अनुवांशिकता

anuvanshikata (aangreji mean herediti) mata, pita tatha any poorvajoan se santati mean roop, rang, svabhav tatha any lakshanoan ke ane ko kahate haian. vanaspatiyoan tatha praniyoan donoan mean anuvanshikata mahatvapoorn hai. pratyek vyakti ke kuchh lakshan anuvanshik hote haian, kuchh vataran tatha paristhitiyoan ke karan utpann hote haian. paristhitijanit lakshanoan ka ek udaharan hai asthidaurbaly (rikets). mata-pita mean yah rog garibi, nikrisht ahar, asvasthyakar rahan sahan se ho sakata hai aur ye hi paristhitiyaan bachche mean bhi vahi rog utpann kar sakati haian. kabhi-kabhi yah nishchit karana kathin ho jata hai ki koee vishesh lakshan anuvanshik hai athava paristhitijanit.

koshikaoan ka pata lagane ke bad se anuvanshikata ka karan kuchh samajh mean ane laga. sajiv praniyoan ke jivan ki ikaee koshika (sel) hoti hai. isi ikaee ke sanrachanatmak tatha kriyatmak samuchchay (segriget)ko ham jiv (aragainijm) kahate haian. jivoan ki koshikaoan ke adhyayan se jnat hota hai ki inaki rachana lagabhag ek jaise padarthoan tatha ek hi dhang ya paripati par huee hai. pratyek koshika mean pray: ek (kabhi-kabhi anek) keandrak (nyooklias) hota hai jo koshikadravy (saitoplajm) mean aantarbhoot rahata hai. keandrak ke bhitar dhaga sadrish anek koshikaang (argenili) pae jate haian, jinhean gunasootr (kromosom) kahate haian. inaki sankhya pratyek spishiz ke jiv mean niyam hoti hai aur e sarvada yugmoan mean rahate haian; jaise manushyoan mean 23 jo de tatha kadali makkhi, drosophila mean char jo de gunasootr pae jate haian. gunasootr do prakar ke hote haian: aliangasootr (atasoms) evan liangasootr (seks kromosom). aanligasootroan ke sharir ke aangoan tatha avayavoan aur rangaroop tatha akar akriti ka nirdharan hota hai, parantu liang sootroan se praniyoan ke liang aur paitriiank gun prabhavit hote haian. liangasootr do prakar ke hate haian: puanlaiangik gunasootr tatha striliangagunasootr. in gunasootroan ko aangreji ke o, dablyoo, eks, vaee tatha zed aksharoan dvara abhivyakt kiya jata hai.

samasootran (maitosis) tatha ardhasootran (miyasis) ki prakriyaoan dvara koshikaoan ka vibhajan hokar jivoan ke shariragat tatha anuvanshik gunoan ka adan pradan pidhi-dar-pidhi chalata rahata hai. haikiang ne sarvapratham 1891 mean ek kit mean gunasootroan ki khoj ki thi. sanh‌ 1848 mean hophamistar ne tredaskaishiya (ek paudha) ke parag ki matrikoshikaoan (polen madar sels) mean gunasootroan ko spasht roop mean dekha tha. valdeyar ne inhean 'gunasootr' nam diya. rasayanik vishleshan dvara jnat hota hai ki inaki prakriti protin jaisi hoti hai. gunasootroan mean mala ke danoan ki bhaanti 'jin' guananthe rahate haian. koshikavibhajan ke samay jin svat: pratiroopit (dupliket) ho jate haian.

jin ki anek visheshataean batalaee gee haian, jaise (1) ek pidhi se doosari pidhi mean inaki tadroopata (aideantiti) bani rahati hai, (2) koshikavibhajan ke samay svapratiroopan (ato duplikeshan), (3) garbhit koshika se utpann ne jivoan ki janmaprakriya ka niyantran. inake kayaan ke sanbandh mean vidvanoan mean matabhed hai. kuchh vidvanh‌ inhean paragati (krasiang ovar) ki ikaee manate haian to kuchh utparivartan (myooteshan) ki. isi prakar kuchh vidvanh‌ inhean kayik (phijiolajikal) kriyaoan ki ikaee manate haian to kuchh svaprajanan ki.

manav shishu ka janm mata pita ke adhe-adhe liangasootroan ke sanyugman (yooniyan) ka parinam hota hai. pratyek janak ke liangasootroan mean 22--22 jo de liangasootr tatha ek-ek jo de liangasootr pae jate haian. mata ke liangasootroan ka ek jo da XX tatha pita ke liangasootroan ke ek jo de mean ek X tatha ek Y hota hai. inake sanyugman se ne shishu ka liang niche likhe prakar se nirdharit hota hai: chitr:Heredity.gif
koee bhi aanda bhavishy mean nar roop mean vikasit hoga ya mada roop mean, yah sansechan ke sanyog par nirbhar karata hai. is siddhaant ko 'sanbhavita ka siddhaant' (la aauv prabebiliti) kaha jata hai.

anuvanshikata ke niyam (galatan ke niyam)-phraansis galatan (1822-1911) ne, jo charls darvin ka chachera bhaee tha, do niyam pratipadit kie jo 'poorvaj pitragati ka niyam' (la aauv ainasestral inaheriteans) aur 'santan ka pichhee hatane ka niyam' (la aauv filiyal nigreshan) ke nam se vikhyat haian.

poovarj pitragati ke niyam-ke anusar pratyek jiv mean adhe arjit gun to jinakoan (ek ¼ pita se aur ¼ mata se) se, ek chauthaee dada dadi se, ek ka athavaan bhag paradada paradadi se aur isi hisab se shesh any poorvajoan se ate haian. in sab gunoan ka yog hi jiv ya poorn pitragati hai. isako nimn prakar se niroopit kiya ja sakata hai: chitr:Heredity-2.gif is prakar pratyek jiv apane adhe gun to tatkalik janakoan se aur shesh adhe any poorvajoan se prapt karata hai.

santan ke pichhe hatane arthath‌ poorvajoan ki or jane ke niyam ke anusar yadi janak kisi ek vishesh gun mean us jati ki samany avastha se bahut bhinn hote haian to santan ulti dasha ki ya samany avastha ki or chalati hai arthath‌ usamean samany avastha ko prapt karane ki prakriti hoti hai. isaka karan yah hai ki bahut purane poorvajoan ki anuvanshikata ka prabhav nikat janakoan ke prabhav ko nasht karane ka prayatn karata hai jo samast anuvanshikata ka ardhaansh banate haian. isase vidit hota hai ki kyoan sansar ke mahanh‌ vyaktiyoan, jaise vaijnanikoan, dharmajnoan, kalakaroan, sahityakaroan, kaviyoan, gayakoan, khila diyoan adi ke bachche sadharan bachchoan ke saman hote haian aur apane mata pita ki bhaanti khyati prapt nahian kar pate. prophesar karl piyarsan ne is sanbandh mean kaha hai, yah samany poorvajaniyata ka bhari bhar hi ek mahanh‌ pita ke putr ko samany janasankhya ke madhyaman ki or khianchata hai, yahi ek dridh samanyata ka santulan hai jo ek hin pita ke putr ko usake sabhi durgunoan se bacha deta hai aur vah mahanh‌ vyakti ban jata hai. arthath‌ koee yah nahian kah sakata ki kis bachche ka jivan kaisa hoga kyoanki ek mahanh‌ vyakti ka bachcha bhi sadharan manushy ban sakata hai. udaharanarth mahatmagaandhi tatha unaki santan; aur ek samany manushy ka bachcha bhi mahanh‌ vyakti ban sakata hai, jaise pan. madanamohan malaviy, d aau. rajeandraprasad ityadi.

johanasan ka pitragati ka niyam (kvetaleth niyam)-yadi bahut b di sankhya mean sem ke bijoan ki map ki pariksha ki jae to ek b de manoranjak vishisht niyam ka pata lagega ki unaki vishamataean ek ausataman ke donoan or haian. bahut b di sankhya ausat map ki hogi aur madhyaman ke donoan taraph sabase b di aur sabase chhoti sankhya kramash: kam hoti jaegi. ise 'kvetalet, ka niyam' kahate haian. yah n keval map (saiz) aantar ke lie hi charitarth hota hai balki sabhi praniyoan aur vanaspatiyoan ki sabhi sanbhavit vishamataoan ke lie bhi charitarth hota hai.

johanasan ne sem tatha matar ke kuchh lakshanoan ki anuvanshikata par prayog kie aur parinamoan ko prakashit kiya kiantu usake prayogose anuvanshikata ki arthath‌ prakriti tatha sanrachana ki mahatvapoorn batoan ka pata nahian chalata. samasya ka rahasy aur samadhan grigarameandel (1822-84) ke prayogoan se hua. unhoanne matar (paisam saitaivam) ki kuchh jatiyoan ka paraspar paraparagan (kras fartilaizeshan) kar ne-ne tathy sankalit kie. unhoanne inaki kee pidhiyoan ki pariksha ki aur paya: (1) kuchh paudhoan ke bich chikane the aur kuchh jhurridar, (2) kuchh ke bijapatr (katilidon) pile rang ke the aur kuchh ke hare rang ke, (3) kuchh bijoan ke chhilake shvet the to kuchh ke bhoore, (4) kuchh ki phaliyaan sab jagah phooli thian to kuchh ki phaliyaan danoan ke bich sankuchit thian, (5) kuchh ki kachchi phaliyaan hari thian to kuchh ki pili thian, (6) kuchh ke phool poore tane par sab jagah lage hue the to kuchh ke sabhi phool shikhar par ikattha the aur (7) kuchh ke tane lanbe the to kuchh ke nate. unhoanne ek lanbe paudhe tatha ek nate paudhe ka par-paragan karaya aur dekha ki inase jo bij utpann hue ve sabake sab lanbe paudhe hue. in paudhoan ke svaparagan se jo bij utpann hue ve ya to lanbe hue ya nate; inake bich ka (majhola) koee bhi paudha nahian utpann hua. in prayogoan se jo vishesh bat prakat huee, vah yah thi ki nate paudhoan ki apeksha lanbe paudhoan ki sankhya tin guni adhik thi. unaki upalabdhiyoan ke aank de niche die ja rahe haian:

pai. (paitrik) lanba´nata

pidhi---1---lanba´natachitr:Heredity-3.gif

apane prayogoan ke adhar par meandel ne do niyam banae aur unaki vyakhya karate hue batalaya ki pidhi-dar-pidhi lanbe utpann honevale paudhoan ke pratyek paragakan (athava bijanu) mean aise jin hote haian jo paudhe ko lanba karate haian. isi prakar nate paudhoan mean aise jin hote haian jo nate paudhe utpann karate haian. meandel ne lagatar chhah varshoan tak anek prayog kie jinake phal sanh‌ 1865 mean prakashit hue. parantu is tathy ki or vaijnanikoan ne dhyan nahian diya. yah tathy sanh‌ 1900 mean sansar ke samane aya jab di. priz, kareans aur van sharamaik ne apane prayog kie. is tathy ne anuvanshikata ke adhhetaoan ko bahut prerana di. betasan ke shodhoan se jnat hua ki meandel ke niyam n keval paudhoan apitu jantuoan par bhi lagoo hote haian.

kaisil, margan aur unake sah karyakartaoan ne isase prerit hokar kadali makkhi, drosophila melebogaistar, par prayog aranbh kie. meandel ne batalaya tha ki jab ek paropagaman (kras) mean do viparit lakshan ek sath dikhalaee dete haian to unamean se agali pidhi (santati 1) mean ek prakat ya prabhavi (d aaumineana) tatha doosara prasupt (risesiv) hota hai. agali (doosari santati) pidhi mean e donoan lakshan prithakkrit (segrigeteand) ho jate haian, inaka anupat 3:1 hota hai. at: meandel ka pratham niyam is prakar paribhashit kiya ja sakata hai: kisi yugm lakshanoan ke karan prithakakrit hote haian (d faiktars far e peyar aauv kairektars ar segrigetited). ajakal in karakoan ka yugmavikalpi (elelomarf ya elelis) kaha jata hai.

katipay prayogoan dvara pata chala hai: (1) yadi kisi dianb ka keandrak nasht ho (ya kar diya) jae aur use koee shukranu garbhit kar de to jo santan utpann hogi usamean keval pita ke lakshanoan ki pradhanata hogi; (2) yadi kisi paripakv dianb ko kritrim anishekajanan dvara badhane diya jae to jo santan hogi, usamean keval mata ke lakshanoan ki pramukhata hogi; aur (3) yadi kisi dianb ke kuchh koshikadravy ko nasht kar dene par bhi dianbakeandrak kisi shukranu dvara nishechit ho jata hai to utpann santan mean mata pita donoan ke lakshan pae jaeange. isase pata chalata hai ki gunoan ka anuvanshik parigaman koshikadravy (saitoplajm) par adhrit n hokar keandrak par hota hai. vibhinn anuvanshikata ke praniyoan ke yugmakoan ke sanyugman dvara sankar prani utpann hote haian. dvitiy pidhi mean lakshanotpadak jinoan ko prithakh‌ karanevale karakoan ki khoj aise sankaroan ki janan koshikaoan mean ki jani chahie. meandel ke samane bhi yah samasya upasthit huee hogi kiantu ve isaki vastavik prakriya ki vyakhya nahian kar sake.

vinimay dvara utpann sabhi santan, jinamean prabhavi lakshan dikhalaee p date haian, samalakshani (fenotaip) hoti haian kiantu un lakshanoan (ya lakshanavishesh) ke lie ve ya to samayugmaji (homozaigas) ho sakate haian, ya visham yugmaj (heterozaigas) ho sakate haian. unake anuvanshik roop (jinotaip) ka pata lagane ke lie parikshan sankaran (testakras) ya sankarapoorvaj sankaran (baik kras) ka prayog kiya jata hai. is prakriya mean prabhavoan sankar ka shuddh prasupt sankar prani se sansechan karaya jata hai. prayogatmak anuvanshiki mean sankarapoorvaj sankaran ka aichchhik vansh (stak) ke shuddhikaran (sagayugmajoan ko chhaantane ) ke lie upayog kiya jata hai.

ab tak jo kuchh kaha gaya hai vah ekasankar (monohaibrid) sanskaran ke sanbandh mean tha. paudhoan ya praniyoan mean do jo doan ke lakshanoan ya gunoan (kairektars) ko ek sath lekar kras karane ko dvisankar (daihaibrid) kras kahate haian; udaharanarth lanbe tatha chikane bijavale paudhoan ka kras nate aur jhurridar bijavale paudhoan se. aise sankaranoan mean meandel ne paya ki lakshanoan ka pratyek jo da doosare jo de se bhinn roop mean vanshanukramit hota hai hai. is prakar ke sankaran mean bhi meandel ke tin prabhavi: ek prasupt ka anupat drishtigochar hota hai. isamean lakshanoan ke pratyek jo de ki prithakata spasht rahati hai; meandel ka yah doosara niyam hai. isaki paribhasha is prakar ki gee hai: jab karakoan se do ya adhik jo doan ki pidhiyoan (resez) mean bhinnata hoti hai to unake viparit gunoan ka pratyek jo da svatantrapoorvak apana pradarshan karata hai.

anuvanshikata ke kshetr mean meandel ko jo khyati prapt huee, usaka karan yah tha ki unhoanne atyant savadhanipoorvak prayog kie aur anuvanshikata ki kriyavidhii (mikainijm aauv herediti) se sanbaddh nimnalikhit mat prakat kie:

1. unhoanne batalaya ki anuvanshik gun ya lakshan do vaikalpik roopoan mean prakat hote haian, jaise chikane aur jhurridar bij.
2. jivoan ke pratyek gun ya lakshan anuvanshik ikaiyoan ke keval ek jo de dvara nirdharit hote haian. meandel ne inhean aangreji ke A, a, B, b aksharoan dvara prakat kiya tha; inhean ajakal jin kaha jata hai.
3. sankaran (kras) ki prakriya mean pratyek viparit yugm (peyar) ki ek ikaee prabhavi hoti hai jo doosari ikaee ko aprabhavit kar deti hai.
4. sankar (haibrid) mean upasthit anuvanshik ikaiyoan ke jo de jananakoshikaoan ki utpatti ke samay ek doosare se alag ho jate haian. alag ho jane ke bad bhi apane poorvagunoan se e vanchit nahian hote apitu naya yugm banane ke samay e pun: sanyukt ho jate haian. isaka parinam yah hota hai ki pratyek jananakoshika mean lakshanoan ki aisi anuvanshik ikaiyoan ki sankhya keval ek rah jati hai.
5. pratyek nee pidhi mean jananakoshikaoan dvara vahit anuvanshik ikaiyaan pun: yugmit ho jati haian. nar aur mada janakoan ki anuvanshik ikaiyoan ka punaryugman sarvatha avasar (chaans) par nirbhar karata hai. yahi karan hai ki ek hi mata pita ki anek santanoan ke lakshanoan mean paryapt bhinnata drishtigochar hoti hai.

meandel ke uparyukt matoan ya siddhaantoan ko ajakal meandel ke anuvanshikata ke niyam (meandels l aau aauv herediti) ke roop mean prakat kiya jata hai, jo nimnalikhit hai:

ekak gunaniyam (l aau aauv yoonit kairektars)-is niyam ke anusar sabhi ikaee anuvanshik gunoan ka yugmajoan mean alag-alag pratinidhitv hota hai. ye ikaiyaan ek pidhi se doosari pidhi mean alag-alag jati haian.

prabhutv ka niyam (l aau aauv damineans)-viparit lakshanoanvale jivoan ke sankaran dvara utpann pidhi (pratham santati) mean lakshanoan ki keval ek ikaee hi prakat hoti hai aur doosari aprakat rahati hai.

prithakkaran ka niyam (l aau aauv segrigeshan)-viparit gunoan ke ek jo de mean se keval ek hi gun kisi ek yugmaj (gaimit) mean pahuanch pata hai.

svatantr apavyoovahan ya lakshanoan ki ikaee ka niyam (l aau aauv iandivideand esartameant ya l aau aauv yoonit kairektars)-pratyek lakshan apane viparit doosare lakshan ke sath prakat n hokar svatantr roop se prakat hota hai.

prashn ho sakata hai ki meandel ko apane prayogoan tatha siddhaantoan ki sthapana mean itani abhootapoorv saphalata kaise prapt hoti gee. isaka uttar yahi hai ki unhoanne apane prayogoan mean atyadhik savadhani barati. in visheshataoan ke atirikt bhi unaki kee visheshataean thian, jinhean niche ullikhit kiya ja raha hai:

1. prayogik vastu ka chunav - unhoanne apane prayogoan ke lie sanyogavash aise paudhe (matar) ka chunav kiya, jisaka sankaran saral aur parinam shighrodbhavi tha.
2. svasth paudhoan ka nirvachan - parinamoan ki shuddhata ke lie unhoanne svasth paudhoan ka hi sankaran karaya.
3. samalakshani sankaran - unhoanne jis vansh (stak) ka nar bij liya, usi se mada bij bhi liya, at: unake prayog mean janak pidhi sarvatha shuddh (pyor) thi.
4. niyantran - unhoanne niyantrit (kantrold) aur aniyantrit paudhoan ka prithakh‌-prithakh‌ nirikshan kiya.
5. ikaee lakshanoan ka adhyayan - meandel ka vishvas tha ki jiv anek lakshanoan dvara bane hote haian, arthath‌ jivoan mean anek lakshan pae jate haian. at: inaka alag-alag adhyayan kiya ja sakata hai. meandel ne sahalagnata jaisi jatilataoan se door rahakar in ikaee lakshanoan ka adhyayan kiya.
6. ganit ka prayog - anuvanshikiy tathyoan ko prakat karane ke lie meandel ne ganit ka sahara liya tha. unhoanne sanpoorn parinamoan ka samyakh‌ hisab rakha tha, jisake karan unake ghoshit aank doan ka punarikshan ya pun: parikshan sanbhav ho saka.

anuvanshikata ka sanbandh janan koshikaoan (jarm sels) se hota hai. ek gunasootr se ju de sabhi jin sath-sath anuvanshik hote haian. doosare shabdoan mean, ek gunasootr mean sthit kisi jin ki anuvanshikata doosare jin ki anuvanshikata se ju di hoti hai.

liang gunasootr (seks kromosom) mean sthit jin bhi paraspar sahalagn hote haian kiantu e jin jaivaliang se sanbaddh hote haian aur kisi jiv ke liang se sanbaddh jin ki anuvanshikata ko liang-sahalagn-anuvanshikata (seksaliankd inaheritens) kahate haian. isaka pata ti.ech. margan ne 1910 mean lagaya. liangoan ke banane ka karan aur kuchh jin ke grathit hone ki bat samajh lene se yah bhi samajh mean a jata hai ki kuchh gun kyoan vishesh liang se sanbaddh rahate haian. avashy hi un gunoan ke jin liangasootr mean grathit hoange. in gunoan ko liangagrathit gun kahate haian. udaharanat: kuchh prakar ki varnaandhataean (lal aur hare rang mean aantar n dikhaee paduna) athava adhiraktasrav (rudhir ke thakka n banane ka rog, hemophiliya) midiliyan riti se anuvanshik nahian hai. unaki anuvanshikata nimnalikhit prakar ki hai:

rogi vyakti se rog usake l dake l dakiyoan tatha potiyoan mean nahian pahuanchata parantu potoan mean 50 pratishat pahuanchata hai.

jantuoan mean eks ya zed gunasootroan ko liangasahalagn lakshanoanvale jin ka vahak batalaya gaya hai. udaharanarth kadali makkhi, drosophila, ke netroan ka rang liangasahalagn hota hai. sadharanataya lal rang prabhavi hota hai aur shvet prasupt. jab lal netroanvali mada makkhi ka shvet netravali nar makkhi se maithun karaya jata hai to pratham pidhi ki sabhi santati lal netroanvali hoti hai. inake aantarsankaran (iantarakras) dvara utpann doosari pidhi ki santati ka anupat do lal netravali mada:ek lal netr nar:ek shvetanetr nar ka hota hai. is prayog mean janak pidhi ke pratyek paripakv dianb mean lal netr ke jin yukt eks gunasootr hote haian; kiantu adhe shukranuoan (sparm) mean shvetanetr ke jin yukt eks gunasootr tatha adhe mean netr rangavihin jin yukt vai gunasootr pae jate haian. pratham pidhi ki santati mean do prakar ke dianb utpann hote haian-ya to lal ya shvet netr ke jin. kiantu shukranuoan mean se adhe mean (eks gunasootr) lal rang ke netr ke jin tatha shesh adhe (vai gunasootr) mean netr-rang-vihin jin rahate haian. is prakar char prakar ke yugmanaj (zaigot) utpann ho sakate haian. doosari pidhi ki santati adhi mada makkhiyaan lal netr ke lie samayugmanaji (homozaigas) aur adhi vishamayugmanaji (heterozaigas) hoti hai; kiantu nar makkhiyoan mean se adhi lal tatha shesh adhi shvet netroanvali hoti haian.

kiantu vyutkramasankaran (resiprokal kras) ya viparit sankaran mean kianchith‌ bhinn phal prapt hote haian. jab samayugnaji shvet netravali mada tatha vishamayugmanaji lal netravali nar makkhi ka maithun hota hai to pratham pidhi ki nar makkhiyaan shvet netravali tatha mada makkhiyaan lal netravali hoti haian. doosari pidhi ki santati mean lagabhag sam sankhyak lal netravali madaean, shvet netravali madaean, lal netravale nar aur shvet netravale nar utpann hote haian. is prakar ke prayogoan dvara droansophila mean ab tak lagabhag 150 liang sahalagn jinoan ka pata lagaya ja chuka hai.

liang sahalagn vanshanukram ke kuanchh asamany udaharan bhi prakash mean a chuke haian. stri-puan-roop (jineandrom aaurph) madhumakkhiyoan, kadali makkhiyoan tatha any kitoan ka adhyayan karane par jnat hua ki unake sharir ke ek bhag mean nar lakshan aur doosare mean mada lakshan hote haian. isi prakar jipsi shalabh (m aauth) aur sooaroan mean kuchh madhyaliangi (iantaraseks) prani bhi pae jate haian. yaun parivartan (seks rivarsal) ke udaharan bhi isi koti mean ate haian. murgiyoan tatha kabhi-kabhi manushyoan mean bhi stri se purush aur purush se stri ban jane ke udaharan milate rahate haian.

jantuoan tatha paudhoan ki santatiyoan mean kabhi-kabhi ne lakshan bhi prakat ho jaea karate haian. prayogoan dvara jnat hua hai ki inamean se kuchh lakshan anuvanshik hote haian. aise parivartanoan ko utparivartan (myooteshan) kaha jata hai. drosophila mean ab tak lagabhag 1,000 utparivartanoan ka pata chala hai. in utparivartanoan se sarvada hani hi hoti ho, aisi bat nahian hai; inako kritrim roop se bhi utpann karake paudhoan, anajoan tatha palatoo pashuoan ki nasloan mean sudhar kie ge haian. adhikaansh utparivartan jin aprabhavi (risesiv) hote haian, yadyapi kuchh prabhavi jinoan ka bhi pata chala hai.

anuvanshikata, jin tatha gunasootroan ke sancharan ki mool vyavastha sabhi sajiv praniyoan mean lagabhag ek jaisi hoti hai. meandil ke niyam, yadyapi mool roop se matar mean dhooandhe aur drosophila mean aropit kie ge the, tathapi manushyoan par bhi ye saman roop se lagoo hote haian. tvacha, netr tatha baloan ke rangoan par bhi vanshanukram ka prabhav pramanit kiya gaya hai. isi prakar anek prakar ke rakt sanbandhi rog, nata ya lanbapan adi par bhi vanshanukram ka prabhav p data hai. meandel ke prithakkaran aur svatantr apavyoohan (iandipedeant esortameant) ke niyam janakoan, santanoan tatha bhaee bahanoan ke bich ke chhah aantaroan ki vyakhya karate haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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