कृत्रिम सूत

kritrim soot kritrim dhang se soot (resha, Fibre) nirman karane ka vichar pahale pahal ek aangrej vaijnanik rabart huk ke dimag mean utha tha. isaka ullekh 1664 ee. mean prakashit usaki maikrographiya namak pustak mean hai. isake bad 1734 ee. mean ek phreanch vaijnanik ne rejin se kritrim soot banane ki bat kahi; lekin use bhi koee vyavaharik roop nahian diya ja saka. 1842 ee. mean pahali bar aangrej vaijnanik luis shvab ne kritrim soot banane ki mashin ka avishkar kiya. is mashin mean mahin soorakhavale tuandoan (nozzles) ka prayog kiya gaya jisamean se hokar nikalanevala drav padarth soot mean parivartit ho jata tha. soot bananevali aj ki mashinoan ka bhi mukhy siddhaant yahi hai. shvab ne kaanch se soot ka nirman kiya tha; lekin vah isase santusht n tha. usane british vaijnanikoan se kritrim soot banane hetu achchhe padarth ki khoj ki apil ki. 1845 ee. mean svis rasayanashastri si. eph. shoonaben ne kritrim soot ke nirman ke nimitt naitro selyooloj ki khoj ki.

kritrim soot ke nirman ka pahala peteant 1855 mean jarj edemars ne prapt kiya. usane kritrim soot ke nirman ke lie shahatoot aur kuchh any vrikshoan ke bhitari bhag ka prayog kiya. shahatoot ke vriksh ke bhitari bhag ko pahale usane naitrikrit kiya. phir eethar aur ailakohal ke sath-sath rabar ke vilayan mean usaka mishran taiyar kiya. phir usaka upayog usane kritrim soot ke nirman ke lie kiya. do varsh bad ee. je. hags ko kuchh lachile padartho jaise starch, gletin, rejin, tainin aur charbi adi se kritrim soot ke nirman ke lie peteant mila. isake bad joseph svan ne is disha mean aur adhik kary kiya. tab se ab tak is kshetr mean anek vaijnanikoan ne bahut kam kiya hai. phalasvaroop anek prakar ke kritrim soot bajar mean upalabdh haian. bharat mean kritrim soot ka nirman 1950 ee. mean aranbh hua.

jab prayogashala mean pahale pahal kritrim soot bane tab rangaroop, komalata aur chamak damak mean ve resham se the, yadyapi unaki dridhata aur tikaoopan resham ke barabar nahian thi. unaka tanav samarthy bhi nimn koti ka tha. phir bhi unhean kritrim resham ka nam diya gaya. 1924 ee. tak aise manavanirmit sootoan ko kritrim resham hi kahate the. bad mean amarika mean kritrim soot ke lie reyan shabd ka upayog aranbh hua aur aj sare sansar mean kritrim soot ke lie reyan shabd ka hi upayog hota hai.

manavanirmit soot (reshoan) ke mukhy prakar nimnalikhit haian-

• philameant dhaga (Filament yarn)-in dhagoan mean anek mahin akhand tantu (filament) hote haian, jo halaki aianthan se ek sath ju de rahate haian.
• ekatantu dhaga (monofilament)-isamean keval ek tantu hota hai.
• stepl (staple)-ye kritrim tantuoan ke bane hote haian aur ye 7 se 15 ianch tak lanbe aur ekaroop hote haian
• to (Tow)-isamean bhi anek akhand tantu, rassi ke roop mean, ek sath baite rahate hai, kiantu unamean aianthan nahian hoti tatha ve samaantar rahate haian. chhote to 500 se 5000 deniyar (Denier) tak ke hote haian, jabaki b de to 75,000 se 5,00,000 deniyar ke hote haian.
• kate dhage (Spun yarn)-ye dhage kritrim reshoan ko katakar banae jate haian. kabhi-kabhi ye kritrim reshe kapas, oon, patasan ityadi reshoan ke mishran se bhi banate haian.

manavanirmit kritrim reshoan ke vibhinn vargoan, unake audyogik athava vanijy nam, unake nirman ke lie avashyak adharabhoot samagri tatha utpadak deshoan ka vivaran is prakar hai-

varg audyogik nam adharabhoot samagri utpadak desh

k. selyulos reyan (Rayon) kashth lugadi anek desh

kh. prakritik aisitet (Acetate) kapas liantar aur kashth lugadi anek desh, sanyukt rajy (amarika)

vikara (Vicara) makka protin

merinova (Merinova) kesin (mathe dudh se) itali

phaibrolen (Fibrolane) kesin (mathe dudh se) sanyukt rajy (amarika)

ailginet (Alginate) ailginik aml (Alginic acid), samudri ghas se yunaited kiangadam

g. sanshlisht tantu :

1. -p aauliaimaid (Polyamide) nailan 66 (Nylon 66) heksamethilin dayamin, yoonaited kiangadam, sanyukt rajy (amarika), kainada

aidipik aml

aimilan (Amylon) heksamithilin dayamin,

aidipik aml japan

nailan 6 (Nylon 6), parlan kaipralektam pashchimi jarmani

nailan 11 (Nylon 11) sibaisik aml phraans, hangari

rilsan

2-p aauliestar (Polyester) terilin (Terylene) terithailik aml sanyukt rajy (amarika), jarmani

3-p aauliaikrilik (Poly-Acrilic) orlan (Orlon), aikrilan (Acrilon), ekrilonaitril sanyukt rajy (amarika), ianglaid

dainaitril beljiyam, kainada, phraans, pashchimi jarmani ityadi

darlan (Darlan), japhron (Zefran)

p aauliethilan ianglaiand

4-p aauliethilin (Poly-ethylene) kaurlin (Courlene)

itali

5-p aaulipropilon moplen (Moplen) vinail kloraid sanyukt rajy (amarika)

6-p aaulivinail aisitet eviskoviniyan (Avisco Vinyon) vinail ailkohal japan

7-p aauliailkohal viny aaunh‌ (Vinyon) vinilidin kloraid evan vinil kloraid phraans jarmani

8-p aaulikloraid rovil (Rhovyl) vininidin kloraid evan vinil kloraid japan

9-traivinil kloraid pe se (Pe Ce)

10-p aaulivinilidin kloraid saran (Saran) vinilidin kloraid sanyukt rajy (amarika), ianglaiand, japan, phraans

11-p aaulisterait (Polysterite) d aaubarn (Dawbarn) sanyukt rajy (amarika)

12-p aaulitetraphluor ethilin tephl aaun (Teflon) sanyukt rajy (amarika)

gh. khanij tantu (kach) silika baloo, choona patthar

audyogik upayog

in manavanirmit reshoan ka upayog vastrodyog tak hi simit nahian hai; varanh‌ inake anek any

audyogik upayog bhi haian. kuchh mukhy upayog nimnalikhit haian :

• babalaphil (bubblefill) -viskos reshoan ka bana hota hai, jisamean vayu pashit hoti hai. isaka upayog jivanarakshi jaiket, naukasetu (p aauntoon pontoon), be da (raipht, raft) tatha havaee u dakoan ki veshabhoosha ke prithakkari (iansuletur, insulator) madhyam banane ke lie kiya jata hai. reyan ka upayog shly sanbhar (surgical dressing) taiyar karane mean bhi hota hai.
• selyulos aisitet-striyoan ke lie suandar akarshak vastr tatha snan vastroan ke banane mean kam ata hai. purushoan ke lie taee, dresiang gaun aur k aaular banane mean bhi isaka upayog hota hai. isaka paravidyuth‌ samarthy (dielectric strength) adhik hota hai. at: yah bijali ke tar evan kuandali (coil) ke lie prithakkari (insulator) ke roop mean bhi prayukt hota hai.
• tenasko aur ph aaurtisan-b di uchch dridhata (tenacite) ke sejyuloosiy tantu haian. tenasko ka upayog motaroan tatha vayuyanoan ke tayaroan ki rassi, vahak pattoan tatha rassiyoan ke banane mean hota hai. sanshlisht reshoan mean ph aaurtisan sabase adhik pusht hota hai isaki dridhata 7 gram prati deniyar hota hai. isaka mukhy upayog tayar ki rassi banane mean kiya jata hai. pairashoot ke kap de banane mean bhi isaka vyapak upyog hota hai.
• ailginet-is prakar ke reshoan ki visheshata yah hai ki ye dhatviy ailginetoan ke karan jvalasah (flame proof) hote hai. isalie inaka upayog thiyetaroan ke parde tatha agnisah kap de banane ke lie vishesh roop se kiya jata hai.
• nail aaun-isaki dridhata bhi yathesht adhik hoti hai (4.5 se 7 gram prati deniyar tak). isaka upayog bhi pairashoot ke kap de, rassi, ashvasajja (harness) aur glaidar ki rassi banane mean hota hai. ekatantu (monofilament) nail aaun daant, kap de, bal evan botal saph karanevale brash tatha taiparaitar ke phite banane ke kam ata hai . isake bane tirapal (tarpaulins) bhi b de halake aur tikaoo hote haian. havaee jahaj ki petrol tanki banane ke lie nail aaun b da upayukt hota hai. vidyullepan (electroplating) drav, rank drav evan prabal kshayatavale rasayanik dravoan ko chhanane ke lie nail aaun b da upayukt madhyam hai. vahak patti ke banane mean bhi nail aaun kam ata hai. nail aaun ekatantuoan se shly sivani evan pash (surgical suture and ligature) bhi banae jate hai.
• viniyan-isase chhananevale gatte (filter pad) tatha rasayanik kary karanevaloan ke arakshi vastr banae jate haian. jalarodhi hone ke karan machhali pak dane ke jal tatha rassiyaan banane ke lie isaka achchha upayog hota hai.
• saran-yah jivanuoan, kitoan evan ras dravyoan ke prati yathesht avarodhi hota hai. isaliye masahari, chhanane, motaroan tatha jalapanagrihoan ke alankarik parde banane mean isaka vishesh upayog hota hai. kalashanaoan tatha sinemagrihoan ki divaroan par bhi saran ke avaran lagae jate hai, jisase unapar sigaret ke dhuean ka koee prabhav n p de. ispat ki naliyoan mean saran ka astar lagane se ve rasadravyoan ke prati avarodhi ho jati haian. p aaulivinail kloraidoan ka upayog bhi saran ki hi bhaanti hota hai.
• aaurlan-isaka upayog vidyutallepan mean dhanagr (anode) thaile ke banane mean kiya jata hai.
• kaanch tantu-isake kap de agnisah hone ke karan jivanarakshi naukaoan tatha tel ki tankiyoan mean upayukt hote haian. stepul tantu kaanch ke kap de, vidyuth‌ prithakkaran evan ushma prithakkaran ke lie upayukt hote haian.
• p aaulithin-rasayanik drishtise sthayi hone ke karan plastik ke roop mean vyapak roop se prayukt hota hai. samagriyoan par arakshi avaran chadhane athava rasayanik drishti se avarodhi naliyoan aur dharako ke nirman mean bhi isaka vishesh upayog hota hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh