उपनिवेश

upanivesh (kaloni) kisi rajy ke bahar ki us doorasth basti ko kahate haian jahaan us rajy ki janata nivas karati hai. kisi poorn prabhusatta sanpann rajy (savaren stet) ke logoan ke any desh ki sima mean jakar basane ke sthan ke lie bhi is shabd ka prayog hota hai. is arth mean adhikatar yooropiy deshoan ke 'upanivesh' landan mean sthit haian. parantu sadharanat: adhik sankuchit arth mean hi is shabd ka prayog hota hai, visheshakar nimnalikhit dashaoan mean : (k) ek rajy ke nivasiyoan ki apane rajy ko bhaugolik simaoan ke bahar any sthan par basi basti ko tab tak upanivesh kahate haian, jab tak vah sthan us rajy ke hi prashasakiy kshetr mean ata ho, athava (kh) koee svatantr rashtr, jo kisi any (pradhan) rashtr ki rashtriyata, prashasan, tatha arthik ekata se ghanisht sanbandh rakhata ho. udaharanarth, pratham shreni ke aantargat tyootanik upanivesh haian jo baltik praantoan mean sthit haian tatha isi prakar ke upanivesh balakan prayadvip mean bhi haian. doosari shreni ke upanivesh-aur yahi adhik prachalit prayog hai-aphrika athava astreliya mean aangrejoan ke haian.

upanivesh banane athava basane ki pravritti tatha dhang anek prakar ke haian, jaise, rajy ki sima badhane ka lobh, vyapar badhane ki ichchhaean, dhanavriddhi ka lobh, dushkar kary karane ki pravritti, badhati huee janansakhya ke bhar ko kam karane ki ichchha, rajanitik padalolupata, vivashata, vidrohiyoan ko desh se door rakhane pradhanat: saanghatik evan bhishan aparadhiyoan ko desh se nishkasit karane ki avashyakata adi mukhy karan hi upaniveshavad ko protsahan dete rahe haian. sadharan roop mean yah ek pravasi pravritti ka hi vikasit roop hai tatha upanivesh ko ek prakar se pravasiyoan ka sthayi tatha vyavasthit roop kaha ja sakata hai.

itihas-upaniveshoan ki sthapana ne vibhinn samayoan evan kshetroan mean vibhinn roop dharan kie haian. phinishiyaiyoan dvara bhoomadhyasagar ke tatavarti bhagoan mean sthapit upanivesh apani matribhooti ke vyaparakeandroan ke roop mean kary karate the. vibhinn grik samudayoan ko upanivesh ki sthapana karane ke lie arthik samasyaoan ne badhy kiya jo ab, etheans ke upananiveshoan ko chho dakar, matribhoomi se svatantr the. rom ne samrajyaraksha ke lie apane nagarikoan ke chhote-chhote upaniveshoan ki sthapana vijit videshiyoan ke bich ki thi. dakshin poorvi eshiya ke bhoobhag bharatiy bastiyoan se bhare p de the, kiantu hiandeshiya ais kshetr, jo kisi samay brihadh bharat ke aang the, matribhoomi svatantr the.

14vian shatabdi tatha usake anantar yoorop eshiya se age badh gaya tatha vanijy evan anveshan dvara atalaantik, hiand aur prashaant mahasagaroan ke ar par usane apana adhikar badha liya. 16vian shatabdi mean madhy tatha dakshin amarika mean spen ke samrajy ki sthapana huee. purtagal ne brajil, bharat ke pashchimi samudratat tatha masaloanvale poorvi dvipasamoohoan mean apana adda jamaya. inhian ka anukaran kar, phraans, ianglaiand evan halaiand ne uttari amarika tatha pashchimi dvipasamooh mean upaniveshoan ki tatha aphrika ke samudratat par, bharat tatha dakshin-poorvi eshiya mean vyaparik keandroan ki sthapana ki. deenamark tatha svidan nivasi bhi, in logoan se pichhe nahian rahe. kiantu mukhy aupaniveshik shaktiyaan ianglaiand, phraans tatha halaiand ki hi siddh huee. in tinoan ke samrajy mean 'soory kabhi nahian ast hota tha' tatha eshiya aur aphrika, manav sabhyata ke adi desh, ke adhikaansh bhagoan par, inaka adhikar ho gaya.

audyogik kraanti tatha arthik ritiyoan ke navinatam roopoan ke dhooandh nikalane ke sath hi pashchim ke rashtroan mean samrajy ke lie chhina-jhapati chalati rahi. yah ek lanbi kahani hai, jisaka varnan yahaan nahian kiya ja sakata. kiantu isak jnan avashyak hai ki jahaan kahian bhi vistar ki sanbhavana thi, pooanjivad apane ne samrajyavadi roop mean samane aya. isalie jarmani, 19vian shatabdi ke uttarardh mean, sansar mean apane astitv ke lie bhoomi chahata tha, arthath‌ doosare shabdoan mean, upanivesh ki loot-khasot mean hissa bantana chahata tha. itali ne bhi is dau d mean bhag liya. roos, sare uttari tatha madhy eshiya mean phailakar, briten ko bhayabhat karane laga. sanyukt amarika tak pratyaksh roop se, jaise filipaians mean tatha any bahut se kshetroan par, apratchaksh roop se shasan karane laga. japan ne pashchimi samrajyavadiyoan se shiksha prapt ki tatha pahale koriya phir sanpoorn poorvi eshiya par, apana adhipaty sthapit karana chaha. mahanh‌ desh bharat, jo aangrejoan ke pratyaksh adhikar mean tha, tatha chin, jo namamatr ke lie svatantr kiantu vastut: kee shaktiyoan ki gulami mean jak da hua tha, upanivesh pratha ke moort udaharan haian. itihas ke is roop ki any visheshataean aphrika ke bhitari bhagoan mean pravesh, labhadayak dasavyapar ki vibhishika, usaki bhoomi ka bantavara aur pratispardha, samrajyavadiyoan dvara usake sadhanoan ka nirday shoshan adi hai.

isamean koee sandeh nahian ki bhaugolik anusandhan tatha upaniveshoan ki sthapana ke lie bahut se logoan mean dussahasik kary ke prati anurag tatha isaki kshamata avashyak thi, kiantu upaniveshasthapan ke pichhe dussahas hi pramukh shaktisrot ke roop mean nahian tha. vyaparik labh sabase b da karan tha tatha rajyavistar ke sath vyapar ka vistar hone ke karan kshetriy vijay avashyak thi. bahudha doorasth upaniveshoan ke lie yoorop mean yuddh hote the. is tarah halaiand ne purtagal ko dakshin poorvi eshiya ke poorvi dvipasamooh se nikal bahar kiya. ianglaiand ne kainada, bharat tatha any sthanoan se phraans ko nikal bahar kiya. jarman yuddhavisheshajn phan moltake ne ek bar kaha tha, poorvi bajar ne itani shakti sanchit kar li hai ki vah yuddh mean sainy sanchalan karane mean bhi samarth hai. jab maiksim dvara bandook ka prasiddh avishkar hua, anveshak stainli (jinhoanne apane poorvavarti d aau. liviangstan ka pata aphrika mean lagaya) ne kaha tha, yah ek agneyastr hai jo moortipoojakoan ko dabane mean amooly siddh hoga. samrajy ke samarthakoan (yatha rudayard kipaliang) dvara shvetoan ki jimmedari ke roop mean ek puranaroodh darshan (mithh‌) hi prastut kar liya gaya. 'netiv' shabd ka prayog 'niyam rahit nimnastar jati' jinaka bhagy hi shvetoan dvara shasit hota tha, ke apamanajanak arth mean hone laga.

vikasashil pooanjivadi shaktiyoan ko vistar evan sanchay ke lie nikas ki avashyakata thi. avikasit deshoan ke kachche maloan ki unhean avashyakata thi. unhean aise deshoan ki avashyakata apane utpadit maloan ke bajar ke roop mean thi, aur aise kshetroan ke roop mean thi jahaan atirikt pooanji lagaee ja sake tatha usase akalpit labh, adhin deshoan ke majadooroan ka saralata se shoshan ho sakane ke karan, nishchit kiya ja sake. pratyek shaktisrot ais kshetroan ke ekamev sanniyantrak aur ekadhikari hona chahate the. kabhi kabhi upanivesh kharide bhi ge, kabhi talavar ke bal tatha dhokhe se, jaise bharat mean, jine ge, kabhi rrin vasoolanevale abhiyan ka aant, adhikar ke roop mean hua, kabhi dharmapracharakoan ke oopar akraman athava hatya hi, jaise chin mean, videshi basti ki sthapana ka karan batalaee gee. karan shaktiyoan ke bich upanivesh ke lie apasi spardha evan eershya ke vibhinn asankhy yuddh vishvayuddh se bhi dugune vyapak roop mean hue haian.

19vian shatabdi mean, upaniveshi ki svatantrata ka aandolan praranbh hua tatha kanada ais 'shvet' upaniveshoan ne, svashasan ka adhikar prapt kar liya. pashchath‌ 20 vian shatabdi ke praanrabh mean bharat, barma adi deshoan ne upanivesh ka jua utar pheanka aur svatantr ho ge. kiantu to bhi sansar mean anek desh upanivesh bane rahe. sanh‌ 1960 mean sanyukt rashtrasangh ne upaniveshavad ke khilaph apana aitihasik ghoshanapatr jari kiya jisake bad saipras, keniya, goa tatha anek aphriko deshoan ki mukti sanbhav huee.

prabhav-dirghakalin paranpara ke karan upaniveshavad ka vyavasthit roop prastut hua hai aur usake vibhinn parinam spasht roop se samane ae haian. shasit desh mean lokasevakoan ke madhyam se shasan hua hai. isi adhar par 'shvet purushoan ke dayitv' ka siddhaant vikasit hua. shasitoan mean atmavishvas ka lop samany bat hai. phalat: sarvamany vishvas ki bat hi nahian uth sakati. sara shasan apratyaksh roop se hota raha hai. shasan ki bhasha bahar se ane par rashtriy bhasha ka vikas avaruddh ho jata hai. sarakari padoan par alpasankhyakoan ki niyukti ka anupat asantulit kiya gaya hai. shasan ki kramabaddhata nasht hone se janasvikriti janamat, hitaraksha adi asanbhav haian. vikasahinata mean shasan yathasthiti banae rakhana chahata hai aur roodhivadita evan anudar paranparaoan ka vah abhibhavak ban gaya. arthik vikas utana hi ho saka jitana shasakoan ne chaha. arthik shoshan mean sare labh shasak prapt karate rahe haian. arthik niti moolat: kachche mal ke niryat ki aur pakke mal ke ayat ki rahi hai. isi mean mukt vyapar adi ka saiddhaantik vishleshan hua hai. shasakoan ke dvara udyagikaran hone se upanivesh sada shasak rashtr ke poorak bane rahate haian, unaka svayan arthik vyakti ho nahian rahata . shasak shasit mean bhavi shatruta evan hiansa ko rajaniti ka bijaropan isi vyavastha ka phal hai. phalat: ugrata, dhvans, sangharsh ka manobhav bana hai. upanivesh daridrata, ashiksha, rog, manasik hinata adi ke pratik ban jate haian.

drishtikon-isaki vyakhya prajatiy uchchata ke roop mean bhi ki gee hai. phraansisi vicharakoan ne upaniveshavad ko sabhyata ke vikas ka sadhan mana hai. j aaun stuart mil ke anusar is vyavastha ne pichh de deshoan ko uchch deshoan ke sanpark mean ane ka avasar diya hai. lugard (1922) ise do drishtiyo se prastut karata hai. upaniveshoan ke vikas ka dayitv shreshth desh par ho jata hai aur unako sankuchit sthiti vishv ke sandarbh mean pramukh hoti hai. lekin bharatiy svatantrata aur aphreshiyayi jagaran se in manyataoan ki chunautiyaan mili haian. panchashil ki niti upaniveshavad ka aantararashtriy prativad hai aur 1955mean baanduang prastav isaka parinam. sanyukt rashtr ka ghoshanapatr (1960) isi ki svikriti hai. isamean rajanitik, arthik, samajik, shekshanik adi sabhi prakar ke upaniveshavad ki nianda ki gee hai. isake sath hi upanavishevad ne naya roop dharan kiya hai. vishv ko vikasit avikasit jaise bhagoan mean baant diya gaya hai. isamean pravidhik, shaikshanik, sainik, sahayata adi ka kary upanivesh kar raha hai. ise abhinav upaniveshavad kaha jata hai. isaka pratik hai amarika.

arthik paksh-rajaniti se adhik mahatvapoorn hai arthik paksh. isaki vyavastha aidam smith ki pustak 'velth av neshans' (1776) se praranbh hoti hai. arthik siddhaant se vibhinn kal rahe haian-1660 se poorvavarti, 1660 se 1776 tak, 1776 se 1870 tak, 1870 se age. bisavian shatabdi mean sabhi prakar ke upaniveshavad ki alachenaean huee haian. inamean mukhy hai marksavadi alochana. lenin ne upaniveshoan ka sansthagat evan aanrarashtriy svaroop prastut karate hue kaha ki samrajyavad ka aantim charan hai 'mahajani pooanjivad.' prativadi vicharadhara je.e. habsan (ianpiriyalijm़ : e stadi, 1902) ne prastut ki. usake anusar yoorop ke videshoan ko svayan apane desh mean kharch karana chahie. upaniveshavad ke prayog ke tin star haian-praranbh se 1830 tak, 1830 se 19vian shati ke aant tak, 1890 se 1945tak.

upaniveshavad mean yooropiy deshoan ne pooanji ke dvara 'sarvochch labh' prapt kiya hai. unhoanne ekadhikaravadi pooanjivad ko janm diya hai. abhinav upaniveshavad ka tatpary hai arthik drishti se vikasit deshoan ke dvara avikasit deshoan ka shoshan. pichh de deshoan ki sari arthik vyavastha unapar nirbhar rahati hai. unamean vishesh vyaparik sanbandh hote haian. videshi pooanji par unhean nirbhar rahana p data hai. bajar, videshi vastu, pooanji, pravidhik kushalata, apane desh ke logoan ko prashikshan dena sabhi vikasit deshoan ke niyantran mean rahate haian. isi mean 'sahayata ki rajaniti', 'videshi pooanji', 'aantararashtriy ekikaran', 'arthik sanghatan', 'aantararashtriy vyapar niyantran', jaisi vyavasthaean vikasit huee haian. vastut: vikasit aur avikasit deshoan mean aantarnihit asantulan ka parinam hai 'abhinav upaniveshavad'.

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