आयुध

ayudh un yantroan ko kahate haian jinaka prayog yuddh mean hota hai. is prakar tir talavar se lekar b di-b di topoan tak sabhi yantr ayudh haian. ayudh ke vikas ka itihas utana hi purana hai jitana manav jati ke vikas ka. manav jivan adikal se sangharshapoorn raha hai. jivanaraksha ke lie use bhayanak aur shaktishali jivajantuoan se l dana p da hoga. manushy ke pas n to un jivajantuoan ke barabar bal tha, n utana mota aur kathor charm aur n tivr tatha ghatak daant tatha nakh hi the. apane anubhavoan tatha buddhi se manushy ne pratham shastroan ka avishkar kiya hoga. eande ya lathi ka vikas barachha, gada, talavar, ballabh aur adhunik sangin mean hua. isi prakar pheankakar maranevale sadharan patthar ka vikas bhala, dhanush ban, gulel, gola, goli tatha adhunik paramanu bam mean hua.

ayudhoan ke vikas aur badhati shakti ke sath-sath pratiraksha ke upakaranoan ki avashyakata huee aur unaka avishkar hua. sanbhavat: charm ko lak di ke dandoan mean phansakar dhal banane ki kala bahut purani hogi. kalaantar mean kavach aur adhunik yug mean akar kavachayan (taiank) ka avishkar hua. yah dekha gaya he ki manushy ne jab-jab sanhar ke sadhanoan ka nirman kiya, usake sath-sath pratiraksha ke sadhanoan ka bhi vikas hua.

ayudhoan ka vargikaran sadharanat: unake prayog, vidhi or visheshataoan ke adhar par kiya jata hai. inake anusar pashanayug se barood ke avishkar tak ke ayudhoan ka vargikaran is prakar hai :

1. pashan tatha dhatu yug ke shastrapashan yug ke : 1. kulha de ka matha jo lak di mean baandha jata tha; 2. gada; 3. chhura; dhatu yug ke lohe ke bane (10vian shatabdi ke) : 4. chhura; 5. talavar; 6. talavar.

shastr ve hathiyar hai jo pheanke nahian jate. inake upavargikaran ke aantargat nimnalikhit shastr haian : (a) katanevale shastr; jaise talavar, parashu adi; (a) bhoankanevale shastr, jaise barachha, trishool adi; (i) kuand shastr, jaise gada.

astr ve hathiyar haian jo pheanke jate haian. inake aantargat ye astr haian : (a) hath se pheanke janevale astr, jaise bhala; (a) ve astr jo yantr dvara pheanke jate haian, jaise ban, gulel se pheanke janevale patthar adi. puratatvavettaoan ke matanusar samay ke sath-sath manushy ka jnan badha aur vah soch samajhakar ichchhanusar patthar aur lak di ke shastr banane laga. phir inhian shastroan ko ghisakar sapat, sudaul, tivr aur chamakila banana aranbh kiya. is kal ke mukhy shastr patthar ke kulha de, gadaean aur chhure the (chitr 1). sahasroan varsh bad usane dhanush aur bhale ka bhi nirman kiya.

lagabhag 4,000 varsh ee.poo. tak manushy dhatu ka pata pa chuka tha. taanbe aur raange ko milakar usane kaansa banana jana or tab dhire-dhire patthar ke shastroan ka sthan kaanse ke shastroan ne le liya. (chitr 1). is kal ke shastroan mean visheshat: dhanushaban, barachhi, chhuri, bhala, kulha da aur gada ke tatha rakshatmak sadhanoan mean keval kaanse ki dhal ke praman mile haian.

kaanse ka sthan pray: 1000 ee.poo. mean lohe ne liya. vaidik kal mean astrashastroan ka vargikaran is prakar tha :

(1)amukta- ve shastr jo pheanke nahian jate the. (2) mukta- ve shastr jo pheanke jate the. inake bhi do prakar the- (a) panimukta, arthath‌ hath se pheanke jane vale, aur (a) yantramukta, arthath‌ yantr dvara pheanke jane vale.

(3) muktamukt- vah shastr jo pheankakar ya bina pheanke donoan prakar se prayog kie jate the. (4) muktasannivritti- ve shastr jo pheankakar lautae ja sakate the. agneyastr (fayar-arms) ka bhi ullekh milata hai, par adhik spasht nahian. sharir ke vibhinn aangoan ki raksha ka ullekh kiya gaya hai. udaharanarth sharir ke lie charm tatha kavach ka, sir ke lie shirastran aur gale ke lie kanthatran ityadi ka.

yoorop mean bhi isi prakar ke shastr banate the. 12vian sadi ka kavach lohe ki chhoti-chhoti k diyoan ko gooanthakar banata tha. jirahabakhtar (jalika, chene mel) suandar aur suvidhajanak avashy tha, par bhari shastroan ki chot se poornataya raksha nahian kar sakata tha. isalie 13vian sadi ee. se yoorop mean lohe ki chadar ke avaran banane lage aur unhean jalika ke oopar pahana jane laga. yoddha ab sir se paanv tak pattakavach (plet aramar) se dhaka rahata tha. sharir ke avayavoan ke saral aandolan ke lie in kavachoan mean jo d bane rahate the. pichhe ashv ke lie bhi lie bhi aisa hi kavach banane laga.

2. vividh prakar ke kavach - oopar tin shalkakavachoan ke chitr haian : 1. tatha 2. yoddha ke lie; 3. ashv ke lie. niche, do patt- kavach : 4. yoddha ke lie; 5. ashv ke lie.

3. aangoan ke kavach - 1. padatran; 2. hastatran; 3. vakshatran; 4. shirastran.

4. 14vian shatabdi ke shastr - 1. svis sainikoan ka barchha; 2. tir chho danevali top. jalika bhi ashv tatha manushy donoan ke lie banati thi (chitr 2 aur 3). savar aur ashv ke kavach ka bhar 200 se 300 pauand tak hota tha.

13vian shatabdi mean shastroan ki shakti mean bhi unnati huee. aangrejoan ka lanba dhanush (l aauaangabo) itana shaktishali hota tha ki usase chalaya ban sadharan kavachoan ko bhed deta tha. yah dhanush chhah phut lanba hota tha aur isaka chhah phut ka ban 250 gaj tak sugamata se mar kar sakata tha. isi prakar svitzaralaiand ka hailabard kulha da tha. isaka dasta ath phut ka tha aur kulha de ke sath-sath isamean barachhi aur savar ko khianchakar girane ke kam ka ek tedha kaanta bhi hota tha (chitr 4 mean 1). daksh l daka isaki chot se achchhe kavach ko bhi kat sakata tha.

barood ke avishkar ne (1294 ee. mean) manushy ke hath mean ek aisi shakti de di jisane yuddh ki rooparekha hi badal di. yah nishchit hai ki 14vian shatabdi ke aranbh mean agneyastr ban chuke the. pratham agneyastr top thi. yah mukhyat: do prakar ki banaee gee--ek chhoti nalavali (m aauratar) aur doosari lanbi nalivali (banbard) (chitr 5 aur 6).

5. shataghnika (m aauratar) - ooancha pheankanevali chhoti nali ki top (14 vian shatabdi).

6-7 prachin top - oopar, 14vian shatabdi ka banbard (ek prakar ki bhari top jo patthar ya any astr prakshipt karati thi). niche, sadharan top. ye topean pahale taanbe aur kaanse ki banian aur phir lohe ki banane lagian. 15vian shatabdi mean topean 30 ianch paridhi ki hoti thian aur 1,200 se 1,500 pauand bhar ke patthar ke gole chalati thian. adhunik havitzar aur bhari fildagan m aauratar aur banbard ke hi vikasit roop haian. isi shatabdi ke aant tak chhoti hath ki topean banian. (chitr 8). inaka sthan 15vian shatabdi ke aranbh mean hath ki bandook ne liya.

isi ka vikas dhire-dhire masket, maichal aauk, phliantal aauk aur adhunik raiphal mean hua. tivr gati se lagatar goli chalanevali bandook banane ki cheshta aur is sanbandh ke prayog 16vian shatabdi se hone lage the aur isi ke phalasvaroop 1884 mean pratham saphal mashinagan bani. aj ki mashinagan ek minat mean 300 goli tak chala sakati hai. any mahatvapoorn shastroan ka bhi avishkar 14vian se 16vian shatabdi mean hua, jaise hath ka bam (1382 ee.), kaanse ke visphotak gole, pistaul (1483 ee.), dahak gole (1487 ee.), ityadi. shastroan ka adhik vikas adhunik kal mean hua. 16vian shatabdi tak agneyastr itane prabhavashali ban chuke the ki manushy ke svarakshatmak kavach vyarth the. sanh‌ 1915 ka manushy agneyastr ke samane asahay raha, parantu isi varsh pratham kavachayan (teank) ka nirman hua. manushy ab ispat ki moti-moti chadaroan se bani is ga di mean baithakar halke agneyastr ke prahar se bach sakata tha.

8. ghu dasavar ki top - bandook, raiphal aur topoan ke karyakaran ka siddhaant ek hi hai. kisi tin or dridhata se band patr mean barood rakhi jati hai aur isake bad chharra, goli ya gola rakhakar chauthi or se patr ko asthayi roop se band kar diya jata hai. phir barood mean kisi yukti se ag laga di jati hai. tab barood turant jalakar gaisoan mean parivartit ho jati hai. atyant kam sthan mean utpann hone ke karan ye gaisean bahut sanpidit (dabi huee) rahati haian. isalie chharean, goli ya gole ko ve bahut balapoorvak dabati haian. gola jab tak yantr ke nal mean chalata rahata hai tab tak usapar dab p dati rahati hai aur usaka veg badhata rahata hai. is prakar usamean bahut adhik veg utpann ho jata hai. nal ke karan usaki disha bhi nirdharit ho jati hai; isalie nal ko ghuma phirakar gole ko ichchhanusar lakshy par mara ja sakata hai.

sanh‌ 1313 ee. se yoorop mean top ke prayog ka pakka praman milata hai. bharat mean babar ne panipat ki l daee (sanh‌ 1526 ee.) mean topoan ka pahale-pahale prayog kiya.

pahale topean kaanse ki banati thian aur unako dhala jata tha. parantu aisi topean paryapt pusht nahian hoti thian. unamean adhik barood dalane se ve phat jati thian. is dosh ko door karane ke lie unake oopar lohe ke chhalle tapt karake khoob kasakar chadha die jate the. thandha hone par aise chhalle siku dakar b di dridhata se bhitari nal ko dabae rahate haian, thik usi prakar jaise bailaga di ke pahie ke oopar chadhi hal pahie ko dabae rahati hai. adhik pushtata ke lie chhalle chadhane ke pahale nal par lanbaee ke anudish bhi lohe ki chh dean ek doosari se satakar rakh di jati thian. is samay ki ek prasiddh top m aauns meg hai, jo ab edinabara ke durg par shobha ke lie rakhi hai. isake bad lagabhag 200 varshoan tak top banane mean koee vishesh unnati nahian huee. is yug mean naloan ka sanchhidr (bor) chikana hota tha. parantu lagabhag sanh‌ 1520 mean jarmani ke ek top bananevale ne sanchhidr mean sarpilakar khaanche banana aranbh kiya. is top mean golakar gole ke badale lanbotar 'gole' prayukt hote the. sanchhidr mean sarpilakar khaanchoan ke karan prakshipt piand veg se nachane lagata hai. is prakar nachata (ghoornan karata) piand ayu ke pratirodh se bahut kam vichalit hota hai aur parinamasvaroop lakshy par adhik sachchaee se p data hai.

9. maanns veg - 1855 ee. mean lard armastraang ne pitavaan lohe ki top ka nirman kiya, jisamean pahale ki topoan ki tarah muanh ki or se barood adi bhari jane ke badale pichhe ki or se dhakkan hatakar yah sab samagri bhari jati thi. isamean 40 pauand ke prakshipt bhare jate the.

sadharan topoan mean prakshipt b de veg se nikalata hai aur top ki nal ko bahut ooanchi disha mean nahian laya ja sakata hai. doosari or chhoti nal ki topean halki banati haian aur unase nikale prakshipt mean bahut veg nahian hota, parantu inamean yah gun hota hai ki prakshipt bahut oopar uthakar niche girata hai aur isalie isase divar, paha di adi ke (chitr 10) pichhe chhipe shatru ko bhi mar sakate haian (chitr 11). inhean m aaurtar kahate haian. majholi nap ki nalavali top ko hauvitzar kahate haian. jaise-jaise topoan ke banane mean unnati huee vaise-vaise m aaurtaroan aur hauvitzaroan ke banane mean bhi unnati huee.

10. paidal sena ka tin ianchavala m aaurtar - pray: sabhi deshoan mean ek hi prakar se topoan ke nirman mean unnati huee, kyoanki barabar ho d lagi rahati thi. jab koee ek desh adhik bhari, adhik shaktishali ya adhik phurti se gola daganevali top banata to bat bahut dinoan tak chhipi n rahati aur pratidvandvi deshoan ki cheshta hoti ki usase bhi achchhi top banaee jay. 1898 ee. mean phraansavaloan ne ek aisi top banaee jo usake bad bananevali topoan ki pathapradarshak huee. usase nikale prakshipt ka veg adhik tha; usaka aropan sarahaniy tha; dagane par poornataya sthir rahata tha, kyoanki aropan mean aise daine lage the jo bhoomi mean dhansakar top ko kisi dish mean hilane n dete the. sabhi topean dagane par pichhe hatati haian. is dhakke (nik aauyal) ke veg ko ghatane ke lie dravoan ka prayog kiya gaya tha. isake prakshipt patali divar ke banae the. inamean se pratyek ki tol lagabhag 12 pauand thi aur usamean lagabhag sadhe tin pauand uchch visphoti barood rahati thi. prakshipt mean vishesh rasayanoan se yukt ek topi bhi rahati thi, jisase lakshy par pahuanchakar prakshipt phat jata tha aur tuk de b de veg se idhar-udhar shatru ko door tak ghayal karate the.

11. m aaurtar se daga gaya bam - yah divar ke pichhe chhipe sainikoan ko bhi mar sakati hai. pratham vishvayuddh (1914-1918) mean jarmanoan ne big bartha namak top banaee, jisase unhoanne peris par 75 mil ki doori se gole barasana aranbh kiya. is top mean koee naya siddhaant nahian tha. top keval paryapt b di aur pusht thi. parantu havaee jahajoan tatha any navin yantroan ke avishkar se aisi topean ab luptapray ho gee haian.

aropan-aranbh mean topean pray: kisi bhi dridh chabootare athava chauki par aropit ki jati thian, parantu dhire-dhire isaki avashyakata log anubhav karane lage ki topoan ko sudridh ga diyoan par aropit karana chahie, jisamean ve sugamata se ek sthan se doosare sthan par pahuanchaee ja sakean aur pray: turant gola dagane ke lie taiyar ho jaean. ga di ke pichhe bhoomi par ghisatanevali pooanchh ke saman bhag bhi rahata tha, jisamean dhakke se ga di pichhe n bhage. sugamata se khianchi ja sakanevali top ki ga diyaan sanh‌ 1680 se banane lagi. sanh‌ 1867 mean daktar si.dablyoo. simeans ne sujhav diya ki dhakke ko rokane ke lie top ke sath aisi pichakari lagani chahie ki jisamean pani nikalane ka muanh sookshm ho (athava avashyakatanusar chhota b da kiya ja sake). pichhe yahi kam kamaniyoan se liya jane laga. ga diyaan bhi ispat ki banane lagian.

vishesh top-vayuyanoan ko mar girane ke lie topean 1914 tak nahian bani thian. pahale bahut chhoti topean bani, phir 13 pauand ke prakshipt maranevali topean banane lagian, jo tin tan ki motar lariyoan par aropit rahati thian. ab inase bhi bhari topean pahale se bhi dridh traanliyoan athava ispat ke bane teankoan par aropit rahati haian (chitr 12).

taiank bhedi topoan ko bahut shaktishali hona p data hai. taiank ispat ki moti chadaroan ki bani ga diyaan hote haian. inake bhitar baitha yoddha taiank par ladi top se shatru ko marata rahata hai aur svayan bahut kuchh surakshit rahata hai. sanh‌ 1941 ki taiank bhedi topean 17 pauand ke gole dagati thian. kavachit yan (armard kar) ke bhitar ka sipahi keval sadharan bandook aur raiphal se surakshit rahata hai (chitr 13).

12. vayuyanaghatak top - 5.5 ianch vyas ka yantr. havaee jahajoan par 25 pauand ke gole daganevali topean, 3.7 ianch vyas ke hauvitzar aur 4.2 ianch vyas ke m aaurtar dvitiy vishvayuyaddh mean prayukt ho rahe the.

bina dhakke ki topean, kamani ke badale, is prakar ki bhi banaee geean ki kuchh gais pichhe se nikal jaean, parantu lokapriy nahian ho sakian, kyoanki ve paryapt shaktishali nahian paee geean.

taiank vijayant-bharatiy sena ka apana taiank hai. hevi vehikal phaiktari (av di) mean nirmit is taiank mean golabari karane ki apar shakti ke sath-sath chautarapha ghoom phirakar mar karane ki kshamata hai. is taiank mean amarika ke em. 60 tatha jarmani ke layard taiankoan ki tarah ki 105 mi.mi. ke gan ke sath-sath mashinagan tatha eanti eyarakraft gan bhi lagi huee hai.

yaantrik vahan-sanh‌ 1909 mean ianglaiand ke yuddhakaryalay (var aphis) ne 7,500 rupe ka paritoshik aise traiktar (ga di) ke lie ghoshit kiya jo ath tan ke bojh ko lekar 200 mil bina eedhann ya upasnehak (lyubriketiang ayal) lie chal sake. tabhi se topavahak yaantrik ga diyoan ka janm hua. ab aisi ga diyaan upalabdh haian jo bina s dak ke hi khet adi mean sugamata se chal sakati haian. inake pahiyoan par shrriankhalaoan ka patta chadha rahata hai. isake karan ye ga diyaan oob d-khab d bhoomi par chal sakati haian. in ga diyoan ka veg 30-35 mil pratighanta hota hai, parantu shrriankhala patta lagabhag dedh hajar mil ke bad kharab ho jata hai. dvitiy vishvayuddh mean char athava chhah pahiyoan ke top traiktar bane, jinamean sadharan motarakaroan ki tarah, parantu vishesh bhari, hava bhare rabar ke pahie rahate the. inamean lagabhag 100 ashvasamarthy ke ianjan rahate the aur inapar nau das tan bhar tak ki topean lad sakati thian.

13. kavachit yan (armard kar) - isake bhitar baitha sainik bandook aur raiphal ki goli se surakshit rahata hai.

navik top-t aaurapido ke avishkar ke pahale topean hi jahajoan ke mukhy ayudh hoti thian. ab top, tarapido aur havaee jahaj ye tin mukhy ayudh haian. 18vian shatabdi mean 2,000 tan ke bojh lad sakanevale jahajoan mean 100 topean lagi rahati thian. inamean se adhi bhari gole (24 se 42 pauand tak ke) chho dati thian aur shesh halke gole (6 se 12 pauand tak ke); parantu adhunik samay mean topoan ki sankhya tatha goloan ka bhar kam kar diya gaya hai aur goloan ka veg badha diya gaya hai. udaharanat: sanh‌ 1915 mean bane riveanj namak dredan aaut jati ke jahajoan mean ath topean 15 ianch bhitari vyas ki pichhe lagi thian. aisi hi char topean age aur ath bagal mean thian. inake atirikt 12 chhoti topean chhah ianch (bhitari vyas) ki thian.

topoan ka nirman-topoan, hauvitzaroan aur m aaurtaroan ki akalpanaoan (dizainoan) mean aantar rahata hai. mukhy aantar sanchhidr ke vyas aur is vyas tatha lanbaee ke anupat mean rahata hai. yantr mean jitani hi adhik barood bharani ho, yantr ki divaroan ko utana hi adhik pusht banana p data hai. isilie top usi nap ke sanchhidravale hauvitzar se bhari hoti hai. ab to uchch atati (hai teansail) ispatoan ke upalabdh rahane ke karan pusht topoan ka banana pahale jaisa kathin nahian hai, parantu ab barood ki shakti bhi badh gee hai. ab bhi topoan ki nalean than di naloan par tapt or kase khol chadhakar banaee jati haian, ya unapar ispat ka tapt tar kasakar lapeta jata hai aur is tar ke oopar ek bahari nal tapt karake chadha di jati hai. bhitari nal ati tapt ispat mean gulli (avashy hi bahut b di gulli) thoankakar banaee jati hai aur nal ko thoank pitakar uchit akriti ka kiya jata hai. isake badale veg se ghoornan karate hue saanche mean bhi kuchh nalean dhali jati haian. inamean drav ispat chhatakar b de veg se saanche ki divaroan par p data hai. yah vidhi keval chhoti topoan ke lie prayukt hoti hai. nal ke banane ke bad use b de savadhanipoorvak tapt aur thanda kiya jata hai, jisamean usapar pani chadh jay (arthath‌ vah k di ho jay), aur phir usaka pani tho da utar diya jata hai (k dapan kuchh kam kar diya jata hai), jisamean thokar khane se usake tootane ka dar n rahe. tapt aur thanda karane ke kam mean bahudha do saptah tak samay lag sakata hai, kyoanki adhunik nal 60 phut tak lanbi aur 60 tan tak bhari hoti hai. sab kam ka poora byora likha jata he, jisamean bhavishy mean anubhav se labh uthaya jay. lohe se tuk de kat katakar usaki jaanch bar-bar hoti rahati hai. aant mean nal ko mashin par chadhakar kharadate haian. phir sanchhidr mean lanbe sarpil kate jate haian. is kriya ko 'raiphaliang' kahate haian, b di top ki raiphaliang mean do tin saptah lag jate haian.

14. vi-do agniban - ye ailkohal aur drav aksijan ke jalane se chalate the aur jarmani se chho de jane par landan par pahuanchate the. pashchakhand-sab adhunik topoan mean pichhe ki or se barood bhari jati hai. isalie udhar koee aisi yukti rahati hai ki nal band ki ja sake. isaki do vidhiyaan haian-ya to dhakkan mean khandit peanch rahata hai, jise nal mean dalakar tho da sa ghumanean par dhakkan kas jata hai athava dhakkan ek bagal se khisakakar apane sthan par a jata hai aur nal ko band kar deta hai. is uddeshy se ki sandhi se barood ke jalane par utpann gaisean nikal n paean, ya to barood aur gola dhatu ke karatoos (kartrij) mean band rahata hai ya sandhi ke pas naram gaddi rahati hai, jo gaisoan ki dab se sandhi par kasakar baith jati hai.

dagane ki kriya ya to bijali se hoti hai (bahut kuchh usi tarah jaise motar ga diyoan mean petrol aur vayu ka mishran bijali se jalata hai) ya ek 'gho da' (vastut: hathau da) vishesh jvalanashil topi ko thoankata hai (bahut kuchh us prakar jaise sadharan bandookoan ke karatoos dage jate haian).

pashchabhag mean ye sab yuktiyaan pashchavalay (brich-riang) dvara ju di rahati haian. nirman ki suvidha ke lie is valay ko alag se banaya jata hai aur nal par bani choo di par kas diya jata hai. is vichar se ki kam karate-karate yahaan ka peanch dhila n p d jay, pashchavalay ko namamatr chhota banakar aur tapt karake kasa jata hai. thanda hone par yah bhag itana kas uthata hai ki khul nahian sakata.

agniban (r aauket)-agniban usi siddhaant par chalate haian jisapar dipavali par chho de janevale barood bhare ban. dvitiy vishvayuddh ke aantim varsh mean agniban bahut karyakari siddh hue. agnibanaprekshepak mean 30 agniban tin-tin ianch vyas ke lage rahate the aur pratyek mean k aaurdait namak visphotak bhara rahata tha. pratyek ke sir ka bhar 29 pauand tha. dagane par pratyek agniban 3,900 se 8,000 gaj tak ja sakata tha. pratyek bijali ke svich se daga jata tha. in svichoan ko ya to is prakar vyavasthit kiya ja sakata tha ki agniban adh-adh sekeand par apane ap chhootate rahean ya ichchhanusar kee agniban ya kul agniban ek sath hi chhootean. uchch visphotak ke is ekaek dhamake se shatru ki sena ko bhari kshati pahuanchati thi aur vah atyant bhayabhit ho jaya karati thi.

dirghaparas agniban-dvitiy mahayuddh ke aant mean jarmani ne bina manavi sanchalak ke aur bahut door tak pahuanchanevale agniban banae, jinaka nam vi-es aur vi-do p da. dekhane mean vi-ek vayuyan ke saman hota tha. isamean 130 gailan petrol ata tha aur mashin ka bhar lagabhag ek tan rahata tha. u date samay isaka veg 350 mil prati ghanta ho jata tha aur chalane mean yah bhayanak dhvani utpann karata tha. sath mean vi-do ka chitr dikhaya gaya he. isamean ailkohal aur drav aksijan ka prayog hota tha. pratyek ban mean lagabhag tin tan ailkohal aur paanch tan drav aksijan bhara rahata tha. isaka mahattam veg lagabhag 3,000 mil prati ghanta tha. yantr ki akriti sigar ki tarah hoti thi aur bina eedhann bhar lagabhag ek tan.

radar-vayuyan itane veg se chalate rahate haian ki unako top se mar girana kathin hi hota tha, parantu amariki vaijnanikoan ne radar (dr.) aur vayuyanaghatak topoan ka aisa sanbandh jo da ki top apane ap vayuyan par sadhi rahati thi. sanh‌ 1944 ke u dan bamoan par vijay isi se mili, kyoanki ye radarayukt topean lagabhag 70 pratishat aise bamoan ko mar girati thian.

bam-ye kee prakar ke hote haian. kuchh pramukh bam jo ajakal ke yuddh mean prayukt kie jate haian, nimnalikhit haian : 1. vikhandak bam 2. vidhvansak bam

15. vikhandak bam 3. agnibam 4. rasayanik bam 5. jivanu bam 6. vikiran bam

vikhandak bam-isamean vishesh prakar ke dhatu ke khokhale patr ke bhitar visphotak padarth bhara hota hai. jab yah vayuyan athava raket se girane par prithvi se takarata hai to dhamake ke sath phat jata hai aur isake tuk doan se log ghayal hote haian. kabhi-kabhi yah vayuyan se girane par prithvi se kuchh ooanchaee par hava mean hi phoot jata hai. in bamoan ka kul bhar 2 ki.gra. se lekar 50 ki.gra. tak hota hai. sadharanataya ye bam b de kshetroan mean girae jate haian.

16. vidhvansak bam - vidhvansak bam-isaka bhar 50 ki.gra. se lekar 1,000 ki.gra. tak hota hai. isamean sadharan visphotak bhara rahata he. agni bam-ye ghani abadivale shaharoan tatha b de-b de karakhanoan par girae jate haian jinase ve jalakar nasht ho jate haian. isamean ag laganevala padarth ek vishesh prakar ke prajvalak palite ke sath bhara hota hai. ag lagane ke lie phasaphoras, nepam aur tharmait ilektran jaise rasayanik yaugik prayukt kie jate haian aur tab inake nam prayukt padarth ke anusar bhi ho jate haian.

rasayanik bam-yah ek prakar ka bailoon hota hai jisaki divar patali hoti hai. yah vishaili vastuoan se bhara hua hota hai. yah bam jamin athava jamin se kuchh oopar hava mean visphot karata hai to vishaili vastuean, gais, taral ya thos jo bhi hoti haian, khol se bahar nikalakar jamin athava hava mean bikhar jati haian aur kuchh hi kshanoan mean us visphot sthal ke asapas badal ka roop dharan kar leti haian.

17. rasayanik bam - jivanu bam-isaka bhar lagabhag 75 kri.gra. tak hota hai. isamean kee kaksh hote haian. pratyek kaksh mean jivanu, rogagrast ki de athava juean bhare hote haian. bam girane par isamean laga phyooj jal uthata hai aur isi samay isake kakshoan ka dhakkn, jo kabjedar hota hai, jhatake ke sath khul jata hai aur rog phailanevale jivanu hava mean bikharakar phail jate haian. yadi is bam ke khol ka dhakkan jamin se 30 phut par khul jata hai to ye jivanu lagabhag 400 varg mitar mean phail jate haian. jis kshetr mean jivanu bam girae jate haian usamean manushy, jiv jantu aur pe d paudhe adi sabhi rog ke shikar ho sakate haian kyoanki sara vatavaran dooshit ho jata hai.

18. jivanu bam - vikiran bam-yah rasayanik bam ki tarah hota hai lekin isaka khol kuchh patala rahata hai. isake bhitar rediyamadharmi padarth visphotak padarth ke sath bhara hota hai. visphot hone par ye padarth dhool ki tarah hava mean mil jate haian jisase vahaan ki hava rediyamadharmi padarthoan se sandooshit ho jati hai. is prakar vahaan ke log rediyamadharmi vikiranajany rogoan se grast ho jate haian.

19. vikiran bam - nabhikiy bam-dr. 'paramanu bam' tatha 'haidrojan bam'.

jivanu astr-ye paramanu bam evan haidrojan bam se bhi adhik bhayanak siddh hue haian. ye aise astr haian jinhean chho dane par kisi prakar ka dhamaka nahian hota hai. jivanu astr mean rog phailanevale jivanu hote haian aur jis yuddh mean ye istemal kie jate haian vah bahut bibhats evan sanharak hota hai. pratham vishvayuddh mean yuddhabhoomi mean 51,259 amariki sainik mare the, par usake bad jivanuoan se phaili bimari se maranevaloan ki sankhya 51,447 thi. prachin kal mean log rogi ke shav ko dushmanoan ke ghere mean dal dete the taki unaki mrityu jivanuoan ke madhyam se hone lage.

jivanukarmak (rog paida karanevale jiv)-ye yuddh mean astroan ke roop mean prayukt kie jate haian aur kee prakar ke hote haian. ye manushyoan, pashuoan tatha paudhoan mean sankramak rog phailate haian. inaka prayog dushman ki yuddh karane ki kshamata ghatane ke lie hota he. ye jivanu uchit vatavaran pane par bahut kam samay mean lakhoan sainikoan ko rogagrast kar dete haian.

yuddhastr ke roop mean nana prakar ke jivanu prayog mean lae jate haian aur pratyek prakar ke jivanu alag-alag prakar ke sankramak rog phailate haian. rog phailanevale jivanuoan ke lie jin vibhinn sadhanoan ka upayog sanbhav hai unamean se kuchh sadhanoan ke nam nimnalikhit haian : 1. raket, 2. vayuyan, 3. ki de, 4. jivanu bam, 5. eyarosol, 6. misail, 7. kuean mean dalakar.

ek bar chho d die jane par ye sookshmajivi hava mean bikhar jate haian aur vayu ke sath-sath hajaroan mil ke kshetr mean phail jate haian. udaharanarth baisilaee (baiktiriya) ko eyarosol ke dvara samudratat se 240 ki.mi. ki lanbaee mean chho d diya jae to ye apane ap 1,30,800 varg ki.mi. bhoobhag mean phail jaeange. is prakar us bhoobhag mean ye jivanu rog phailate haian. aisa paya gaya hai ki astroan ke hamale se maranevale sainikoan ki apeksha in roganuoan ke sankraman se maranevale sainikoan ki sankhya adhik hoti hai. jivanuoan ke prajanan ki jo asim kshamata hai vah jivanu astroan ko aur adhik ghatak bana deti hai. yadi ye jivanu ek bar jate haian to inhean nasht karana asan nahian hota. in jivanuoan ka koee vishesh rang, svad aur gandh nahian hota. in visheshataoan ke karan jivanu astroan ka mahatv din-prati-din badhata ja raha hai.

20. eyarosol - lambaee mean chho d diya jay to ye apane ap 1,30,800 varg ki.mi. bhoobhag mean phail jaeange. is prakar us bhoobhag mean ye jivanu rog phailate hai. aisa paya gaya hai ki astroan ke hamale se marane vale sainikoan ki apeksha in roganoan ke sakramang se marane sainikoan ki sakhya adhik hoti hai. jivanuoan ke prajanan ki jo asim kshamata hai vah jivanu astroan ko aur adhik ghatak bana deti hai. yadi jivanu e bar jate haian to inhean nasht karana asan nahi hota. in jivaanuo ka koee vishesh rang svad aur gandh nahi hota. in visheshataoan ke karan jivanu astroan ka mahatv din-prati-din badhata ja raha hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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