अस्पृश्य
asprishy bharat ka ek achhoot manav parivar, jinake sansparsh se ashauch hota hai, asprishy kahalate haian. kuchh vyaktiyoan ka sparsh kuchh simit kal ke lie hi nishiddh hai; yatha, mrityu evan janm ke avasar par sarpid aur samanodako ka athava rajasvala striyoan ka. kiantu kuchh jatiyaan sarvada hi sadharanat: sparsh ke dvara ashauch ka karan haian aur inhean hi achhoot athava asprishy[1] kaha jata hai.[2] 'aanty'[3] tatha 'brahm'[4] bhi inake abhidhan the. aantyavasayi[5] is koti mean nimnatam the. mitakshara[6] aantyajoan ka do vibhag karati hai-pratham uchch atyanj aur dvitiy nimn saant aantyavasayi jatiyaan-chaandal, shvapach, kshatta, soot, vaidehik, magadh aur ayogav. aantyaj ki soochiyaan smritiyoan mean bhinn-bhinn upalabdh hoti haian. kiantu chamar, dhobi, kaivart, med, bhill, nath, kolik pray: sabhi mean pae jate haian. is soochi ka samarthan alaberooni[7] bhi karata hai. usake anusar achhoot ki do shreniyaan thian: pahali mean keval ath jatiyaan-dhobi, chamar, basor, nat, kaivart, mallah, julaha aur kavach bananevale tatha doosari koti mean-hadi, dom aur badhatu ate haian. adhunik kal mean inake dalit,[8] anusoochit[9] aur harijan nam bhi prapt hue haian.
pratilomaprasooti, vaidik paranpara se bilagav, aroodhapatan (sannyasi ka grihasthashram mean pravesh), devakalavritti, gomaansabhakshan, adim jatiyoan ki saanskritik hinata, hiansak evan achhoot vyavasay, kabile se alag ho jana adi asprishyata ke karan batalae ge haian. kiantu inamean se kisi ko bhi ekamev karan nahian mana ja sakata. sadharanat: aisa pratit hota hai ki saanskritik hinata, jatigat vibhinnata evan achhoot vyavasay ke trividh tatvoan ne inamean vishesh yog diya.
vaidik kal mean achhoot pratha ke astitv ke praman nahian milate. paulkas,[10] bibhats evan chaandal aur nishad[11] purushamedh ki bali ke yogy samajhe ge. chhaandogy mean shookar tatha kutte ke saman hi chaandal bhi 'kapooy' mana gaya. upamanyu ke anusar nishad panchamavarn tha, kiantu 'vishvajith' ka yajan nishadoan ke bich mean tin roj tak nivas karata tha.[12]
sootrakal mean yah pratha sthir ho gee thi. chaandal ke sparsh evan sanbhashan se kramash: sachail snan aur achaman karane par shuddhi hoti thi. chaandalisangaman se brahman chaandal ho jata tha evan kathin prayashchit se shuddh hota tha. vah 'aant' arthath gram ke aant mean rahata tha. any aantyajoan ki sthiti achchhi thi. kramash: dharmik pavitrata ki bhavana badhati gee aur tadanuroop hi asprishyata ki pratha ne jor pak da. namu.[13] ke anusar achhootoan ko gramanagaroan ke bahar chaity vrikshoan ke niche, shmashan, paha doan aur jangalean mean rahana chahie. mritakoan ke vastr, phoote hue bhaand aur lohe ke alankar inake upayojy the. pray: yahi sthiti bad ki smritiyoan mean hai. laghusmritiyoan ke kal mean aantyajoan ki soochi ban gee thi jisamean sat se lekar 18 jatiyaan tak pariganit ki gee.
bauddh sahity mean asprishyata-nimnastariy varg ke lie 'hin sipp' aur 'hin jati' ke ullekh milate haian. 'hin sipp' mean bansor, kuanbhakar, pesakar (julaha), chammakar (chamar), nahapit (naee) tatha 'hin jati' mean chaandal, pukkalas, rathakar, venukar aur nishad haian. dvitiy vargavaloan ki sthiti achchhi nahian thi. ve 'bahinagar' athava 'chaandalagramak'[14] mean nivas karate the. chaandaloan ki to apani alag bhasha bhi thi. chulladhammajatak ke anusar ve pit vastr aur rakt mal tatha kandhe par kulha di aur hath mean ek katora rakhate the. chaandal striyaan jadoo tone mean bahut daksh thian. baansuri bajana tatha shavadah karana inake pramukh kary the. bauddhaparanpara mean asprishyata apekshakrit kam thi. divyavadan[15] mean bahushrut dharmajn vidvanh pushkarasari ki putri ka vivah chaandalaraj trishanku ke sath varnit hai. vajrasoochi[16] chaandali se utpann vishvamitr aur urvashi se janit vasishth ki or iangit kar asprishyata par aghat karati hai. mahaparinibbanasutt ke anusar kammaraputt chhuand ka bhojan buddh ne mrityu ke poorv kiya tha. anand ne chaandalakanyaka ke hath ka jalapan kiya tha.[17] 'shardoolakanavidan' ka chaandalaraj trishanku svayan to ved aur itihas mean parangat tha hi, usane apane putr shardoolakarn ko ved, vedaang, upanishath, nighantu ityadi ki shiksha dilavaee thi. brahman dvara prajvalit shrautagni aur chaandal, vyadh adi ke dvara utpann sadharan agni mean koee aantar nahian mana gaya (assalayanasutt, majjhimanikay). buddh ka sandesh tha-nirvan ki prapti chaandal, pukkas ko bhi ho sakati hai-khattiya brahman vessa sudda chandal pukkasa, sabbe sorata daanta sabbe va parinibbuta.[18]
jain vanhmay mean asprishyapratha-adipuran ke anusar karu (shilp) dvividh haian-sprishy aur asprishy. sprishy karushalik (julah), malik (mali), kuanbhakar, tilantud (teli) aur napit haian. asprishy shilp rajak, badhee, ayaskar aur lauhakar haian. doanb, chaandal aur kinik inase bhi niche the. vyavahar-sootr-bhashy (94) mean doanb ka kary gana, soop adi banana batalaya gaya hai.
tantr aur asprishy-sadharanat: shakt tantroan mean jat-paant aur chhoot-chhat ke bandhan shithil the. kularnavatantr[19] ke anusar 'prapt tu bhaisarave chakre varna dvijatay:'. smart shaiv aur smart vaishnav sprishyasprishy ka vichar rakhate the.
madhyakalin vaishnav santoan ne jatipratha aur asprishyata ka tiraskar kiya. kabirapanth mean shoodr aur kuchh achhoot varg ke sant the. any santoan means ravidas, nandanar aur chokhamal ullekhy haian.
bharat ke bahar asprishyata-sparsh se honevala ashauch vibhinn star ka hota hai. kabhi-kabhi ashauch mean keval sharirik ashuchi ki bhavana rahati hai aur kabhi usake sath hi sath dharmik pavitrata mean kshati aur abhav ki dharana. prastut prasang mean ashauch se tatpary ashuchi (apavitrata) aur dharmik pavitrata mean kshati (p aaulyooshan) yugapath donoan arthoan se hai. is prakar ke sparshashauch ki pratha misr, pharas, barma, japan ityadi deshoan mean bhi thi. prachin misr mean suar palanevale ashuddh samajhe jate the aur unaka sparsh nishiddh tha. ve mandiroan mean pravisht bhi nahian ho sakate the. prachin pharas ka majd dharm ka pujari any dharmavaloan ke sanpark se ashuddh ho jata tha aur shuchita prapt karane ke lie use snan karana avashyak tha. barma mean sat prakar ke nimnavargiy the jinamean 'sandal' (san. chaandal?) achhoot mane jate the. japan ke 'et' aur 'hinn' vargiy vyaktiyoan ka sparsh varjit tha.
19vian shatabdi eesavi mean raja ramamohan ray aur svami dayanand ne achhootapratha ke nivaran ka prayatn kiya. bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ne 1917 mean achhootapratha ki samapti ka prastav pas kiya. mahatma gaandhi ne kaangres ke rachanatmak karyakram mean achhootoddhar ko sammilit kar is kutsit pratha ki or vyaktiyoan ka dhyan vishesh roop se khiancha. harijanoan ke dvara janapath ka vyavahar aur mandirapravesh ka aandolan praranbh hua. sanh 1932 mean mahatma gaandhi ne 'kamyoonal avard' mean achhootoan ko savarn hianduoan se alag karane ke prayatn ke viruddh anashan kiya to 'poona paikt' hone par toota. is anashan ne harijanoan ki sthiti ke sanbandh mean deshavyapi lahar phaila di. isi samay 'harijan sevak sangh' ki sthapana huee. bharatiy sanvidhan ke anusar karib 429 varg achhoot mane ge haian. vibhinn pradeshoan mean vibhann varg aur vyavasay anek namoan se achhootoan mean pariganit hote haian. in achhootoan mean uchchavach star ka taratamy hai aur bhojan tatha vivah ke sanbandh mean ve ek doosare se alag rahate haian. inake devalay savarn hianduoan ke mandiroan se alag hote the aur gramy devata tatha durgashakti ke roop hi pray: vividh svaroopoan mean poojy the. kiantu ab inamean sanskritikaran-uchch mane janevale vargoan ki sanskriti ke anukaran-ki pravritti drishtigochar ho rahi hai.
bharatiy sanvidhan ne achhootapratha samapt kar di hai aur kisi bhi roop mean usaka palan ya acharan nishiddh ghoshit kar diya hai.[20] sarvajanik sthanoan--kuean, jalashay, hotal, samajik manoranjan ke sthanoan-mean unaka pravesh vihit mana gaya[21] hai. unake vyavasayik aur audyogik svatanty ki suraksha ki gee[22] hai. inake atirikt pray: sabhi pradeshoan ne asprishyatanivarak kanoon bana lie haian. is prakar vidhan ne achhootoan ki samajik, vyavasayik evan audyogik paranparanugat ayogyataoan ko door kar diya hai. sath hi sath, lokasabha aur pradeshik vidhanasabhaoan mean janasankhya ke anusar kuchh varshoan tak vishesh pratinidhi ke nirvachan ka adhikar surakshit rakha gaya hai.[23] harijan sevak sangh, bharatiy dipresd klasez lig, harijan ashram (prayag) kuchh pramukh sansthaean haian jo harijanoddhar mean dattachitt haian.[24]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ vishnudharmasootr, 5,104
- ↑ manu. 4,61; vedavyas 1,11-12
- ↑ vasishthadharmasootr 16|30
- ↑ apastanb 1, 2, 39, 14
- ↑ gautam 20|1; manu. 4.79
- ↑ yajn. 3|285
- ↑ sachau ka bhashaantar 1, pri. 101
- ↑ aan. dipresd
- ↑ shidyoold
- ↑ vajasaneyi, san. 30, 21
- ↑ vahi, 30, 17; maitrayani 16, 11
- ↑ kaushitaki 25, 18
- ↑ 10|50--57
- ↑ jatak, 4|376
- ↑ pri. 652
- ↑ pri. 2
- ↑ divyavadan, pri. 611
- ↑ jatak 4, pri. 303
- ↑ 8,96
- ↑ dhara 17
- ↑ dhara 15
- ↑ dhara 29
- ↑ 330, 332, 334 dharaean
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 315 |