इटली का इतिहास

itali ka itihas sanh‌ 1946 mean itali ki janata ne matadan dvara itali ko ganatantr ghoshit kiya. sanh‌ 1947 mean itali ki aseanbali ne ganatantr ka ek naya vidhan banaya jo 1 janavari, sanh‌ 1948 se lagoo hai. is vidhan mean ek keandriy sarakar, parlameant ke do sadan, ek rashtrapati jisaki padavadhi sat varsh hai, aur vayask matadhikar ki vyavastha hai. 109 ek d ki vatikan siti, arthath‌ pop ki nagari sanh‌ 1929 se hi sansar ka sabase chhota svadhin rajy hai. usake apane sikke, apane dak tikat haian; pop usake pradhan haian.

itali ko mukhy labh videshi yatriyoan se hota hai. sanri 1956 mean 70 lakh videshi yatri sair sapate ke lie itali pahuanche the. in yatriyoan se itali ko ek kharab, 54 arab liroan ka labh hua tha.

itali mean anek kshetriy boliyaan prachalit haian. in kshetriy boliyoan ke atirikt vahaan adan-pradan ki mukhy bhasha sahityik italiyaee hai. mool roop se vah itali ke ek praant tuskani ki bhasha thi jise anek lekhakoan aur kaviyoan ne sanvarakar utkrisht banaya aur jisamean daante ne apani rachanaean likhian.

sabhyata ka phoolana phalana kala ki pragati se bahut sanbandh rakhata hai aur kala par us desh ki jalavayu ka bahut gahara asar p data hai. yoorop ke kisi doosare desh ne aj tak kala aur visheshakar chitrakala mean itani kirti prapt nahian ki jitani itani ne. isaka karan yah hai ki itali mean sada saph nile asaman, khili huee dhoop aur chhitaki huee chaandani ke darshan hote haian. italivaloan ka rang vaisa hi hota hai jaisa gore rang ke bharatavasiyoan ka. unaki aankhe aur bal bharatiyoan ki hi tarah kale hote haian.

prachin itihas ke anusar navian sadi ee. poo. mean eshiya kochak ki ek riyasat lidiya ke raja atti ka beta tirahen lidiya ki adhi janasankhya ke sath jahajoan mean baithakar itali ke pashchimi kinare par utara. apane saradar ke nam par ye agantuk apane ko 'tiraheni' kahane lage. in logoan ne samudr ke kinare kee bastiyaan basaeean. tiraheni usi vakt ke the jis nasl ke vaidik ary the. tiraheniyoan ki bhasha aur sanskrit bhasha mean kaphi samy paya jata hai. tiraheni dhire dhire badhate hue itali ke latiyam praant mean, samudr se 16-17 mil door, tiber nadi ke kinare tin chhoti chhoti paha diyoan par base hue ek chhote se gaanv roma ya rom mean pahuanche. tiraheniyoan ke adhin dhire-dhire rom itali ka ek b da nagar banane laga. age chalakar is shahar ne itihas mean vah nam paya jo aj tak yoorop ke aur kisi doosare desh ko nasib nahian hua. tiraheniyoan ne rom mean joopitar (vaidik-dyaush‌pitar) ka ek vishal mandir banaya.

itihas ke lekhakoan ke anusar tisari sadi ee. poo. mean pahali bar poore desh ka nam italiya p da. italaya se hi ajakal ka itali ya itali shabd bana. italiya nam ek italiyaee shabd ke yoonani roop 'vaitaliya' se liya gaya hai jisaka arth hai 'charagah'. yoonani itali ko 'italiyamh‌' arthath‌ 'charagah' kahate the.

itali ki janasankhya mean se 97.12 pratishat log eesaee dharm ki roman kaithalik shakha ke anuyayi haian. 1901 ki janasankhya ke anusar itali mean protesteant sanpraday ke logoan ki sankhya keval 65,000 thi.

itali mean jooliyas sarizar ki bahan ke pote aur roman samrajy ke pahale samrat ogustan sizar ka shasanakal svarnayug kahalaya. usase kuchh kuchh pahale pichhe aur samakalin latini ke pramukh kavi lookreti, varjil, hores aur ovid hue. lookreti ne mrityu ke bad ke jivan ko dhokha bataya hai aur dharmik roodhiyoan ka upahas u daya hai. varjil ka kavy 'eenid' itali ka rashtriy mahakavy samajha jata hai. itali ki prashansa karate hue varjil apane is mahakavy ki panktiyoan mean likhata hai :

eeran apane suandar aur ghane vanoan sahit,
athava ganga apani jalaplavit laharoan sahit,
athava haramush nadi, jisake kanoan mean sona milata hai,
inamean se koee itali ki samata nahian kar sakate,
itali, jahaan sada basant rahata hai,
jahaan bhe dean varsh mean do bar bachche deti haian aur
jahaan vriksh varsh mean do bar phal dete haian.

jooliyas sizar ke samay ke italiyaee gady lekhakoan mean sisaroan ka nam bahut prasiddh hai. sisaroan ki bhasha mean yoonani prabhav dikhaee deta hai. sizar ki hatya ke bad sisaro ki bhi hatya kar di gee.

roman samrajy ka asar itali par p dana svabhavik tha. pahali sadi ee. ke lagabhag itali mean svatantr nagarikoan ki apeksha gulamoan ki sankhya kee guna badh gee thi. doosari sadi mean marakas auriliyas ke shasanaprabandh se itali ka rajanitik aur saanskritik hhras kuchh dinoan ke lie ruka, kiantu usaki mrityu ke bad tisari sadi ee. ka ek itihasakar likhata hai -samrajy bhar mean aur svayan itali mean shaanti aur samriddhi nam ki koee chiz nahian rah gee thi. l daiyoan, mahamariyoan aur ae din ke dushkaloan ne itali ki janasankhya ko behad kam kar diya tha. zamin ki paidavar ghat gee thi khetiyaan viran p di thian. shahar aur kasbe uj date ja rahe the. taiksoan ka bojh din-pratidin badhata ja raha tha. marakas auriliyas ki mrityu ke 200 varsh ke aandar n keval rom samrajy ke balki svayan itali ke tuk de-tuk de ho ge the. par vah kahani roman samrajy ki hai. roman samrajy ke patan ke bad se adhunik samay tak rashtr ki haisiyat se itali mean n to kabhi rajanitik ekata rahi, n svadhinata aur n sangathit rashtr. sanh‌ 476 ee. mean itali mean naya rajanitik parivartan hua. gauth aur bandal kaumoan ke logoan ne itali ki phaujoan aur rom ke darabar tak par qabza kar rakha tha. sanh‌ 475 ee. mean ek chhota sa balava hua. aantim rogi samrath jooliyas nepo gaddi se utar diya gaya. usaki jagah itali mean gauthoan ki hukoomat kayam ho gee. lagabhag 100 varshoan ke shasan ke bad sanh‌ 565 ee. mean gauthik shasan samapt hokar itali mean loanbardiyoan ka shasan praranbh hua.

sanh‌ 774 ee. mean charls mahanh‌ (sharlaman) apane shvashur aantim loanbard naresh desidarias ko padachyut kar svayan itali ka samrath ban gaya. charls ne loanbardo ki b di-b di jamiandariyaan samapt karake unhean chhoti-chhoti jamiandariyoan mean baant diya aur eesaee dharmadhyakshoan ke adhikar ko badha diya. is charls rajakul ke ath nareshoan ne sanh‌ 888 ee. tak itali par shasan kiya. 10vian shatabdi mean magayar kabile ki senaoan ne uttari itali par akraman kar usake upajaoo pradeshoan ko viran bana diya. magayaroan ke akramanoan ke bad itali par nirantar uttar se hoonoan ke aur dakshin se araboan ke akraman hote rahe. 10vian shatabdi ke aant mean itali ke dharmacharyoan ke agrah par jarmani ke saiksan samrath otto ne itali par vidhivath‌ jarman satta ki ghoshana kar di. tab se 15vian shatabdi ke aant tak jarmani ke badalate hue rajagharane itali ke samrath banate rahe.

15vian shatabdi ke aant mean alp kal ke lie itali videshi shasan se mukt hua, kiantu 16vian shatabdi ke aranbh mean vah phir yooropiy rajaniti ke shikanje mean jak d gaya. speni satta apane charam utkarsh par thi. phraans ke sath usake yuddh chal rahe the. spen, phras aur astriya tinoan mean rom ke pradeshoan par adhikar karane ke lie pratispardha chalane lagi. yah sthiti nepoliyan ke akraman ke samay tak bani rahi.

18 mee, sanh‌ 1804 ee. mean nepoliyan ne itali ke oopar adhipaty ki ghoshana ki aur 26 mee, 1805 ee. ko milan ke girajaghar mean nepoliyan ne itali ke loanbard nareshoan ka lauhamukut dharan kiya.

itali ke oopar nepoliyan ka shasan yadyapi kshanik raha, phir bhi nepoliyan ke shasan ne italivaloan mean ek rashtr ki aisi bhavana bhar di aur unamean aisa sangathan aur anushasan paida kar diya jo unhean nirantar svadhin hone ki prerana deta raha. nee sandhi ke anusar itali ke oopar astriya ka sanrakshan lad diya gaya. aandar hi aandar is sanrakshan ko hatane ke prayatn hote rahe.

sanh‌ 1831 ee. mean itali ke prasiddh deshabhakt josaf matsini ne marseee mean nirvasit italiyan deshabhaktoan ki ek 'jiovane italia' (naujavane italia) namak sanstha ka nirman kiya jisaka uddeshy itali ko svadhin karana tha.

mastini ki svadhinata ki ghoshana ko aprail, sanh‌ 1846 mean janaral garibaldi ne moort roop diya. garibaldi ke netritv mean hajaroan naujavanoan ne phreanch, speni, astriyaee aur nepulsi senaoan ka virata ke sath samana kiya. yadyapi deshabhaktoan ki sena char-char videshi senaoan ke samane n thahar saki aur garibaldi ko matribhoomi chho d amarika mean sharan leni p di, phir bhi is asaphal svadhinatasangram ne italiyaee janata ki deshabhakti ki akaanksha atyadhik badha di.

10 varsh bad 11 mee, sanh‌ 1859 ko garibaldi chune hue deshabhaktoan ke sath amarika se apani matribhoomi lauta. usane janata ki sahayata se pahale sisali par adhikar kiya. sisali vijay ke bad 20 hajar sena ke sath garibaldi ne dakshin itali mean pravesh kiya. 18 pharavari, sanh‌ 1860 ko itali ki nee parlameant ki baithak huee aur vidhivath‌ viktar imanual ko itali ka raja ghoshit kar diya gaya.

sanh‌ 1914-18 ke vishvayuddh mean itali mitrarashtroan ke paksh mean agast, sanh‌ 1916 mean yuddh mean sharik hua. us samay vishvayuddh mean itali ke chhah lakh sainik maidan mean kam ae aur lagabhag 10 lakh buri tarah jakhmi hue. mahayuddh ke bad rajanitik paristhitiyoan ne aisa roop dharan kiya ki 30 aktoobar, sanh‌ 1922 ko itali mean musolini ke netritv mean phasist satta ke mantrimandal ki sthapana huee.

doosare vishvayuddh mean itali ne dhurirashtroan ka sath diya. mitrarashtroan ki vijay ke pashchath‌ itali se phasist satta ka aant hua.

san.gran.-dablyoo.dablyoo. phaular : rom; je. treveliyan : e shart histri aauv di italiyan pipul (1936); je.e. saimand : renesaan in itaili (1875); dablyoo.ar. theyar : dan aauv itailiyan iandipeandeans (1893); voltan kiang : histri aauv itailiyan yooniti (1899); el. vilari : d avekaniang aauv itali (1924); enasaiklopidiya britainika (lekh-itali) adi. (vi.na.paan.)

apil ki adalat dvara ghoshana kar die jane par ki 2 joon, 1946 ee. ko hue matadan mean bahumat ne desh mean ganatantr shasan ki sthapana ke paksh mean mat diya, itali 10 joon, 1946 ee. ko ganatantr rashtr ke roop mean pratishthit ho gaya. 18 joon ko tatkalin asthayi sarakar ne 'ardar aauv d de' namak ek patrak jari karake kanooni tatha sarakari bayanoan evan kagaj patroan mean pahale se chale a rahe sabhi samrajyaparak sandarbhoan tatha avasheshoan ko poornat: samapt karane ki ajna di; yahaan tak ki itali ke rashtradhvaj par bane 'haus aauv sevay' ki dhal (shild) ke chihn ko bhi hata diya gaya. is prakar lagabhag gat paune das shatabdiyoan se chale a rahe itali mean ekatantr shasan ka aant ho gaya.

sanvidhan sabha ne 22 disanbar, 1947 ko naya sanvidhan 62 ke mukabile 453 matoan se parit kar diya aur 1 janavari, 1948 ko yah sanvidhan lagoo ho gaya. isamean 139 anuchchhed tatha 18 sankramanakalin dharaean haian.

sanvidhan mean itali ka ullekh shram par adhrit janataantrik ganatantr ke roop mean kiya gaya hai. sansadh ke aantargat pratiniyuktoan (diptiyoan) ka sadan tatha sinet haian. sadan ke sadasyoan ka chunav prati paanchavean varsh vayask matadhikar ke madhyam se pratyaksh nirvachan paddhati dvara kiya jata hai. dipti ke pad ke pratyashi ko kam se kam 25 varsh ka hona chahie. usaka nirvachan matadan dvara 80,000 vyakti karate haian. sinet ke sadasyoan ka chunav chhah varsh ke lie kshetriy adhar par kiya jata hai. pratyek kshetr mean kam se kam chhah sinetar chune jate haian aur har ek sinetar do lakh matadataoan ka pratinidhitv karata hai. kiantu val d'osta kshetr se keval ek hi sinetar ka nirvachan hota hai. rashtrapati paanch aise vyaktiyoan ko jivan bhar ke lie sinet ke sadasy manonit kar sakata hai jo samajavijnan, kala, sahity adi ke kshetr mean prakhyat evan jane mane hoan. karyakal samapt ho jane par itali ka rashtrapati jivan bhar ke lie sinet ka sadasy ban jata hai kiantu yah tabhi jab vah sadasy banane se inakar n kare. sadan tatha sinet ke sanyukt adhiveshan mean do tihaee bahumat se rashtrapati ka nirvachan kiya jata hai kiantu yah tabhi jab vah sadasy banane se inakar n kare. sadan tatha sinet ke sanyukt adhiveshan mean do tihaee bahumat se rashtrapati ka nirvachan kiya jata hai jisamean pratyek kshetriy parishadh se tin-tin sadasy bhi matadan karate haian (val d'osta keval ek) kiantu tin bar matadan ke bad bhi yadi rashtrapati pad ke kisi bhi ummidavar ko do tihaee mat nahian mil pate to poorn bahumat panevale pratyashi ko rashtrapati chun liya jata hai. rashtrapati ki ayu 50 varsh se oopar rahati hai. usaka karyakal sat varsh ka hota hai. sinet ka adhyaksh rashtrapati ke dipti ki haisiyat se kary karata hai. rashtrapati sansadh ke sadanoan ka vighatan kar sakata hai lekin karyakal samapti ke poorv ke chhah mahinoan mean use yah adhikar nahian rahata.

itali mean 15 nyayadhishoan ka ek sanvaidhanik nyayalay hota hai jisake paanch nyayadhishoan ko rashtrapati, paanch ko sansadh (donoan sadanoan ke sanyukt adhiveshan mean) tatha paanch ko desh ke sarvochch nyayalay (vidhi tatha prashasan sanbandhi) niyukt karate haian. itali ke sanvaidhanik nyayalay ko lagabhag vaise hi adhikar prapt haian, jaise amarika ke sarvochch nyayalay ko.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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