उदारतावाद

udaratavad shabd ka prayog, sadharanataya, vyapak roop se many, kuchh rajanitik tatha arthik siddhaantoan, sath hi, rajanitik karyoan bauddhik aandolanoan ka bhi parinam hai jo 16vian shatabdi se hi samajik jivan ke sangathan mean vyakti ke adhikaroan ke paksh mean, usake svatantr acharan par pratibandhoan ke viruddh, karyashil rahe haian. 1689 mean lak ne likha, 'kisi ko bhi any ke svasthy, svatantrata ya sanpatti ko hani nahian pahuanchani chahie.' amariki svatantrata ke ghoshanapatr (1776) ne aur bhi prerak shabdoan mean 'jivan, svatantrata tatha sukhaprapti ke prayatn' ke prati manav ke adhikaroan ka ailan kiya hai. is siddhaant ko phraans ke 'manav adhikaroan ke ghoshanapatr' (1971) ne yah ghoshit kar aur bhi sanpusht kiya ki apane adhikaroan ke sanbandh mean manushy svatantr tatha saman paida hota hai, saman adhikar rakhata hai. udaratavad ne in vicharoan ko grahan kiya, parantu vyavahar mean bahudha yah aspasht tatha atmavirodhi ho gaya, kyoanki udaratavad svayan aspasht pad hone se aspasht vicharoan ka dyotak hai. 19vian shatabdi mean udaratavad ka abhootapoorv utkarsh hua. jo bhi ho, rashtriyavad ke sahayog se isane itihas ka punanirman kiya. yadyapi yah aspasht tha tatha isaka vyavaharik roop sthan-sthan par badalata rah, isaka arth, sadharanataya, pragatishil hi raha. navean pop piyas ne jab 1846 ee. mean apane ko 'udar' ghoshit kiya to usaka vaisa hi asar hua jaisa aj kisi pop dvara apane ko kamyunist ghoshit karane ka ho sakata hai.

19vian shatabdi ke tin pramukh aandolan rashtriy svatantrata, vyaktigat svatantrata tatha vargasvatantrata ke lie hue. rashtriyavadi, jo manch par pahale ae, videshi shasan se mukti chahate the. udaratavadi apani hi rashtriy sarakaroan ke hastakshep se mukti chahate the. samajavadi kuchh der bad sakriy hue. ve is bat ka ashvasan chahate the ki shasan ka sanchalan sanpattishali varg ke hitasadhan ke lie n ho. udaratavadi aandolan ke yahi tin pramukh sootr the jinhean bahudha bhavanaoan evan nitiyoan ki akarshak ulajhanoan mean to d maro dakar bat liya jata tha. ye sabhi sootr, pramukhat: mahanh‌ phraansisi rajyakraanti (1789-94) ki bhavanaoan aur roosoan jaise mahapurushoan ke vicharoan ki galat sahi vyakhyaoan se anupranit the.

is prakar, udaratavad, bhinn prasangoan mean bhinn-bhinn arth rakhata tha. kiantu sarvatr ek dharana saman thi, ki samantavadi vyavastha ke anivary roop samaj ke abhijat netritv sanbandhi vichar ukha d pheanke jaean. nav abhijat varg-madhy varg-vikasashil audyogik keandroan ke majadoor varg ke sahayog se is kraanti ko sanpann kare. (madhy varg dhanoparjan ke nimitt rajanitik tatha arthik svatantrata chahata tha. isi bich audyogik kraanti ki pragati ne aise dhanoparjan ke lie abhootapoorv avasar prastut kar die.) bad mean isake sahayogi majadoor varg, jo samajik svatantrata tatha utpadit dhan par samaj ka samoohik svatv chahate the, alag ho jaean. kiantu abhi unhean ek sath rahana tha. ni:sandeh unake mool vichar, kuchh aansh tak, ek doosare se prabhavit the, paraspar nibaddh.

19vian shatabdi ke samooche poorvardh mean yoorop ke unnat deshoan ke vyapari arthik udataratavad mean vishvas rakhate the jisake anusar vyapar mean aniyantrit pratispardha hi sarvottam evan sabase adhik nyayayukt paddhati mani jati thi. isake siddhaantoan ka pratipadan pahale aidam smith (1723-90) ne apani 'rashtroan ka dhan' (d velth aauv neshans) namak pustak mean, phir phraans mean phiziyokraitoan evan unake anuyayiyoan ne kiya. vyaktigat vyapariyoan tatha vyaktigat rajyoan ki is aniyantrit pratispardha ka parinam, kuchh samay ke lie, atyadhik labhakar hi hua, yadyapi yah labh avikasit videshoan ke svarth tatha svadesh krishi ko hani pahuanchakar hua.

19vian shatabdi ke madhy mean iglaiand ke udaratavadi, purane 'hvig' dal ke uttaradhikari hote hue bhi, nagarik tatha dharmik svatantrata ke paranparagat upasak abhijatyoan se poornataya bhinn the. ianglaiand mean to pahale 'udar' shabd se kuchh videshi abhas bhi paya jata tha, kyoanki isaka spasht sanbandh phraans tatha spen ke kraantikari aandolanoan se tha. kiantu 1830 ke pashchath‌ lard jan rasel ke samay se, is shatabdi ke uttarardh mean glaidstan ke samay tak, yah shabd ianglaiand mean bhi chaloo ho gaya tatha sammanit mana jane laga. jan stuart mil ki prasiddh pustika 'svatantrata' dvara ise saiddhaantik maryada bhi mili. isase is vichar ne prashray paya ki manav vyaktitv moolyavanh‌ hai aur ki, achchhi athava buri, sabhi prakar ke rajy niyantran se mukt vyaktigat shakti ka svatantr acharan hi pragati ka mool karan hai.

rajanitik kshetr mean isaki upalabdhi vaidhanikata tatha sansadiy lokasatta ki disha mean huee aur arthik kshetr mean svatantr vyapar (lese feyar) ne nakaratmak karyakram mean, jisaki manyata yah thi ki kary praranbh karane ka adhikar rajyaniyantran se nirbandh vyakti ko hi prapt hai. kiantu samajik avashyakataoan ne parivartan anivary kar diya. je.es. mil ne udaratavadi vicharadhara ko aur bhi vyapak banaya, jisake aantargat ab rajy lokahit mean niyantran lagane ke adhikar se vanchit nahian raha. prachin kattar vyaktivadi vicharadhara ko adhikaansh tiraskrit kar diya gaya. el.ti. habahaus tatha je.e. habasan ki rachanaoan mean samajavadi prabhav, visheshakar phebiyanoan ka, spasht lakshit hone laga, jo svayan udar vicharadhara ke oopar ti.ech. grin jaise poorvavarti lekhakoan ke prabhav ka parichayak tha. aur ab vyaktivad evan samajavad ke bich ek asantulan sthapit ho gaya hai.

udaratavad ki do vicharadharaoan ke bich phans jane ke karan idhar bhavishy ka usaka marg kuchh spasht nahian hai. samay-samay par isane apani sajivata ka parichay diya hai. jaise, briten, mean 1906-11 ke bich, jab roodh udaratavad ke virodh ke bavajood samajik bima se sanbandhit kanoon bana dala gaya, athava,dvitiy mahayuddh ke bad bhi, jab viliyam bevarij ne ek lokahitakari rajy ki rooparekha taiyar kar dali. kiantu janashakti ko prabhavit karane mean udaratavad ni:shakt hai, is disha mean isi asaphalata anek bad pramanit ho chuki hai. jarmani mean natsivad ke samane isaki bhayankar asaphalata siddh ho chuki hai. vastut: pun: sangathan ke lie janata mean utsah utpann kar use sangathit kar sakane mean isaki bhayankar ayogyata pramanit huee hai. samajik pragati ke sath udaratavad dag nahian bhar saka. phir bhi isake mool siddhaant anusandhan tatha vichar ki svatantrata, bhashan evan vicharavinimay ki svatantrata abhi bhi apekshit haian, kyoanki inake bina tarkasammat vichar tatha kary sanbhav nahian ho sakate.

udasi (1) virakt, udasin, prapanchoan ke oopar (uth‌) baitha hua (asin), tyagi purush; (2) sannyasi; (3) nanakashahi sadhuoan ka ek bhed. udasi sanpraday ke anuyayiyoan ka vishvas hai ki usaka mool pravartan oankar se hua tha aur usase 73vian pidhi mean udasi shrichand ji hue jinhoanne isako vishesh roop se sangathit aur suvyavasthit kiya. ye guru nanakadev ke putr the aur inhoanne ne apane sudirgh kal ke virakt jivan mean adhikatar kadachith‌ nagn vesh mean hi bhraman karate hue isaka prachar kiya. udasi log inaki 16vian pidhi mean banakhandi ji (sanh‌ 1763-1863) ka hona batalate haian jinhoanne sanh‌ 1823 ee. mean siandh ke aantargat sadhubela tirth ki sthapana ki. tab se vah inaka pradhan keandr ban gaya aur pichhe siandh ke pakistan mean p d jane ke karan banakhandi ji ki chauthi pidhi mean vartaman sadhu ganeshadas ji ne sanh‌ 1949 mean use kashi ke bhadaini muhalle mean sthanaantarit kar diya. sanpraday ke anuyayi vishesh kar siandh aur panjab mean hi pae jate rahe haian. uttar pradesh mean inake pramukh sthan haridvar, kashi evan vriandavan mean haian. isaki ek upashakha ka pashchimi bihar ke aantargat 'bhaktigiri' nam se paya jana bhi kaha jata hai jisaka poora vivaran upalabdh nahian hai. ujjain mean bhi isake anuyayiyoan ka ek akha da hai aur ek doosare ka thhrayanbak nasik mean bhi hona kaha jata hai kiantu aise keandroan mean pray: kuanbh ke hi samay vishesh jagriti raha karati hai.

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