आख्यान

akhyan usako kahate haian jise varnan karane vale ne nij netroan se dekha ho. akhyan shabd aranbh se hi samanyat: katha athava kahani ke arth mean prayukt hota raha hai. taranath krit 'vachaspatyamh‌' namak kosh ke pratham bhag mean, isaki vyutpatti 'akhyayate anenetiakhyanamh‌' di hai. sahityadarpan mean akhyan ko 'puravrit kathan' (akhyanan poorvavritokti) kaha gaya hai. d aau.es.ke.de ke matanusar rrigved ke kathatmak sookt vastut: pauranik aur nijandhari akhyan hi hai. yask ne nirukt (11.15) mean sarama panis ki katha ko akhyan kaha hai.

'akhyan' aur sanskrit 'akhyayika' donoan ke varnavinyasoan mean sadrishy hone ke karan hi sanbhavat: hiandi ke kuchh vidvanh‌ 'akhyayika' ke shastriy lakshanoan ko 'akhyan' ke oopar lagoo karake usake svaroopasanpadan ka prayas karate rahe haian. kiantu sanskrit ke lakshanashastroan mean paraspar kuchh aise maulik virodh vartaman haian ki unhean ek doosare ka samanarthak nahian mana ja sakata. sanskrit mean akhyayika ki shreni ki ek gadyabaddh rachana aur bhi hoti thi, jise katha kahate the. bhamah ne kavyalankar mean suandar gady mean rachit saras kahani ko 'akhyayika' kaha hai. yah uchchhh‌vasoan mean banti hoti thi or isamean nayak apane vritt tatha cheshta ka varnan svayan karata tha. bich-bich mean vaktr aur apavaktr chhand a jate the, jabaki katha mean vaktr aur apavaktr chhand nahian hote the, n hi isaka vibhajan uchchhh‌vasoan mean hota tha.

shri parashuram chaturvedi ne likha hai ki 'akhyayika' ki visheshata is bat mean paee jati hai ki vah svayan kisi apane patr dvara hi kahi gee hoti hai jis karan usaki bahut si batean atmodgaraparak ban jati haian. premakhyanavale 'akhyan' shabd ka mool arth bhi kisi aisi visheshata ki hi or sanket karata jana p data hai. 'mahabharat' evan 'ramayan' ke 'akhyan' kahe jane ki sarthakata bhi kadachith‌ isi bat mean nihit hogi ki unake rachayita kramash: vyas evan valmiki ne apani dekhi suni batean hian likhi thian, unamean kalpana ka vaisa aansh nahian rahata, jo katha ke sanbandh mean pray: avashyak mana jaea karata hai. akhyan shabd ko isi karan apekshakrit adhik 'vrittaantaparak' aur tadanusar vishuddh bhi kah sakate haian. atev premakahani ke bhi mool roop mean vastut: 'apabiti' jaisi hi hone se 'prem' shabd ke sath kie ge isake prayog ko sarvatha upayukt samajhana chahie (bharatiy premakhyan ki paranpara, tritiy anuchchhed).

uparyukt panktiyoan mean chaturvedi ji ne sidhe n kahakar kathanalaghav ke madhyam se akhyan ko akhyayika ka sadrisharthak siddh karane ka prayatn kiya hai. ek any sthal (hiandi sahity, dvitiy khand, san. dhireandr varma tatha brajeshvar varma, pri. 245) par bhi, kiantu jara adhik spasht dhang se, vah yahi bat duharate haian, premakhyan' ka 'akhyan' shabd moolat: akhyayika ka hi ek roopaantar sa pratit hota hai.

kisi kathakriti ko akhyan sanjna dene ke lie yadi yah nitaant avashyak ho ki usake rachayita ne katha ko svayan 'dekha suna' ho to ramayan evan mahabharat ke sandarbh mean abhi tak aise praman athava sakshy upalabdh nahian haian ki unake adhar par nishchiant hokar yah kah diya je ki unake rachayitaoan ne vahi sab kuchh likha jo svayan unhoanne 'dekha suna' tha. sath hi 'dekha suna' pad kya apane mean aspasht evan anishchit arth ka dyotak nahian hai? astu, ramayan evan mahabharat ko 'akhyan' nam dene ka avashy hi koee doosara karan raha hoga. vaidik sahity se lekar hiandi sahity tak jitane bhi akhyan granth milate haian ya jinhean akhyanak granth mana jata hai, unamean se koee ekadh 'apekshakrit adhik vrittaantaparak aur tadanusar vishuddh' ho to ho, shesh kalpanapradhan hi hai. katha aur akhyanak granthoan ki to bat hi kya, charitagranthoan aur charitakavyoan tak mean kalpana ne itihas ko buri tarah akraant kar rakha hai.

d aau. shanbhunath sianh (hiandi mahakavy ka svaroopavikas, pri. 6) ne adikalin akhyanak nrityagitoan se nrity, sangit aur akhyan tinoan ka vikas mana hai. age chalakar (pri. 10) unhoanne yah bhi kaha hai ki in akhyanoan ka vastutatv pauranik, nijandhari, samasamayik tatha kalpit; in char prakar ke patroan, ghatanaoan aur paristhitiyoan ko lekar gathit hua hai. pan. hajari prasad dvivedi (hiandi sahity ki bhoomika, pri. 48) ne bhi akhyan ko akhyayika se prithakh‌ ek lokavidha mana hai, yatha parantu janasadharan ka ek aur vibhag, jisamean dharm ka sthan nahian tha, jo apabhransh sahity ke pashchimi akar se sidhe chala a raha tha, jo gaanvoan ki baithakoan mean kathanak roop se aur gan roop se chal raha tha, upekshit hone laga tha. in soophi sadhakoan ne pauranik akhyanoan ke badale hue lokaprachalit kathanakoan ka ashray lekar hi apani bat janata tak pahuanchaee. vastut: akhyan ko akhyayika siddh karane ke karan hi chaturvedi ji ko ukt sab kuchh kahana karana p da. itana hi nahian, bhamahakalin 'akhyayika' ke is lakshan-usamean nayak apane vritt tatha cheshta ka varnan svayan karata tha-ko akhyan par ghatane ke lie unhean 'prem kahani ke mool roop mean apabiti jaisi' bhavana ki klisht kalpana tak karani p di.

sahity nirantar gatishil hai. at: vah yuganuroop apani vidhaoan mean parivartan, parivardhan, sanshodhan tatha parishkar karata chalata hai aur lakshan sahityik vidhaoan ko lekar hi nishchit kie jate haian, unapar jabaradasti ghatae nahian ja sakate. isilie bhamah ke bad dandi ne kavyadarsh (1.23-28) mean katha aur akhyayika ko ek hi shreni ki rachanaean manate hue kaha hai ki kahani nayak kahe ya koee aur kahe, adhyay ka vibhajan ho ya n ho, adhyayoan ka nam uchchhh‌vas rakha jae ya lanb, bich mean vaktr, apavaktr chhand aean athava n aean, kahani mean koee aantar nahian p data. at: in oopari bhedoan ke karan 'katha' aur 'akhyayika' mean aantar karana chahie. navian shati (lagabhag) mean achary rudrat ne to tatkalin prachalit sahity ke adhar par yahaan tak kah diya tha ki keval sanskrit mean nibaddh kathaoan ke lie gady mean likhane ka bandhan hai; parantu any bhashaoan mean likhi janevali rachanaean pady mean bhi likhi ja sakati haian. yahaan 'any bhashaoan' se prakrit aur apabhransh ki or ishara kiya gaya hai. at: siddh hai ki yuganuroop sahityik vidhaoan ke manadand badalate rahate haian.

dandi ne bhi katha aur akhyayika ke aantargat samast akhyan jati (khandakatha, parikatha adi) ko aantarbhukt mana hai, yatha-

tath‌ kathakhyayiketyeka jati: sanjna dvayaankita.

atraivaantarbhavishyanti sheshashchakhyan jatay: ..

-kavyadarsh (1.28)

at: spasht hai ki dandi ke samay mean bhi akhyan jativachak shabd tha. mahabharat mean anek akhyanoan evan upakhyanoan ka sankalan hai, isalie ise akhyanakavy kaha gaya hoga. ramayan ko bhi akhyan sanjna dene ka karan sanbhavat: yahi raha hoga.

hiandi mean 'akhyan' shabd pray: sadharan katha ya vrittaant ke roop mean hi prayukt hota hai. isilie premakhyanak kavyoan ke aantargat katha (satyavati katha), charit (chhitaee charit), varta (madhumalati varta), dooha (dhola maroora dooha), chaupaee ya chaupee (madhavanal kamakandala chupee), ras (bisaladev ras) adi sabhi kavyavidhaean prapy haian.

akhyanoan ki satta ka praman rrigved ki sanhita mean hi hamean upalabdh hota hai. atharvaved mean itihas tatha puran ka ullekh maukhik sahity ke roop mean n hokar likhit granth ke roop mean kiya gaya milata hai. vedoan ki vyakhyanapranali ke vibhinn sanpradayoan mean yask ne aitihasikoan ke sanpraday ka anek bar ullekh kiya hai jinake anusar 'vritr' tvashtr asur ki sanjna hai aur devoan ke adhipati iandr ke sath usake ghor sangharsh aur tumul sangram ka varnan rrigved ke mantroan mean kiya gaya hai. is sanpraday ke vyakhyakaroan ki sammati mean vedoan mean mahatvapoorn akhyan vidyaman haian. rrigved mean akhyanoan ki sankhya kam nahian hai. inamean se kuchh akhyan to vaiyaktik devata ke vishay mean haian aur kuchh kisi samoohik ghatana ko lakshy kar pravritt hote haian. rrigved mean iandr tatha ashvin ke vishay mean bhi anek akhyan milate haian jinamean in devoan ki virata, parakram tatha upakar ki bhavana spasht aankit ki gee hai. rrigved ke bhitar 30 akhyanoan ka spasht nirdesh kiya gaya hai jinamean se katipay prakhyat akhyan ye haian-shun:shep (1.24), agasty aur lopamudra, gritsamad (2.12), vasishth aur vishvamitr (3.53, 7.33 adi), som ka avataran (3.43), thhrayaroon aur vrishajan (5.2), agni ka janm (5.11), shyavashv (5.32), brihaspati ka janm (6.71), raja sudas (7.18), nahush (7.95), apala (8.91), nabhanedishth (10.61.62), vrishakapi (10.86), urvashi aur puroorava (10.95), sarama aur pani (10.108), devapi aur shantanu (10.98), nachiketa (10.135),. inake atirikt danastutiyoan mean anek rajaoan ke nam upalabdh haian jinase dan pakar anek rrishiyoan ko unaki stuti mean mantr likhane ki prerana mili. in stutiyoan mean bhi katipay akhyanoan ki or spasht sanket vidyaman haian.

rrigved se bhinn vaidik granthoan mean bhi akhyanoan ka vivaran diya gaya hai. inamean se katipay akhyan to ekadam navin haian, parantu kuchh rrigved mean sanketit akhyanoan ke hi paribrianhit roop haian. rrigved se sanbaddh 'anukramani sahity' mean, visheshat: brihaddevata aur sarvanukramani mean, nirukt, nitimanjari aur sayan bhashy mean in akhyanoan ko vistrit ghatanaoan ka bhi varnan hua hai. puranoan mean bhi ye akhyan varnit haian, parantu inaki ghatanaoan mean kahian hras aur kahian paribrianhan drishtigochar hota hai. brahman tath shrautasootr bhi inake vikas ke adhyayan ke lie avashyak samagri prastut karate haian. udaharanarth sobhari kanv ka akhyan, jo rrigved ke anek sooktoan mean sanketit hai, bhagavat mean vistar se varnit hai (bhagavat, skandh 9, a. 6.38--55). shyavashv atrey ka akhyan rrigved mean (5.61) ullikhit hone ke atirikt saankhyayan shrotasootr mean bhi nirdisht hai. chyavan (puranoan mean 'chyavan') bhargav tatha sukanya manavi ka akhyan rrigved ke anek sookto mean sanketit hokar taandy brahman, nirukt (4.19), shatapath brahman (kaand 4) tatha shrimadbhagavat puran (9.3) mean vistar ke sath varnit hai. is prakar vaidik akhyanoan ke vikas ki vipul samagri ramayan, mahabharat aur puranoan ke bhitar rochak vistar ke sath upalabdh hoti hai.

akhyanoan ka tatpary kya hai, is prashn ke uttar ke sanbandh mean vidvanoan mean paryapt matabhed hai. amariki vidvanh‌ d aau. bloomaphild ne un vidvanoan ke mat ka khandan kiya hai jinhoanne in akhyanoan ki rahasyavadi vyakhya prastut ki hai. udaharanarth ye rahasyavadi vidvanh‌ puroorava ke akhyan ke bhitar ek ganbhir rahasy ka darshan karate haian. unaki drishti mean puroorava soory aur urvashi usha hai. usha aur soory ka paraspar sanyog kshanik hi hota hai. unake viyog ka kal b da hi dirgh hota hai. viyogi hone par soory usha ki khoj mean din bhar ghooma karata hai, tab kahian jakar phir doosare din prat:kal donoan ka samagam hota hai. prachin bharat ke vaidikoan (kumaril bhatt, sayan adi) ki vyakhya ka yahi roop tha. parantu akhyanoan ko unake manaviy mooly se vanchit rakhana nyayy aur upayukt nahian pratit hota.

in akhyanoan ke anushilan ke vishay mean do tathyoan par dhyan dena avashyak hai: (k) rrigvediy akhyan aise vicharoan ko agrasar karate haian aur aise vyaparoan ka varnan karate haian jo manav samaj ke kalyanasadhan ke nitaant samip haian. inaka adhyayan manav mooly ke drishtikon se hi karana chahie. rrigvediy rrishi manav ki kalyanasiddhi ke lie upadey tatvoan ka samavesh in akhyanoan ke bhitar karate haian. (kh) usi yug ke vataran ko dhyan mean rakhakar inaka mooly aur tatpary nirdharit karana chahie jis yug mean in akhyanoan ka avirbhav hua tha. arvachin tatha navin drishtikon se inaka moolyanirdharan karana itihas ke prati anyay hoga. in tathyoan ki adharashila par akhyanoan ki vyakhya samuchit aur vaijnanik hogi.

akhyanoan ki shiksha manav samaj ke samoohik kalyan tatha vishvamangal ki abhivriddhi ke nimitt hai. bharatiy sanskriti ke anusar manav aur dev donoan paraspar sanbaddh haian. manushy yajnoan mean devoan ke lie ahuti deta hai, jo prasann hokar usaki abhilasha poorn karate haian aur apane prasadoan ki vrishti unake oopar nirantar karate rahate haian. iandr tatha ashvin vishayak akhyan isake vishad drishtaant haian. yajaman ke dvara die ge somaras ka pan kar iandr nitaant prasann hote haian aur usaki kamana ko saphal banate haian. avarshan ke daity (vritr) ko apane vajr se chhinn-bhinn kar ve sab nadiyoan ko pravahit karate haian. vrishti se manav apyayit hote haian. sansar mean shaanti virajane lagati hai. kalidas ne is vaidik tathy ko b di suandarata se abhivyakt kiya hai (raghuvansh, chaturth sarg).

pratyek akhyan ke aantastal mean manavoan ke shikshanarth tathy aantarnihit haian. apala atreyi ka akhyan naricharitr ki udattata tatha tejasvita ka vishad pratipadak hai. raja thhrayarun traivrishn aur vrishajan ka akhyan; rrigvidhan 12.52; brihaddevata 5.14.23 vaidik kalin purohit ki mahatta aur garima ka spasht sanket karata hai. sobhari kanv ka akhyan sangati ke mahatv ka pratipadan karata hai. ushasti chakrayan ka akhyan ann ke samoohik prabhav tatha gaurav ki kamaniy katha hai. shyavashv atrey ki katha (rri. 5.61) rrishi ke gaurav ko, prem ki mahima ko tatha kavi ki sadhana ko b di suandar riti se abhivyakt karati hai. rrigvediy yug ki yah prakhyat pranayakahani hai, jisamean prem ki siddhi ke lie shyavashv tapasya ke bal par mantradrashta rrishi ban jate haian. dadhyang atharvan ka akhyan rashtr ke mangal ke lie apane jivanadan ki shiksha dekar hamean kshudr svarth se oopar uthane ka aur rashtr ka kalyan karane ka gauravamay upadesh deta hai. puran mean inhian ka nam rrishi dadhichi hai, jinhoanne vritr ko marane ke lie iandr ko apani haddiyaan vajr banane ke lie dekar ary sabhyata ki raksha ki thi. anadhikari ko rahasyavidya ke upadesh ka visham parinam is vaidik akhyan mean dikhalaya gaya hai. in sab akhyanoan ke pichhe upadesh hai-eeshvar mean atoot shraddha tatha manav se ghanishth prem.

katipay rrishiyoan ki charitrik trutiyoan tatha anaitik acharanoan ka bhi varnan vaidik tatha unaka anusaran karanevale mahabharat aur puranoan mean pae janevale akhyanoan mean upalabdh hota hai. e kathanak anaitikata ke gart mean girane se bachane ke lie hi nirdisht haian.

puranoan mean bhi ye hi akhyan bahush: varnit haian, parantu inake roop mean vaishamy hai. tulanatmak adhyayan se pratit hota hai ki anek akhyan kalaantar mean parivartit manovritti athava vibhinn samajik tatha dharmik paristhiti ke karan apane vishuddh vaidik roop se nitaant vikrit roop dharan kar lete haian. vikas ki prakriya mean anek avaantar ghatanaean bhi us akhyan ke sath sanshlisht hokar use ek naya roop pradan karati haian, jo kabhi-kabhi mool akhyan ke nitaant viruddh siddh hota hai. shun:shep tatha vasishth vishvamitr ke kathanakoan ka anushilan is siddhaant ke pradarshan mean drishtaant prastut karata hai. rrigved mean nirdisht shun:shep ka yah akhyan aitarey brahman mean ne roop mean, navin ghatanaoan se sanvalit hokar upalabdh hota hai. ab yahaan yah akhyan aranbh mean raja harishchandr ke putr rohitashv ke sath tatha kathaant mean rrishi vishvamitr ke sath sanbaddh hokar ek navin roop dharan kar leta hai. usake any do bhaiyoan ki satta, usake pita ka daridray, usake vikray adi ki samast ghatanaean kathanak mean rochakata lane ke pichhe se gadhi gee pratit hoti haian. 'shun:shep' ka arth bhi kutte se koee sanbandh nahian rakhata. 'shun' ka arth hai sukh, kalyan tatha 'shep' ka arth hai stanbh ya khanbha. at: 'shun:shep' ka arth hi hai 'saukhy ka stanbh'. is prakar yah kathanak varun ke pash se mukti ka sandesh deta hua kalyan ke marg ko prashast banata hai.

vasishth vishvamitr ka akhyan rrigved mean svat: sanketit hai. e donoan rrishi sanbhavat: bhinn-bhinn samay mean raja sudas ke purohit the. ye us yug ke rrishi haian jo chaturvarny ke kshetr se bahar mana ja sakata hai. donoan mean param sauhardr tatha maitri ki bhavana ka samrajy virajata hai. donoan tapasya se poot, tej ke puanj tatha alaukik shaktishali mahapurush haian. parantu avaantar granthoan-ramayan, puran, brihaddevata adi-mean donoan ke bich ek mahanh‌ sangharsh, vaimanasy tatha virodh dikhalaya gaya hai. vishvamitr kshatriy se brahman banane ke lie lalayit aur vasishth ke dvara aangikrit n hone par unake putroan ke vinashak ke roop mean chitrit kie ge haian.

prakhyat akhyan shun:shep ka akhyan rrigved ke anek sooktoan mean] bahush: sanketit hone se saty ghatana ke oopar ashrit pratit hota hai. aitarey brahman (7.3) mean yah akhyan bahut vistar ke sath varnit hai, jisake adi mean raja harishchandr ka aur aant mean vishvamitr ka sanbandh jo dakar ise parivardhit kiya gaya hai. varun ki kripa aikshvaku naresh harishchandr ko putr utpann hona, samarpan ke samay usaka jangal mean bhag jana, harishchandr ko udararog ki prapti, raste mean ajigart ke madhyam putr shun:shep ka kray karana, devataoan ki kripa se usaka vadhyapashu hone se bach jana, vishvamitr ke dvara usaka kritakaputr banaya jana, adi ghatanaean prakhyat haian.

urvashi aur puroorava ka akhyan vaidik yug ki ek romaanchak pranayagatha hai. devi hone par bhi urvashi ka raja puroorava ke pranayapash mean baddh hona, prithvital par maharani ke roop mean nivas tatha aant mean raja ko apane virah se santapt kar aantardhan hona adi ghatanaean nitaant prakhyat haian. rrigved ke prakhyat sookt mean puroorava aur urvashi ka kathanopakathan matr hai; parantu shatapath brahman mean yah kathanak rochak vistar ke sath nibaddh kiya gaya hai tatha is pranayakatha ke aankan mean sahityik sauandary ka bhi parichay milata hai. vishnupuran (4.6), matsyapuran (adhyay 24) tatha bhagavat (9.14) mean isi katha ka rochak vivaran ham pate haian. kalidas ne 'vikramorvashiy' trotak mean is kathanak ko nitaant manjul natakiy roop pradan kiya hai. is akhyan ke vikas mean ek vishesh tathy ki satta milati hai. puranoan ne matsyapuran ka adhar lekar ise pranayagatha ke roop mean hi aankit kiya hai. parantu vaidik akhyan mean puroorava pagal premi n hokar yajn ka pracharak narapati hai. vah pahala vyakti hai jisane shraut agni (ahavanayi, garhapaty aur dakshinagni namak medha agni) ki sthapana ka rahasy janakar yajn sanstha ka pratham vistar kiya. puroorava ke is paropakari roop ki abhivyakti vaidik akhyan ka vaishishty hai.

chyavan bhargav tatha sukanya manavi ka akhyan bharatiy naricharitr ka ek nitaant ujjval drishtaant upasthit karata hai. yah katha rrigved ke ashvin se sanbaddh anek sooktoan mean sanketit hai mean shatapath (kaand 4) mean tatha bhagavat mean bhi vistar se di gee hai. chyavan ka vaidik nam 'chyavan' hai. sukanya ki vaidik kahani usaki pauranik kahani ki apeksha kahian adhik udatt aur adarshamayi hai. puran mean sukanya rrishi ki chamakati huee aankhoan ko chhedakar svayan aparadh karati hai aur isake lie use dand milana svabhavik hai. parantu ved mean usaka tyag uchch koti ka hai. sainik balakoan dvara kie ge aparadh ke nivaran ke lie sukanya vriddh chyavan rrishi ko atmasamarpan karati hai. usake divy prem se prabhavit hokar ashvinoan ne chyavan ko vardhaky se mukt kar diya aur unhean nootan yauvan pradan kiya.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

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