सआदत हसन मंटो
sadat hasan manto (janm- 11 mee, 1912, samarala, panjab; mrityu- 18 janavari, 1955, lahaur kahanikar aur lekhak the. manto film aur rediyo patakatha lekhak aur patrakar bhi the.
jivan parichay
sadat hasan manto ki ginati aise sahityakaroan mean ki jati hai jinaki kalam ne apane vakt se age ki aisi ghatanaean likh dalian jinaki gaharaee ko samajhane ki duniya aj bhi koshish kar rahi hai.[1] prasiddh kahanikar manto ka janm 11 mee 1912 ko pushtaini bairistaroan ke parivar mean hua tha. unake pita gulam hasan nami bairistar aur seshans jaj the. unaki mata ka nam saradar begam tha, aur manto unhean bibijan kahate the. manto bachapan se hi bahut hoshiyar aur shararati the. manto ne eantreans imtahan do bar phel hone ke bad pas kiya. isaki ek vajah unaka urdoo mean kamazor hona tha. manto ka vivah safiya se hua tha. manto ki tin putri huee.
unhian dinoan ke asapas manto ne tin-char dostoan ke sath milakar ek drametik klab khola tha aur aga hashr ka ek drama stej karane ka irada kiya tha. "yah klab sirf 15-20 din raha tha, isalie ki manto ke pita ne ek din dhava bolakar haramoniyam aur tabale sab to d-pho d die the aur kah diya tha, ki aise vahiyat shagal unhean bilkul pasand nahian."[2]
manto ki kahaniyoan ki bite dashak mean jitani charcha huee hai utani shayad urdoo aur hiandi aur shayad duniya ke doosari bhashaoan ke kahanikaroan ki kam hi huee hai. chekhav ke bad manto hi the jinhoanne apani kahaniyoan ke dam par apani jagah bana li yani unhoanne koee upanyas nahian likha.[3]
shiksha
manto ne eantreans tak ki padhaee amritasar ke muslim haeeskool mean ki thi. 1931 mean unhoanne hiandoo sabha k aaulej mean dakhila liya. un dinoan poore desh mean aur khasataur par amritasar mean azadi ka aandolan poore ubhar par tha. jaliyaanvala bag ka narasanhar 1919 mean ho chuka tha jab manto ki umr kul sat sal ki thi, lekin unake bal man par usaki gahari chhap thi.[2]
rachanaean
'tamasha'
sadat hasan ke kraantikari dimag aur atisanvedanashil hriday ne unhean manto bana diya aur tab jaliyaanvala bag ki ghatana se nikal kar kahani 'tamasha' aee. yah manto ki pahali kahani thi. kraantikari gatividhiyaan barabar jal rahi thian aur gali-gali mean “ianqalab zidabad” ke nare sunaee p date the. doosare naujavanoan ki tarah manto bhi chahata tha ki juloosoan aur jalasoan mean badh chadhakar hissa le aur nare lagae, lekin valid ki sakhtigiri ke samane vah man masosakar rah jata. akhirakar usaka yah rujhan adab se mukhatib ho gaya. usane pahali rachana likhi “tamasha”, jisamean jaliyaanvala narasanhar ko ek sat sal ke bachche ki nazar se dekha gaya hai. isake bad kuchh aur rachanaean bhi unhoanne kraantikari gatividhiyoan ke asar mean likhi.
1932 mean manto ke pita ka dehaant ho gaya. bhagat sianh ko usase pahale phaansi di ja chuki . manto ne apane kamare mean pita ke foto ke niche bhagat sianh ki moorti rakhi aur kamare ke bahar ek takhti par likha-“lal kamara.”[2]
roos ke samyavadi sahity se prabhavit
manto ka roojhan dhire-dhire roosi sahity ki or badhane laga. jisaka prabhav hamean unake rachanakarm mean dikhaee deta hai. roosi samyavadi sahity mean unaki dilachaspi badh rahi thi. manto ki mulaqat inhian dinoan abdul bari nam ke ek patrakar se huee, jisane unhean roosi sahity ke sath-sath phraansisi sahity bhi padhane ke lie prerit kiya. isake bad manto ne viktar hyoogo, l aaurd litan, gorki, chekhav, pushkin, aauskar vaild, mopasaan adi ka adhyayan kiya.
abdul bari ki prerana par hi unhoanne viktar hyoogo ke ek drame "d last dez aauf e kandemd" ka urdoo mean anuvad kiya, jo “saraguzasht-e-asir” shirshak se lahaur se prakashit hua. yah drama hyoogo ne mrityudand ke virodh mean likha tha, jisaka anuvad karate hue manto ne mahasoos kiya ki isamean jo bat kahi gee hai vah usake dil ke bahut qarib hai. agar manto ke afasanoan ko dhyan se padha jae, to yah samajhana mushkil nahian hoga ki is drame ne usake rachanakarm ko kitana prabhavit kiya tha. viktar hyoogo ke is anuvad ke bad manto ne aauskar vaild se drame “vera” ka anuvad shuroo kiya. do dramoan ka anuvad kar lene ke bad manto ne abdul bari ke hi kahane par roosi kahaniyoan ka ek sankalan taiyar kiya aur unhean urdoo mean roopaantarit karake “roosi afasane” shirshak se prakashit karavaya.[2]
rachanatmakata
ek taraph manto ki sahityik gatividhiyaan chal rahi thian aur doosari taraph unake dil mean age padhane ki khvahish paida ho gee. akhir pharavari 1934 ko 22 sal ki umr mean unhoanne aligadh muslim yoonivarsiti mean dakhila liya. yah yoonivarsiti un dinoan pragatishil muslim naujavanoan ka gadh bani huee thi. yahian manto ki mulaqat ali saradar jafari se huee aur yahaan ke mahaul ne usake man mean kulabulati rachanatmakata ko ukasaya. manto ne kahaniyaan likhana shuroo kar diya. “tamasha” ke bad kahani “inaqilab pasand” (1935) nam se likhi, jo aligadh maigazin mean prakashit huee.[2]
karyakshetr
1936 mean manto ka pahala maulik urdoo kahaniyoan ka sangrah prakashit hua, usaka shirshak tha “atishapare”. aligadh mean manto adhik nahian thahar sake aur ek sal poora hone se pahale hi amritasar laut gaye. vahaan se vah lahaur chale gaye, jahaan unhoanne kuchh din “paras” nam ke ek akhabar mean kam kiya aur kuchh din ke lie “musavvir” namak saptahik ka sanpadan kiya. janavari 1941 mean dilli akar aaul iandiya rediyo mean kam karana shuru kiya. dilli mean manto sirf 17 mahine rahe, lekin yah saphar unaki rachanatmakata ka svarnakal tha. yahaan unake rediyo-natakoan ke char sangrah prakashit hue 'ao', 'manto ke drame', 'janaze' tatha 'tin auratean'. usake vivadaspad 'dhuaan' aur samasamiyak vishayoan par likhe ge lekhoan ka sangrah 'manto ke mazamin' bhi dilli-pravas ke dauran hi prakashit hua. manto julaee 1942 mean lahaur ko alavida kahakar banbee pahuanch gaye. janavari 1948 tak banbee mean rahe aur kuchh patrikaoan ka sanpadan tatha filmoan ke lie lekhan ka kary kiya.[2]
pakistan yatra
1948 ke bad manto pakistan chale ge. pakistan mean unake 14 kahani sangrah prakashit hue jinamean 161 kahaniyaan sangrahit haian. in kahaniyoan mean siyah hashie, nangi avazean, laiseans, khol do, tetaval ka kutta, mammi, toba tek sianh, phuandane, bijali pahalavan, boo, thanda gosht, kali shalavar aur hatak jaisi charchit kahaniyaan shamil haian. jinamean kahani boo, kali shalavar, oopar-niche, daramiyaan, thanda gosht, dhuaan par lanbe mukadame chale. halaanki in mukadamoan se manto manasik roop se pareshan zaroor hue lekin unake tevar jyoan ke tyoan the.
musharraph alam jauki ke anusar
urdoo aphasananigar musharraph alam jauki ke anusar duniya ab dhire-dhire manto ko samajh rahi hai aur un par bharat aur pakistan mean bahut kam ho raha hai lekin aisa lagata hai ki manto ko poori tarah samajh pane ke liye 100 sal bhi kam haian.
jauki ke mutabik shuruat mean manto ko dangoan, phirakavarana varadat aur veshyaoan par kahaniyaan likhane vala samany sa sahityakar mana gaya tha lekin darasal manto ki kahaniyaan apane aant ke sath khatm nahian hoti haian. ve apane pichhe iansan ko jhakajhor dene vali sachaiyaan chho d jati haian. unaki sapat bayani vali kahaniyaan phikr ke asaman ko chhoo leti haian.[1]
mrityu
manto ke 19 sal ke sahityik jivan se 230 kahaniyaan, 67 rediyo natak, 22 shabd chitr aur 70 lekh mile. tamam zillatean aur pareshaniyaan uthane ke bad, 18 janavari 1955 mean manto ne apane unhian tevaroan ke sath, is duniya ko alavida kah diya.[4]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 sadat hasan manto (hindi) (ech ti em) vebaduniya. abhigaman tithi: 10 mee, 2011.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 sadat hasan manto / parichay (hindi) gady kosh. abhigaman tithi: 10 mee, 2011.
- ↑ sadat hasan manto (hindi) (ech ti em el) braand bihar. abhigaman tithi: 10 mee, 2011.
- ↑ sadat hasan manto (hindi) (ech ti em el) apani hiandi. abhigaman tithi: 10 mee, 2011.