उद्योग में एल्कोहल

udyog mean elkohal udyog mean methil tatha ethil elkohal ka pramukh sthan hai. kuchh samay pahale tak vyaparik matra mean methil ailkohal keval lak di ke shushk asavan dvara hi prapt kiya jata tha. is vidhi mean lak di ko lohe ke b de-b de bakayantroan (rit aaurtoan) mean, jinamean shitak lage rahate haian, hava ki anupasthiti mean 500° seantigred par garm karane se nimnalikhit padarth banate haian :

(k) kasht gaians yah gaisoan ka mishran tatha ek upayogi eedhann hai. isamean mithen, karban monoksaid aur haidrojan ki matra adhik tatha ethen, athilin aur aisitilin ki matra kam hoti hai.

(kh) ek drav-srav (distilet) jo sthir hone par do paratoan mean alag ho jata hai. ooparavale drav parat ko pairoliganas aml kahate hai; isamean aisitik aml 10% tak, methil ailkohal 2 se 4% tak tatha any padarth, jaise aisiton adi ati nyoona matra mean hote haian. niche ki kali parat ko kasht tarakol kahate haian; isamean phinol shreni ke tatha kuchh doosare yaugik rahate haian.

(g) lak di ka koyala jo bakayantroan se bach rahata hai.

pairoliganas aml mean se aml kailsiyam aisitet ke roop mean alag kar liya jata hai; ab jo drav bach rahata hai usamean se choone ki bari dvara aisiton alag kar lete haian. is kasht spirit mean shuddh methil ailkohal 70 se 80% tak hota hai. is vidhi mean vyay adhik tatha ailkohal ki prapti kam hoti hai. at: udyog ke lie ailkohal sanshleshan vidhi dvara taiyar karate haian. pachas ya isase adhik vayumandal dab par jal-gais ko kisi upayukt utprerak (ziank aksaid+kromiyam aksaid; ya ziank aksaid+tamr aksaid) ke sath 400° sean. par garm karane se methil ailkohal banata hai.

methil ailkohal tivr vishaila padarth hai. at: isaka mukhyatam upeyag ethil ailkohal ko apey banane ke lie hota hai. lah aur rezin ke lie, jinaka upayeg varnish tatha p aaulish ke udyog mean hota hai yah ek upayukt vileyak hai. isaka aksikaran karane se pharmailildaimain, kritrim rang, aushadhi tatha sugandhit padarthoan ke nirman mean bhi isaka adhik upayog hota hai.

ethil ailkohal - isako taiyar karane ki do vibhinn vidhiyaan haian :

(1) sanshleshan vidhi - ethilin gais ko saandr salfyoorik aml mean shoshit karane se ethil haidrojan salfet banata hai jo jal ke sath ubalane par uddhighatit (haidrolaiz) hokar ethil ailkohal deta hai. is vidhi ka prachalan abhi adhik nahian hai.

(2) kinvikaran vidhi - isake dvara kisi bhi shakkaramay padarth (ganne ki shakkar, glookos, shora, mahue ka phool adi) ya starchamay padarth (aloo, chaval, jau, makee adi) se ailkohal vyaparik matra mean banate haian. sadharanat: ailkohal shire se, jo shakkar aur chukandar ke miloan mean vyarth bacha padarth hai, banaya jata hai. shire mean lagabhag 30 se 35 pratishat tak ganne ki shakkar tatha lagabhag itana hi glukos aur phruanktos ghula rahata hai. shore mean itana hi jal milaya jata hai jitane se usaka apekshik ghanatv 1.03 se lekar 1.04 tak ho jata hai. jivanuoan tatha any anavashyak kinvoan ki vriddhi rokane ke lie is ghol mean salfyoorik aml ki kuchh booandean dal dete haian. ab isamean tho da sa yist dalakar ise 30°-40° seantigred tap par rakh dete haian. lagabhag 40-50 ghantoan mean kinvikaran samapt ho jata hai. is prakar se shire ki lagabhag 95% shakkar vichchhinn hokar ailkohal aur karban-dai-aksaid mean parivartit ho jati hai.

starchamay padarthoan ko pahale chhote-chhote tuk de kar ya pani ke sath pisakar tapt bhap mean ubalate haian. starchamay padarth leee ki tarah ho jata hai; ise halava (aangreji mean maish) kahate haian. maish mean tho da malt nishkarsh milakar 55°-60° seantigred tap par rakh dete haian. malt nishkarsh mean vidyaman dayastes-eanzaim dvara starch ka udvighatan hokar maltos banata hai. is kriya mean lagabhag adh ghanta lagata hai aur jo drav is prakar milata hai use kvath (aangreji mean vart) kahate haian. kvath ko ubalakar isamean vidyaman dayastes ko nasht kar dete haian; ise 20° sean. tap tak thanda kar isamean yist dalate haian aur phir ise 20°-37° sean. ke bich rakh chho date haian. yist mean vidyaman maltes-eanzaim maltos ko udvighatit kar glookos mean parivartit karata hai. is glookos ko phir zaimes-eanzaim dvara vighatit kar elkohal prapt karate haian. is prakar se elkol banane mean 3-4 din lagate haian.

kinvikaran ke bad jo drav milata hai use dhovan (vash) kahate haian; isamean elkohal lagabhag 10-15% tak hota hai; isaka prabhajit asavan karane par jo drav milata hai usamean lagabhag 95.6% elkohal hota hai; isako rektifayad sparit kahate haian. prabhajit asavan ke lie kee prakar ke bhabhake upayog mean ate haian. bharat tatha ianglaiand mean k aauphe bhabhake ka adhik prachalan hai; isake dvara ek hi bar mean asavan se rektifayad spirit prapt ki jati hai. is gailan shire se lagabhag 0.4 gailan rektifayad spirit prapt hota hai. is rektifayad spirit mean elkohal ke atirikt tho di matra mean aisiteldihaid, glisarin, sakasinik aml aur fyoozel tel ashuddhi ke roop mean rahate haian. in ashuddhiyoan ko alag karane ke lie isako pahale lak di ke koyale ke chhanne dvara chhanate haian aur phir prabhajit asavan dvara pratham, dvitiy aur aantim srav-aansh prat karate haian jinamean kramash: aisitaildihaid, rektifayad spirit tatha fyoozel tel rahata hai.

rektifayad spirit se jalarahit vishuddh ailkohal banane ki sadharan vidhi yah hai ki isamean tho da bari ka choona dal dete haian; ek do din ke bad ailkohal ko nitharakar asavan patr mean rakhakar sodiyam ya kailsiyam ke taze kate chhote-chhote tho de se tuk de dalakar ise turant asavit karate haian. grahak patr mean hava se jalavashp n ja sake isake lie usamean kailsiyam kloraid se bhari huee ek nali laga di jati hai. vyaparik vidhi mean rektifayad spirit mean beanzin milakar beanzin, ailkohal aur jal tinoan ke samakvathi tray-mishran ko garm karate haian. ailkohal mean jitana jal rahata hai vah sab is tray-mishran ke roop mean 64.9° sean. tak bahar nikal jata hai. mishran mean ab keval beanzin aur ailkohal rah jata hai. is dvay-mishran ke 68.3° sean. par asavit hokar nikal jane par vishuddh ailkohal 78.3 sean. par asavit hota hai.

sadharanat: pey ailkohal par bhari kar lagaya jata hai. udyogavistar ke lie audyogik ailkohal ka sasta milana avashyak hai. isalie usapar kar ya to nahian lagata hai ya bahut kam. log use pi sakean, is uddeshy se pratyek desh mean karamukt ailkohal mean kuchh aise vishaile aur asvasthyakar padarthoan ko milate haian jisase vah apey ho jae kiantu any karyoan anupayukt n hone pae. adhikaansh deshean mean rektifayad spirit mean 5 se 10 pratishat tak methil ailkohal aur 0.5% piridin mila dete haian aur use methileted spirit kahate haian. methil ailkohal ke karan hi methileted spirit nam p da hai. kiantu ajakal bahut se vikrit ailkohaloan mean methil ailkohal bilkul nahian rahata. bharat mean vikrit spirit mean sadharanat: 0.5% piridin aur 0.5% patala rabar srav rahata hai.

sabhi prakar ki madira mean ethil ailkohal hota hai. kuchh prachalit asut (distild) madiraoan ke nam hviski, braandi, ram jin aur b aaudaka haian. inako kramanusar jau, aangur, shira, makee aur nivarika se banate haian aur inamean ailkohal kramanusar 40, 40, 40, 35-40 aur 45 pratishat hota hai. viyar, vain, shaipen, port, sheri aur saidar kuchh mukhy nirasut madiraean haian; viyar jau se tatha aur sab doosari sab aangoor se banaee jati haian; inamean ailkohal ki matra 3 se 20 pratishat tak hoti hai.

madira tatha any ailkohaliy dravoan mean ailkohal ki matra jnat karane ki vidhi ko ailkohalamiti kahate haian. isake lie ek talika taiyar kar li jati hai jisamean vibhinn apekshik ghanatvoan ke ailkohalaliy dravoan mean vibhinn tapoan par ailkohal ki pratishat matra di rahati hai. ajnat ailkohaliy drav ka apekshik ghanatv haidromitar se tatha tap tapamapi se jnat kar talika ki sahayata se us drav mean upasthit ailkohal ki pratishat matra jnat kar li jati hai. kar lagane ki suvidha ke lie ek nishchit pratishat ke ailkohaliy drav ko pramanik man liya gaya hai; isako proof spirit kahate haian; isamean matra ke anusar 49.3% tatha ayatan ke anusar 57.1% ailkohal rahata hai. any ailkohaliy dravoan ki saandrata proof spirit ke adhar par vyakt ki jati hai.

ailkohaliy vinvikaran mean ailkohal ke atirikt nimnalikhit moolyavanh‌ padarth bhi utpad (baee pr aaudakt) ke roop mean prapt hote haian :

1. karban dai-aksaid - kinvikaran ke samay yah gais adhik matra mean nikalati hai. sadharanat: ise thanda kar thos mean parivartit karake shushk him ke nam se bajar mean bechate haian. isaka upayog bahut thandak paida karane ke lie hota hai.

2. ergal ya tartar - shakkarayukat padarthoan ka kinvikaran jis patr mean hota hai usaki bhitari divaroan par ek matamail rang ki k di pap di jam jati hai. isako ergal ya tartar kahate haian. isamean mukhy roop se potaishiyam haidrojan tarataret rahata hai jisase taratarik aml adhik matra mean banaee jati hai.

3. vash ke asavan ke pratham aansh aisitaildihaid tatha doosare u danashil estar hote haian.

4. fyoozel tel - yah adhik anubharavale aiklakohaloan ka mishran hota hai. isamean se aiso amail ailkohal ko prabhalit asavan dvara prithakh‌ kar lete haian, kyoanki yah ek uttam vileyak hai.

5. nirjiv dhovan - asavan dvara ailkahal ko dhovan (vash) mean se alag karane ke bad jo shesh drav talachhat ke roop mean bach rahata hai use nirjiv dhovan kahate haian. starchamay padarthoan ki charbi tatha protin ka adhikaansh bhag avighatit roop mean nirjiv dhovan mean rahata hai, isalie yah janavaroan ke paushtik chare ke lie upayog mean ata hai.

udyog mean ethil ailkohal ki upayogita isaki atyuttam vileyak shakti ke karan hai. isaka upayog varnish, palish, davaoan ke ghol tatha nishkarsh, eethar, klorofarm, kritrim rang, paradarshak sabun, itr tatha phal ki sugandhoan ka nishkarsh aur any rasayanik yaugik banane mean hota hai. pine ke lie vibhinn madiraoan ke roop mean, ghavoan ko dhone mean jivanunashak ke roop mean tatha prayogashala mean gholak ke roop mean isaka upayog hota hai. pine ko aushadhiyoan mean yah dala jata hai aur mare hue jivoan ko sanrakshit rakhane mean bhi isaka upayog hota hai. rean aisitet udyog ke lie aisitik aml ki poorti maianganiz paraksaid tatha salfyoorik aml ki upasthiti mean ailkohal ka aksikaran karake hoti hai, kyoanki yah kriya shighr hoti hai aur isase aisitik aml tatha aisitaildihaid prapt hote haian. spirit laianp tatha stov mean aur motar ianjanoan mean petrol ke sath isako eedhann ke roop mean jalate haian. isake adhik u danashil n hone ke karan motar ko chalane mean kathinaee n ho is uddeshy se isamean 25% eethar ya petrol milate haian.

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