmashastr mean bukhari (910-70); muslim (mri.975), visheshat: fikh (islami dharmik vidhan) mean aboohanifa (mri.767), imam malik (715-795), hamam shafee (767-820) tatha ibn hanbal (mri.855).

araboan ne sahityik sevaoan ke sath-sath lalit kalaoan mean n keval abhiruchi dikhalaee, apitu vishv ke saanskritik itihas mean arabi kala ka mahatvapoorn adhyay khol diya. jis prakar arabi sahity par bahy prabhav p da usi prakar vastu, sangit tatha chitrakala par bhi p da. atev vijit jatiyoan ke melajol se vastukala ki nianv p di aur shanai: shanai: is kala mean anekanek shailiyaan nikalian, jaise sami-misri, jisamean yoonani, roomi tatha tatkalin kala ka anusaran kiya jata tha, iraki-eerani jisaki nianv sasani, kildani tatha asoori shaili par p di thi, uandulusi uttari aphrika, jo tatkalin eesaee tatha vizigothik se prabhavit huee aur jise morish ki sanjna di gee, hiandi, jisapar bharatiy shaili ka gahara prabhav hai. in sabhi shailiyoan ke pratinidhi bhavanoan mean nimnalikhit vikhyat hue: kubbatussakhara (baitul mukaddam), jame damishk, masjid nabavi, damishk ke rajakiy prasad (jo alakhzara ke nam se prasiddh the), bagadad ke shahi prasad, masjidean, pathashalaean tatha chikitsalay, kartuba (kordova) ke shahi prasad (jo alahanba ke nam se prasiddh the) tatha vahaan ki jame masjid. chitrakala mean araboan ne navin pranali praranbh ki jisako yooropiy bhasha mean arabesk kahate haian. is kal manushy tatha pashuoan ke chitroan ke sthan par sajavat ka kam suandar phoolapattiyoan tatha belabootoan se liya gaya. isi prakar sulekh (kailigraphi) ko bhi ek kala samajha jane laga. sangitakala mean bhi bahy prabhav pranali ki nianv p di. araboan ke prakh‌ islami git manamohak tatha saral hote the parantu visheshat: eerani tatha roomi sangit ke prabhav se arabi sangit mean rag raginiyoan ka avirbhav hua aur isamean itani unnati huee ki abbasikal mean abulafarj isfahani (897-967) ne ek pustak ki rachana ki jisaka nam kitabulagani hai. yah pustak sangit ke sau rag ekatr karati hai tatha tatkalin sahityik evan saanskritik jnan ka bhaandar hai.

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