प्रेमचंद

thumb|muanshi premachand
Munshi Premchand bharat ke upanyas samrat muanshi premachand ke yug ka vistar san 1880 se 1936 tak hai. yah kalakhand bharat ke itihas mean bahut mahattv ka hai. is yug mean bharat ka svatantrata-sangram nee manjiloan se guzara. yah sangharsh adhik sashakt aur gahara hua. premachand ka vastavik nam dhanapat ray shrivastav tha. ve ek saphal lekhak, deshabhakt nagarik, kushal vakta, zimmedar sanpadak aur sanvedanashil rachanakar the. bisavian shati ke poorvarddh mean jab hindi mean kam karane ki takaniki suvidhaean nahian thian phir bhi itana kam karane vala lekhak unake siva koee doosara nahian hua.

janm

premachand ka janm banaras se lagabhag char mil door, lamahi nam ke gaanv mean 31 julaee, 1880 ko hua. premachand ke pitaji muanshi ajayab lal aur mata anandi devi thian. premachand ka bachapan gaanv mean bita tha. ve natakhat aur khila di balak the aur khetoan se shak-sabzi aur pe doan se phal churane mean daksh the. unhean mithaee ka b da shauq tha aur vishesh roop se gu d se unhean bahut prem tha. bachapan mean unaki shiksha-diksha lamahi mean huee aur ek maulavi sahab se unhoanne urdoo aur farasi padhana sikha. ek rupaya churane par ‘bachapan’ mean un par buri tarah mar p di thi. unaki kahani, ‘kazaki’, unaki apani bal-smritiyoan par adharit hai. kazaki dak-vibhag ka harakara tha aur b di lambi lambi yatraean karata tha. vah balak premachand ke lie sadaiv apane sath kuchh saugat lata tha. kahani mean vah bachche ke liye hiran ka chhauna lata hai aur dakaghar mean deri se pahuanchane ke karan naukari se alag kar diya jata hai. hiran ke bachche ke pichhe dau date-dau date vah ati vilamb se dak ghar lauta tha. kazaki ka vyaktitv atishay manaviyata mean dooba hai. vah shalinata aur atmasamman ka putala hai, kintu manaviy karuna se usaka hraday bhara hai.

parivarik jivan

unaka kul phatehal kayasthoan ka tha, jinake pas qarib chhai bighe zamin thi aur jinaka parivar b da tha. premachand ke pitamah, muanshi gurusahay lal, patavari the. unake pita, muanshi ajayab lal, dakamuanshi the aur unaka vetan lagabhag pachchis rupaye masik tha. unaki maan, anand devi, sundar sushil aur sugh d mahila thian. chh: mahine ki bimari ke bad premachand ki maan ki mrityu ho gee. tab ve athavian kaksha mean padh rahe the. do varsh ke bad unake pita ne phir vivah kar liya aur unake jivan mean vimata ka avataran hua. premachand ke itihas mean vimata ke anek varnan haian . yah spasht hai ki premachand ke jivan mean maan ke abhav ki poorti vimata dvara n ho saki thi. jab premachand pandrah varsh ke the, unaka vivah ho gaya. vah vivah unake sautele nana ne tay kiya tha. us kal ke vivaran se lagata hai ki l daki n to dekhane mean suandar thi, n vah svabhav se shilavati thi. vah jhag daloo bhi thi. premachand ke komal man ka kalpana-bhavan mano nianv rakhate-rakhate hi dhah gaya. premachand ka yah pahala vivah tha. is vivah ka tootana ashchary n tha. premachand ki patni ke lie yah vivah ek du:khad ghatana raha hoga. jivan paryant yah unaka abhishap ban gaya. is sab ka dosh bharat ki paramparagrast vivah-pranali par hai, jisake karan yah vyavastha avashyakata se bhi adhik jue ka khel ban jati hai. premachand ne nishchay kiya ki apana doosara vivah ve kisi vidhava kanya se kareange. yah nishchay unake uchch vicharoan aur adarshoan ke hi anuroop tha. shivarani devi bal-vidhava thian. unake pita fatehapur ke pas ke ilaqe mean ek sahasi zamidar the aur shivarani ji ke punarvivah ke lie utsuk the. san 1916 ke adim yug mean aise vichar-matr ki sahasikata ka anuman kiya ja sakata hai. isi varsh premachand ka doosara vivah sanpann hua. shivarani ji ki pustak ‘premachand-ghar mean’, premachand ke ghareloo jivan ka sajiv aur aantarang chitr prastut karati hai. premachand apane pita ki tarah pechish ke shikar the aur nirantar pet ki vyadhiyoan se pi dit rahate the. premachand svabhav se saral, adarshavadi vyakti the. ve sabhi ka vishvas karate the, kintu nirantar unhean dhokha khana p da. unhoanne anek logoan ko dhan-rashi karz di, kintu bahudha yah dhan lauta hi nahian . shivarani devi ki drishti kuchh adhik saansarik aur vyavahar-kushal thi. ve nirantar premachand ki udar-hradayata par tane kasati thian, kyoanki anek bar kupatr ne hi is udarata ka labh uthaya. premachand svayan sampann n the aur apani udarata ke karan arth-sankat mean phans jate the. ‘dhaporashankh’ shirshak kahani mean premachand ek kapati sahityik dvara apane thage jane ki marmik katha kahate haian.

sahityak jivan

premachand unaka sahityak nam tha aur bahut varshoan bad unhoanne yah nam apanaya tha. unaka vastavik nam ‘dhanapat ray’ tha. jab unhoanne sarakari seva karate hue kahani likhana arambh kiya, tab unhoanne navab ray nam apanaya. bahut se mitr unhean jivan-paryant navab ke nam se hi sambodhit karate rahe. jab sarakar ne unaka pahala kahani-sangrah, ‘soze vatan’ zabt kiya, tab unhean navab ray nam chho dana p da. bad ka unaka adhikatar sahity premachand ke nam se prakashit hua. isi kal mean premachand ne katha-sahity b de manoyog se padhana shuroo kiya. ek tambakoo-vikreta ki dukan mean unhoanne kahaniyoan ke akshay bhandar, ‘tilisme hosharooba’ ka path suna. is pauranik gatha ke lekhak faizi batae jate haian, jinhoanne akabar ke manoranjan ke lie ye kathaean likhi thian. ek poore varsh premachand ye kahaniyaan sunate rahe aur inhean sunakar unaki kalpana ko b di uttejana mili. katha sahity ki any amooly kritiyaan bhi premachand ne padhian. inamean ‘sarashar’ ki kritiyaan aur renald ki ‘landan-rahasy’ bhi thi. gorakhapur mean buddhilal nam ke pustak-vikreta se unaki mitrata huee. ve unaki dukan ki kuanjiyaan skool mean bechate the aur isake badale mean ve kuchh upanyas alp kal ke lie padhane ko ghar le ja sakate the. is prakar unhoanne do-tin varshoan mean saik doan upanyas padhe hoange. is samay premachand ke pita gorakhapur mean dakamuanshi ki haisiyat se kam kar rahe the. gorakhapur me hi premachand ne apani sabase pahali sahityik kriti rachi. yah rachana ek avivahit mama se sambandhit prasahan tha. mama ka prem ek chhoti jati ki stri se ho gaya tha. ve premachand ko upanyasoan par samay barbad karane ke lie nirantar daantate rahate the. mama ki prem-katha ko natak ka roop dekar premachand ne unase badala liya. yah pratham rachana upalabdh nahian hai, kyoanki unake mama ne kruddh hokar paandulipi ko agni ko samarpit kar diya. gorakhapur mean premachand ko ek naye mitr mahavir prasad poddar mile aur inase parichay ke bad premachand aur bhi tezi se hindi ki or jhuke. unhoanne hindi mean shekh sadi par ek chhoti-si pustak likhi thi, t aaulsat aauy ki kuchh kahaniyoan ka hindi mean anuvad kiya tha aur ‘prem-pachisi’ ki kuchh kahaniyoan ka roopantar bhi hindi mean kar rahe the. ye kahaniyaan ‘sapt-saroj’ shirshak se hindi sansar ke samane sarvapratham san 1917 mean ayian. ye sat kahaniyaan thian:-

1. b de ghar ki beti,
2. saut,
3. sajjanata ka dand,
4. panch parameshvar,
5. namak ka daroga,
6. upadesh,
7. pariksha. premachand ki sarvashreshth kahaniyoan mean in kahaniyoan ki ganana hoti hai.
   

premachand ke sahity ki visheshataean

premachand ki rachanaoan mean tatkalin itihas bolata hai. unhoanne apani rachanaoan mean jan sadharan ki bhavanaoan, paristhitiyoan aur unaki samasyaoan ka marmik chitran kiya. unaki kritiyaan bharat ke sarvadhik vishal aur vistrit varg ki kritiyaan haian. apani kahaniyoan se premachand manav-svabhav ki adharabhoot mahatta par bal dete haian. ‘b de ghar ki beti,’ anandi, apane devar se aprasann huee, kyoanki vah ganvar usase karkashata se bolata hai aur us par khianchakar kh daooan pheankata hai. jab use anubhav hota hai ki unaka parivar toot raha hai aur usaka devar paritap se bhara hai, tab vah use kshama kar deti hai aur apane pati ko shaant karati hai. isi prakar namak ka daroga bahut eemanadar vyakti hai. ghoos dekar use biga dane mean sabhi asamarth haian. sarakar use, sakhti se uchit karyavahi karane ke karan, naukari se barkhast kar deti hai, kintu jis seth ki ghoos usane asvikar ki thi, vah use apane yahaan ooanche pad par niyukt karata hai. vah apane yahaan eemanadar aur kartavyaparayan karmachari rakhana chahata hai. is prakar premachand ke sansar mean satkarm ka phal sukhad hota hai. vastavik jivan mean aisi ashcharyaprad ghatanaean kam ghatati haian. gaanv ka panch bhi vyaktigat vidvesh aur shikayatoan ko bhoolakar sachcha nyay karata hai. usaki atma use isi disha mean thelati hai. asankhy bhedoan, poorvagrahoan, andhavishvasoan, jat-paant ke jhag doan aur hathadharmiyoan se jarjar gram-samaj mean bhi aisa nyay-dharm kalpanatit lagata hai. hindi mean premachand ki kahaniyoan ka ek sangrah bambee ke ek suprasiddh prakashan grih, hindi granth-ratnakar ne prakashit kiya. yah sangrah ‘navanidhi’ shirshak se nikala aur isamean ‘raja haradaul’ aur ‘rani sarandha’ jaisi bundel virata ki suprasiddh kahaniyaan shamil thian. isake kuchh samay ke bad premachand ne hindi mean kahaniyoan ka ek aur sangrah prakashit kiya. is sangrah ka shirshak tha ‘prem-poornima’. ‘b de ghar ki beti’ aur ‘panch parameshvar’ ki hi parampara ki ek aur adbhut kahani ‘eeshvariy nyay’ is sangrah mean thi.

premachand ka svarnim yug

premachand ki upanyas-kala ka yah svarn yug tha. san 1931 ke arambh mean ‘gaban’ prakashit hua tha. 16 aprॅl, 1931 ko premachand ne apani ek aur mahan rachana, ‘karmabhoomi’ shuroo ki. yah agast, 1932 mean prakashit huee. premachand ke patroan ke anusar san 1932 mean hi vah apana antim mahan upanyas, ‘godan’ likhane mean lag gaye the, yadyapi ‘hans’ aur ‘jagaran’ se sambandhit anek kathinaiyoan ke karan isaka prakashan joon, 1936 mean hi sambhav ho saka. apani antim bimari ke dinoan mean unhoanne ek aur upanyas, ‘mangalasootr’, likhana shuroo kiya tha, kintu akal mrityu ke karan yah apoorn rah gaya. ‘gaban’, ‘karmabhoomi’ aur ‘godan’- upanyasatrayi par vishv ke kisi bhi kritikar ko garv ho sakata hai. ‘karmabhoomi’ apani kraantikari chetana ke karan vishesh mahattvapoorn hai. lahaur kaangres ke adhiveshan mean adhyaksh-pad se bhashan dete hue javaharalal neharoo ne ghoshit kiya tha: ‘maian ganatantravadi aur samajavadi hooan.’ karmabhoomi is ashant kal ki pratidhvaniyoan se bhara hua upanyas hai. gorki ke upanyas, ‘maan’ ke saman hi yah upanyas bhi kranti ki kala par lagabhag ek prabandh-granth hai. yah upanyas adbhut patroan ki ek sampoorn shrankhala prastut karata hai: amar kaant, samarakant, saqina, sukhada, pathanin, munni. amarakant aur samarakant pathakoan ko pita aur putr, neharoo-dvay ka smaran dilate haian. munni, pathanin, saqina aur lala samarakant sabhi ki parinati ghatanaoan dvara hoti hai. sampoorn upanyas ki tulana paanch aankoan mean likhe ek marmasparshi natak se ho sakati hai:

1. nagar ka chitr,
2. parvat-desh ke gramajivan ka chitr,
3. vidroh,
4. parvat-gram ki janata,
5. poornahuti-vidroh aur vijay.

premachand ne ooanche sahityik mahattv ke lagabhag ek darjan upanyas likhe:

1. sevasadan,
2. premashram,
3. rangabhoomi,
4. kayakalp,
5. varadan,
6. nirmala,
7. pratiksha,
8. gaban,
9. karmabhoomi,
10. godan

unhoanne lagabhag 300 kahaniyaan likhian, jinamean se kuchh to avashy hi vishv katha-sahity ki anupam nidhi haian. amrit ray ne apani pustak, ‘qalam ke sipahi’, ke parishisht bhag mean premachand ki 224 kahaniyoan ki soochi di hai.

alochana

premachand ki badhati huee khyati se kuchh vyaktiyoan ke man mean b di kudhan aur eershya ho rahi thi. inamean se ek, shri avadh upadhyay ne premachand ke viruddh sahityik chori ka abhiyog lagaya aur unake viruddh chh: mahine tak lekh likhe. bijaganit ke many farmooloan se ve siddh karate rahe ki—

k+kh+g / d = p+ph+b / gh

yani premachand ki 1/3 sofiya thaikare ki ¼ amiliya ka smaran dilati hai. ek aur asaphal kathakar ne alochak ka bana dharan karate hue premachand ko ‘ghrina ka pracharak’ kaha tha.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh