अपद्रव्यीकरण
apadravyikaran (milavat) dhanalolup aur bhrashtachari vyavasayiyoan dvara khady padarthoan mean ashuddh, sasti athava anavashyak vastuoan ke mishran ko kahate haian. chhote-b de anek khady vyapari adhik labh ke lobhavash nana prakar ki yuktiyoan se ghatiya vastu ko badhiya batakar ooanche dam par bechane ka prayas karate haian. is prakar ka kutsit vyapar samaj ke sabhi vargo mean nyoonadhik matra mean vyapt hai, jisase janata ko uchit mooly dene par bhi ghatiya khady samagri milati hai aur usase svasthy ki hani bhi hoti hai.
khady vyavasayiyoan ka yah anaitik evan samajavirodhi acharan sansar ke sabhi deshoan mean paya jata hai, kiantu ashikshit, nirdhan aur alpavikasit deshoan mean yah adhik dekhane mean ata hai. doodh, ghi, tel, ann, ata, chay, kaphi, sharbat adi mahange tatha dehasanrakshi padarthoan (protektiv foods) mean adhikatar apadravyikaran kiya jata hai jisase unaki upayogita kam ho jati hai. isase janata ko jo svasthyahani hoti hai usako rokana param avashyak hai. sadacharapoorn naitik shiksha, atyant upayogi sadhan hote hue bhi apadravyikaran rokane mean kisi desh mean saphal siddh nahian huee hai. manav svabhavagat doshoan ka adhyayan karanevale nyayashastriyoan ka mat hai ki khady ka apadravyikaran rokane ke lie kathor dandaniti apanana avashyak hai. sadharan dhanadand sarvatha aparyapt hai. bhojan ko vishakt karanevala atatayi kahalata hai aur 'natatayi vadhe dosh:' ke anusar usako dand dena hi uchit hai. isi karan aise aparadhi ke lie dhanadand ke atirikt ab karadand ka bhi vidhan hai. parantu keval dandaniti se bhi kam nahian chalata. janamat jagaran ki bhi avashyakata hai.
doodh mean jal, ghi mean vanaspati ghi athava charbi, mahange aur shreshthatar annoan mean saste aur ghatiya annoan adi ke mishran ko sadharanat: milavat ya apamishran kahate haian. kiantu mishran ke bina bhi shuddh khady ko vikrit athava hanikar kiya ja sakata hai aur usake paushtik man (phood vailyoo) ko giraya ja sakata hai. doodh se makkhan ka kuchh aansh nikalakar use shuddh doodh ke roop mean bechana, athava ek bar prayukt chay ki sararahit pattiyoan ko sukhakar pun: bechana mishranarahit apadravyikaran ke udaharan haian. isi prakar bina kisi milavat ke ghatiya vastu ko shuddh evan vishesh gunakari ghoshit kar jhoothe dave sahit akarshak nam dekar janata ko thaga ja sakata hai. is karan 'milavat' athava 'mishran' jaise shabd khadyavikari karyo ke lie poorn roop se sarthak nahian haian. khady padarth ke utpadan, nirman, sanchay, vitaran, veshtan, vikray adi se sanbandhit ve sabhi kutsit kary, jo usake svabhavik gun, saratatv athava shreshthata ko kam karanevale haian, athava jinase grahak ke svasthy ki hani aur usake thage jane ki sanbhavana rahati hai, apadravyikaran ya apanamakaran (misabraiandiang) dvara soochit kie jate haian. janasvasthy tatha nyayavidhan ki drishti mean ye shabd bahut vyapak arth ke dyotak haian.
khady padarth ke apadravyikaran dvara janata ki svasthyahani ko rokane ke lie pratyek desh mean avashyak kanoon banae ge haian. bharat ke pratyek pradesh mean shuddh khady sanbandhi avashyak kanoon the, kiantu bharat sarakar ne sabhi pradeshik kanoonoan mean ekaroopata lane ki avashyakata ka anubhav kar, desh-videshoan mean prachalit kananoan ka samuchit adhyayan kar, sanh 1954 mean khady-apadravyikaran-nivarak adhiniyam (priveanshan aauv food aidaltareshan aikt) samast desh mean lagoo kiya aur sanh 1955 mean isake aantargat avashyak niyam banakar jari kie. is kanoon dvara apadravyikaran tatha jhoothe nam se khadyoan ka bechana dandaniy hai. vaidhanik drishti se nimnalikhit dashaoan mean khady apadravyikrit mana jata hai:
vah padarth jisaka svabhavik gun, saratatv, ya shreshthatastar grahak dvara apekshit padarth se athava samanyat: bodh hone vale padarth se bhinn ho aur jisake vyavahar se grahak ke hit ki hani hoti ho.
vah padarth jisamean koee aisa any padarth mila ho jo poornat: athava aanshik roop se kisi ghatiya ya sasti vastu mean badal diya gaya ho athava jisamean se koee aisa sanghatak nikal liya gaya ho jisase usake svabhavik gun, saratatv ya shreshthatastar mean aantar ho jae.
vah padarth jo dooshit ya svasthy ke lie hanikar ho, jisamean ganda, pootiyukt, s da, vighatit ya rogayukt pranidravy ya vanaspatik vastu milaee gee ho, jisamean kit ya ki de p d ge hoan, athava jo manushy ke ahar ke anupayukt ho.
vah padarth jo kisi rogi pashu se prapt kiya gaya ho, jo vishaile ya svasthyahanikarak sanghatakayukt ho, ya jisaka patr kisi dooshit ya vishaile vastu ka bana ho.
vah padarth jisamean svikrit ranjak dravy (kalariang maitar) ke atirikt koee aisa any ranjak mila ho jisamean koee nishiddh rasayanik parirakshi ho, athava svikrit ranjak ya parirakshi dravy ki matra nirdharit sima se adhik ho.
vah padarth jisaki shreshthata athava shuddhata nirdharit manak se kam ho, athava usake sanghatak nirdharit sima se adhik hoan.
isi prakar nimnalikhit dasha mean khadyoan ko apanamaankit (misabraianded) kaha jata hai:
vah padarth jisaka bikri ka nam any padarth ke nam ki nakal ho, ya, is prakar milata julata ho ki dhokhe ki sanbhavana ho aur usake vastavik gunadharm prakat karane ke lie usapar koee spasht aur vyakat namapatr (lebil) n ho.
vah padarth jo asaty roop se kisi desh-videsh ka bana bataya jay, jo kisi any vastu ke nam se becha jae, jisake sanbandh mean namamatr par, ya any riti se jhoothe dave kie jaean aur jo is prakar ranjit, svadit, lepit, choornit ya shodhit ho, jisase usake vikrit hone ka bhav chhip jay, athava jo apani vastavik dasha se uttam ya moolyavanh dikhaya jae.
vah padarth jo band bethanoan mean becha jae aur usake bahari bhag par usamean rakhe hue padarth ki nirdharit ghat badh sima ke anusar thik ullekh n ho.
vah padarth jisake namapatr par koee aisa ullekh, chitr ya ukti ho jo asaty, bhramak ya chhalapoorn ho, jo kisi kalpit vyakti dvara nirmit bataya jae aur jisamean prayukt kritrim ranjak, vasak (phlevariang ejeant), ya parirakshi vastu ka ullekh n ho.
vah padarth jo kisi vishisht ahar ke upayukt bataya jae, parantu usake namapatr par usaki upayogita ke soochak, usake khanij, vitamin athava ahar vishayak sanghatakoan ki soochana n ho.
is adhiniyam dvara keval poorvokt prakar ke apadravyikaran athava apanamaankan ka hi nivaran nahian kiya jata, parantu bhojan ki shuddhata aur svachchhata, bhojan ke patroan, pakashala aur bhaandar ki svachchhata aur parishodhan tatha khady ka makkhi, dhool, malinata adi se rakshan ityadi svasthyochit niyamoan ka bhi yathochit palan avashyak kar diya gaya hai. sankramak, saansargik athava ghrinit rog se grast manushyoan dvara khady padarth ka banana ya bechana varjit hai. kisi sankramak rog ka prasar rokane ke lie asthayi adesh dvara kisi khady ka vikray sthagit kiya ja sakata hai. jang lage patr, bina kalee ke taanbe athava pital ke patr, sisa mishrit ailyuminiyam ke patr, athava jarjarit enamelavale tamachini ke patroan ka prayog varjit hai.
koee bhi vyavasayi nimnalikhit apadravyikrit padartho ka vyapar nahian kar sakata:
(1) krim (malaee) jo keval doodh se n bani ho aur jisamean dugdhasneh (milk fait) 40% jo se kam n ho;
(2) doodh jisamean jal milaya gaya ho;
(3) ghi jisamean doodh se nikale ghi se bhinn koee padarth ho;
(4) mathit doodh (makkhanarahit doodh) shuddh ke nam se;
(5) do ya adhik teloan ka mishran khady tel ke nam se;
(6) ghi jisamean vanaspati ghi mila ho;
(7) kritrim mishtakar (svitaniang ejeant) yukt padarth;
(8) haladi jisamean koee any padarth mila ho.
apadravyikaran ke nivaran hetu jo any mahatvapoorn niyam lagoo kie ge haian, is prakar hai:-
(1) shahad ke saman roop rangavala padarth jo shuddh nahian hai, shahad nahian kaha ja sakata;
(2) saikarin kisi bhi khady mean milaya ja sakata hai, parantu namapatr par isaka spasht ullekh avashyak hai;
(3) prakritik mrityu se mrit pashu ka maans nahian becha ja sakata aur n koee khady banane mean prayukt ho sakata hai;
(4) anadhikrit roop se kisi khady mean koee ranjak nahian milaya ja sakata. ranjak ka upayog karane par namapatr par 'kritrim riti se ranjit' likhana avashyak hai;
(5) panir (chij), aisakrim (malaee ki barph ya kulphi), barphili sharkara (aisakaiandi) aur shleshamishthan (jiletin dejart) mean svikrit ranjak ka tatha kairamel ka prayog bina ullekh ke kiya ja sakata hai;
(6) akarbanik ranjak tatha varnak (pigameant) sarvatha varjit haian. svikrit ranjak ka prayog keval shuddh roop mean tatha ek gren prati pauand tak ke anupat mean kiya ja sakata hai.
(7) malaee ki barph (kulphi), dhoomit (smokd) machhali, aanda nirmit khady, mithaee, phaloan se bane sharbat tatha any padarth evan surarahit vatit ya phenil (eareted) peyoan mean hi ranjak prayukt ho kasate haian. doodh, dahi, makkhan, ghi, chhena, sanghanit (kandeansd) doodh, krim (malaee), chay, kaphi aur koko mean ranjak ka prayog varjit hai.
(8) ahar ko svadisht, ruchikar, suvasapoorn, supachy, paushtik aur adhik kal tak surakshit rakhane ke lie vasak (phlevariang), ranjak, viranjak, gandhanashak, tatha parirakshi padartho ki niyamanukool ki gee milavat nyayasangat hai, parantu keval vaidh padarth hi svikrit khadyoan mean prayukt kie jaean aur namapatr par unaka spasht ullekh ho.
(9) kochiniyal ya karamain, kairotin ya kairotinoids, klorofil, lektophlevin, kairamel, anoto, ratanajot, kesar aur karakyoomin prakritipradatt ranjak haian, jo prakritik ya sanshleshit riti se prapt kar prayog mean lae ja sakate haian.
(10) tarakol ya alakatare se prapt ranjak pray: kaiansarajanak hote haian, parantu tarakol se prapt 11 prakar ke lal, pile, nile aur kale ranjak keandriy samiti dvara is samay khady mean prayukt karane ke lie svikrit haian.
(11) beanjoik aml tatha beanjoet aur salafar dai aauksaid tatha salfaid khady parirakshak ke roop mean prayukt kie jate haian. inaka prayog phaloan ke ras, sharbat tatha sanrakshit phal, murabba adi tak hi simit hai.
(12) namak, chini, siraka, laiktik aml, saitrik aml, glisarin, ailakohal, masale tatha masaloan se prapt sagandh tel adi svadakar padarth parirakshak bhi haian, kiantu inake prayog ke lie koee vishesh niyam nahian hai.
(13) tartarik aml, ph aausphorik aml athava kisi khanij (miniral) aml ka prayog khady pey mean varjit hai.
nimnalikhit khady padarthoan ke nirman, sanchay, vitaran, vikray adi ke lie anujnapatr prapt karana avashyak hai aur usake niyamoan ka palan anivary hai:
(1) doodh tatha mathit doodh (makkhanarahit doodh);
(2) doodhajany padarth (khoa, krim, rab di, dahi adi);
(3) ghi;
(4) makkhan;
(5) charbi;
(6)khady tel;
(7) nikamma (vest) ghi;
(8) mithaee;
(9) vatit ya phenil pey (eareted vatar);
(10) maida ke bane padarth (biskut, kek, dabal roti adi);
(11) phalotpann padarth (phrooant pr aaudakts) ke atirikt any padarth jo pradeshik sarakar nishchay kare.
phalotpann padarth ka niyantran keandriy sarakar ke phrooant pr aaudakts ardar ke anusar kiya jata hai.
yadi anujnapatr dvara niyantrit koee vyapar ek se adhik sthan mean kiya jata hai to vyapari ko pratyek sthan ke lie prithakh anujnapatr prapt karana hoga. anujnapatr usi sthan ke lie diya ja sakata hai jo asvasthyakari durgunoan se rahit ho. ghi ke vyapari ko nikamma ghi, vanaspati tatha charabi ke vyapar ki anumati nahian milati. hotal aur bhojanalay ke prabandhakoan ko ghi, tel, vanaspati, charbi adi mean pake padarthoan ki alag-alag soochi grahakoan ki janakari ke lie vijnapit karana avashyak hai. ghi, makkhan, vanaspati, khady tel tatha charbi ke nirmata aur thok vyapariyoan ko in padarthoan ke nirman, ayat, niryat sanbandhi vivaran rakhane p date haian jinaka avashyakatanusar nirikshan kiya ja sakata hai. pherivaloan ko bhi anujnapatr lena p data hai aur ek dhatu ka billa dharan karana p data hai jisapar avashyak soochana hoti hai. kisi padarth ka apattiyogy, sandigdh ya bhramak vyaparik nam svikar nahian kiya jata.
khadyashuddhata sanbandhi ek keandriy samiti tatha ek keandriy prayogashala ki sthapana ki gee hai. inake dvara bharatiy khady ka rasayanik vishleshan karane ki sarvamany riti tatha shuddhata ke manak (staiandard) sthir kie jate haian. isi prakar pradeshoan mean khadyavishleshak tatha anek khadyanirikshak niyukt haian. khadyanirikshak vikretaoan se sandigdh khady ka namoona mol lekar vishleshak se pariksha karata hai aur yadi namoona apadravyit siddh hota hai to svasthyadhikari ki anumati se apadravyit khady ke vikreta ko nyayalay se uchit dand dilata hai. khadyavishleshak ke lie yah avashyak nahian hai ki vah rasayanik vishleshan dvara apadravyakari padarth tatha usaki matra ka pata lagae. aparadh siddh karane ke lie shuddhata ka abhav hi pramanit karana paryapt hai. khadyanirikshak samay-samay par pratyek anujnapatr prapt vikreta ki khady samagri ka nirikshan karata rahata hai aur anujnapatr mean ullikhit niyamoan ka ulalanghan hone par svasthyadhikari dvara anujnapatr asvikrit karata hai ya nyayalay dvara vikreta ko dand dilata hai aur avashyak samajhe to use apane adhikar mean le sakata hai. isake auchity ka nipatara aant mean nyayalay dvara hota hai.
apadravyikaran siddh karane ke lie khady ki rasayanik pariksha avashyak hai. khady ka namoona prapt karane se poorv svasthy nirikshak vikreta ka soochana deta hai aur uchit mooly chukakar avashyak matra mol leta hai. isake tin bhag kar, alag-alag tin botaloan mean band kar, sab par muhar laga deta hai aur namapatr lagakar sab jnatavy tathy likh deta hai. ek botal vikreta ko, doosari khady vishleshak aur tisari khadyanirikshak ke lie hoti hai. khady vishleshak botal pane par usaki pariksha karata hai. parikshaphal se apadravyan siddh hone par vikreta par svasthyadhikari dvara abhiyog lagaya jata hai aur nyayalay dvara uchit dhanadand ya karadand athava donoan dilae jate haian. yadi khady vishleshak ki pariksha par abhiyogi ya abhiyukt kisi ko sandeh ho aur pun: pariksha ki avashyakata jan p de to unake pas ki surakshit botal avashyak shulk sahit keandriy khadyaprayogashala mean bheji jati hai aur usaki pariksha ka phal sarvatha apattirahit mana jata hai. sadharan grahak bhi avashyak shulk dekar kisi vikreta se prapt khady ki pariksha kara sakata hai, parantu use apani is ichchha ki poorvasoochana vikreta ko deni avashyak hai aur khady nirikshak dvara prayukt dhang se hi namoona mol lena hoga. parikshaphal se apadravyikaran siddh hone par grahak ko shulk ka dhan vapas prapt karane ka adhikar hoga.
svasthyaraksha ki drishti se pratyek khady padarth ki upadeyata usase prapt poshak saroan ki matra par nirbhar hai. poshak saroan ki matra badhane ke hetu ya bhojan pakane se unaki matra kam n hone dene ke lie khady ki gunavriddhi athava samriddhi ki jati hai. yah kary vaijnanik riti se janata mean vyapt kuposhan door karane ke saduddeshy se karana prashansaniy hai. videshoan mean maida, dabalaroti, biskut, margarin, kaphi, koko, chakalet, chay, lavan adi anek khady aur pey padarthoan mean vitamin aur khanij dravy dvara niyamanusar gunavriddhi karane ki pravritti badhati jati hai. bharat mean bhi ate mean kailasiyam karbonet (chak, khadiya), maida aur chaval mean bi-vitamin aur kailasiyam karbonet, samanjit (tond) aur punassanyojit doodh tatha banaspati mean e-vitamin aur galagand (g aauyatar) ke sthanik rogavale kshetroan mean lavan mean ayodin ki milavat dvara gunavriddhi athava samriddhi karane ka prastav hai aur kuchh aanshoan mean yah kiya bhi ja raha hai. raksha mantralay ke adeshanusar sanh 1946 se bharatiy sena mean kailasiyam karbonet dvara prabalit ate ka vyavahar ho raha hai. banbee sarakar ne bhi yahi kiya aur 640 pauand ate mean ek pauand kailasiyam karbonet milana jari kiya, kiantu kuchh a dachanoan ke karan is prayog ko sanh 1949 mean band kar diya gaya. vanaspati ghi mean 700 aantararashtriy matrak (aee.yoo.) vitamin-e prati auans milane ka chalan ho gaya hai. lavan mean sodiyam ayodet milakar galagandiy kshetroan mean bheja jata hai. grahak ki janakari ke lie namapatr par gunavriddhikari padarth ka nam aur matra ki avashyak soochana hoti hai, jisase kisi prakar ke bhram ki sanbhavana nahian rahati. ab sanshlisht vitamin banane lage haian aur bharat mean bhi jab vitamin ka utpadan hone lagega to poshak dravyoan dvara khady ki gunavriddhi kar janata mean vyapt kuposhan door karana sugam ho jaega.
pratyek khady ke apadravyikaran ke sanbandh mean prachalit kuritiyaan, usake nirikshan aur parikshan ki vidhiyaan tatha usaki shuddhata ke manak (staiandard) ka vivaran dena sanbhav nahian hai, kiantu sanket roop mean nityaprati ke vyavahar mean anevale khady ke apamishran ke vishay mean kuchh jnatavy tathyoan ka ullekh sankshep mean kiya jata hai:
1. khadyann
khadyann mean dhool, kakan d, trin, bhoosa adi ke atirikt any saste ann milavat ke roop mean pray: nity hi dekhane mean ate haian. jo, jvar, makka, chana, matar, tatha any nimn shreni ke annoan ke dane kuchh khet mean, ya krishak ke bhandar mean anayas mil jate haian, par bahudha inhean bhrashtachari vyapari jan boojhakar milate haian. kuchh pradeshoan mean is prakar ki milavat ko rokane ke lie manak nirdharit haian, kiantu bharat sarakar ne samast desh ke lie abhi lagoo nahian kie haian. sadharanat: ann mean dhool, kankad, trin adi 4%, bahari ann ke dane 10%, (chaval mean keval 3%), toote dane 10%, phaphooandiyukt dane 1.5%, tatha kotayukt dane 6%, se adhik nahian hone chahie. sab milakar achchhe dane 80%, se kam n hoan aur jal ki matra gehooan mean 12%, tatha any mean 15%, se adhik kisi bhi rritu mean nahian honi chahie. khadyann mean ki gee milavat ka pata grahak ko sahaj hi chal jata hai aur milavat ke anusar dam bhi ghat jata hai. is karan savadhan grahak ko dhokhe ki ashanka nahian rahati, kiantu yah bat pise hue ann (ata, maida, sooji, besan, daliya adi) ke sanbandh mean nahian kahi ja sakati.
gehooan mean glyootin namak chipachipa protin hota hai, jo any annoan mean nahian hota. yadi ate mean gehooan ke atirikt kisi any saste ann ka mel hai to glyootin ka anupat kam ho jata hai. pray: 8% se kam glyootin vala ata apamishrit samajha jata hai. annoan ke starch ke kanoan ki akriti sookshmadarshi yantr (maikr aauskop) dvara dekhane se milavati ann ka pata chal sakata hai.
khesari ki dal (lethiras setaiva) ke upayog se laithirijm namak rog (ek prakar ki panguta) hone ki ashanka rahati hai. isi karan is dal ka sevan nahian karana chahie. akalapi dit janata jab is dal ko khati hai to kuchh manushyoan ko laithirijm rog ho jata hai aur pairoan ki nirbalata ke karan kh da hona ya chalana kathin ho jata hai. rog badhane par ragi pangu ho jata hai. at: khadyann mean khesari ki dal ki milavat nahian honi chahie.
2. doodh dahi
svasth gay, bhaians, bhe d aur bakari ke doodh ko navadugdh (phenus, kolastram) rahit hona chahie. doodh mean jal milane se usaka vishisht gurutv kam ho jata hai aur makkhan ya krim (malaee) nikal lene se badh jata hai. kuchh makkhan nikalakar aur nishchit matra mean jal milane se doodh ka vishisht gurutv shuddh doodh ke anukool kiya ja sakata hai. aisi avasth mean dugdhamapi (laiktomitar) se keval vishisht gurutv ke adhar par doodh ke apadravyikaran ka pata nahian chal sakata. vibhinn pashuoan se prapt doodh ke sarabhoot poshak dravyoan ki matra ek si nahian hoti. is karan unake doodh ki shuddhata ke manak (staiandard) bhi bhinn hote haian. dugdhavasa (milk fait) tatha snehatirikt-thos-dravy ki matraoan ke adhar par doodh ke apamishran ka pata chal jata hai. gay ke doodh mean dugdhavasa ki matra u disa mean 3%, panjab mean 4%, aur bharat ke any pradeshoan mean 3.5% se kam n honi chahie aur snehatirikt-thos-dravy ki adhikatam matra 8.5% honi chahie. bhaians ke doodh mean dugdhavasa ki matra dilli, panjab, uttar predash, bihar, bangal, asam tatha banbee mean 6% tatha shesh bharat mean 5% hai aur snehatirikt-thos-dravy ki adhikatam sima 9% hai. bhe d bakari ke doodh mean dugdhavasa ki nimnatam sima madhy pradesh, panjab, uttar pradesh, banbee tatha keral rajy mean 3.5% tatha shesh bharat mean 3% hai aur vasatirikt-thos-dravy ki adhikatam sima 9% hai. pashu ki jati ajnat hone ki avastha mean doodh bhaians ka mana jata hai. dahi mean bhi dugdhetar koee bahari padarth nahian hona chahie. isaka manak doodh ke saman hi hai.
jal milakar doodh bechana varjit hai. doodh mean koee ranjak ya parirakshak padarth nahian milaya ja sakata. doodh ka khatta hona kuchh kal ke lie rokane, ya khattapan dabane ke lie soda milana anuchit hai. adhik ubalane se doodh mean bahut bhautik aur rasayanik parivartan ho jate haian. usaka khadyaman (food vailyoo) bhi kam ho jata hai. laiktoj namak dugdhasharkara kairamel mean parinat ho jati hai, jisase usake svad aur rang mean aantar ho jata hai. is karan doodh ya kisi sharkarayukt pakvann mean kairamel ka paya jana apadravyikaran nahian kaha ja. doodh mean anek prakar ke kitanu pae jate haian, jinamean kuchh bhayankar rogakarak hote haian aur isi karan ashuddh aur asvachchh riti se doodh ka prayog anek rogoan ka karan hai. doodh ka ubalana ya paschyurikaran rogakari kitanuoan ka nashak hai. yadyapi ubalane athava paschyurikaran se doodh mean bahut parivartan ho jata hai, tathapi svasthyaraksharth yah atyant avashyak kary hai aur isalie yah doodh ka apadravyikaran nahian samajha jata.
3.makkhan tatha ghi
makkhan ya ghi keval gay ya bhaians ke doodh se hi prapt padarth haian. dugdhetar koee padarth makkhan ya ghi mean nahian hona chahie. makkhan mean kam se kam 80% dugdhavasa hona avashyak hai aur jal ki matra 16% se adhik nahian honi chahie. usamean namak tatha anoto namak pila ranjak padarth milaya ja sakata hai. ghi mean jal ki matra 0.5% use adhik nahian honi chahie aur ranjak ya parirakshak padarth ka mel varjit hai.
4. krim (malaee)
-jo keval doodh se hi n banaee gee ho aur jisamean 40% se kam dugdhavasa ho us krim ka bechana varjit hai. isamean koee dugdhetar vastu nahian milaee ja sakati, kiantu malaee ki barph ya kulphi (aisakrim) mean krim ke sath doodh, chini, shahad, aanda, meva, phal, chakalet tatha svikrit ranjak ya vasak padarth niyamanukool milae ja sakate haian. krim mean thos dravy ki matra 36% aur dugdhavasa ki 10% se kam nahian honi chahie. aisakrim mean kisi phal ya meve ka upayog karane ki avastha mean dugdhavasa 10% ke sthan mean 8% se kam n ho. krim mean starch , kritrim mishtakar athava is prakar ka koee any nirdosh bharan ka upayog kiya ja sakata hai. parantu dugdhavasa ki matra krim ke saman hi honi chahie.
5.khoa
isamean koee dugdhetar padarth nahian hona chahie aur dugdhavasa ki matra 20% se kam n rahani chahie.
6.vanaspati ghi
yah roop rang aur svad mean ghi se milata-julata sneh hai, parantu ghi nahian hai. yah keval shodhit aur jamaya hua tel hai. vanaspati ghi ka nirman utprerak (kaitelist) nikal ki sahayata se shodhit, udasinikrit (nyootrelaijd) aur prakshalit vanaspatik tel ke haidronikaran dvara kiya jata hai. use nirgandh kar koee vasak (phlevariang) padarth milaya jata hai. vanaspati ghi mean vasavilay (faitasolyoobal) aur e tatha di vitamin milae ja sakate haian. isamean kam se kam 5% til ka tel milana anivary hai. khadyamooly ki drishti se vanaspati ghi ke gun-dosh ka vivechan asangat hai, parantu vanaspati ghi ka sabase adhik durupayog ghi ke apadravyikaran mean hota hai. vanaspati ghi mean koee upayukt ranjak milakar ghi ke apadravyikaran ko rokana abhi tak sanbhav nahian hua hai. vanaspati mean til ke tel ka mishran is hetu karana anivary hai ki bodoin dvara sujhaee gee farafarol pariksha dvara ghi mean vanaspati ka apamishran sugamata se jana ja sake. saandrit haidroklorik aml aur sharkara ke sanyog se prapt farafarol til ke tel mean gulabi rang utpann kar deta hai. shuddh ghi mean vanaspati ghi mishrit kar bechana varjit hai aur ek hi vyapari ghi tatha vanaspati ghi donoan ka vyapar nahian kar sakata.
7.margarin
yah padarth bhi ghi ya makkhan se milata-julata hai, jisamean 10% se adhik dugdhavasa nahian hoti. isamean vanaspatik athava jaantavavasa 80% se kam aur jal ki matra 16% se adhik nahian honi chahie. vanaspati ghi ke saman margarin mean bhi 5% til ka tel milana anivary hai.
8.khady tel
khady tel ke nirmata tatha vikreta ko anujnapatr lena avashyak hai. koee do ya do se adhik tel milakar nahian beche ja sakate. sarasoan ke tel ka ek vishesh roop se apadravyikaran hota hai. bhatakataiya namak ek jangali kantili jha di ke bij kali sarasoan ke dane se milate-julate haian. is jha di ka vaijnanik nam argimani meksikana hai aur uttar bharat mean ise bhatakataiya, siyal, kaanta, makhar, bharabhand, bharabharava, ghamoya, pili kataee, bang, satyanasi, kutila adi kahate haian. sarasoan ke sath isake bij ki milavat kar tel per liya jata hai. is prakar apamishrit sarasoan ka tel bechane se vyapari ko arthik labh hota hai. yah taskar vyapar bahut badh gaya hai. is apamishrit tel ke sevan se beriberi se milati-julati, parantu sarvatha bhinn, mahamari jalashoth (dr aaupsi) namak rog ho jata hai. argimani meksikana mean paya janevala seangyoonerin namak vishaila ailakail aauyad sanbhavat: is rog ka karan hai. yah rog kabhi-kabhi bahut vyapak ho jata hai aur uttar pradesh, bihar, bangal mean isake prakop yadakada hote rahe haian. poori chhanabin kar argimani meksikana ko ab vish ghoshit kar diya gaya hai aur aphim, sankhiya, kuchala adi ki tarah koee ise anadhikrit roop se apane pas nahian rakh sakata. is upay se yah vishaila apamishran bahut kuchh niyantrit ho gaya pratit hota hai.
9.vatit ya phenil pey (eareted vatar)
ashuddh jal athava ashuddh barph ke yog se bana pey shuddh nahian mana jata. sharkara, saitrik aml tatha svikriti ranjak ka niyamit matra mean prayog vaidh hai. tartarik aml, phasphorik aml tatha khanij aml ka prayog aur sisa adi vishaili dhatuoan ke lavanoan ka mishran nishiddh hai1
bharat se masaloan ka niryat vyapar bahut hota hai. apamishrit masaloan ke niryat se is videshi vyapar ko bahut hani pahuanchane ki ashanka hai. is karan masaloan ki shuddhata ke manak sthir kar die ge haian. kaphi, chay, chini, shahad, adi ke manak bhi sthir ho ge hai. shesh padarthoan ke manak desh ke pratyek bhag ke namoonoan ki pariksha kar samay-samay par sthir kie ja rahe haian. keandri khady manak samiti yah kary barabar kar rahi hai. kuchh pradeshoan ne akhil bharatiy manak ke abhav mean apane manak lagoo kar rakhe haian.[1]
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- san.gran.-priveanshan aauv food aidaltareshan ekt, 1954; priveanshan aauv food aidaltareshan rools, 1955; m aaudel pablik helth ekt, (riport, 1955); enavairanmeantal haijin kameti riport, 1949; (ye sabhi svasthy mantralay ke prakashan haian). ahar aur ahar vidya, poshan, haidrojanikaran, phenil pey, doodh, ghi, tatha gehooan shirshak lekh bhi dekhean.
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 132,133,134,135 |
sanbandhit lekh