उपाध्याय
upadhyay (sanskrit-up+adhi+in ghanh) is shabd ki vyutpatti is prakar ki gee hai-'upety adhiyate asmath' jisake pas jakar adhyayan kiya jae, vah upadhyay hota hai. upadhyay brahmanoan ke ek varg ki sanjna bhi hai. manusmriti ke anusar ved ke ek bhag evan vedaang ko vritti lekar padhanevale shikshak ko upadhyay kahate the. 'ekadeshan tu vedasy vedaanganyapi va pun:. yoadhyapayati vrittayarth upadhyay: s uchchate[1] yah achary ki adhinata mean shikshan kary kiya karata tha. sanbhavat: ek achary ke adhin das upadhyay shikshan kary kiya karate the.[2] yajnavalky[3], vashishth[4] aur vishnu[5] ke anusar bhi vritti lekar padhana brahmanoan ke adarsh ke anuroop nahian samajha jata tha, isalie sanbhavat: upadhyay ke sanbandh mean nitikar ne kaha hai-'upadhyashch vaidyashch rritukale varastriy:. sootika dootika nauka karyante te ch shashpavath.'
bauddh sahity mean bhi upadhyay (upajjhay) ke sanbandh mean anek nirdesh upalabdh haian. mahavagg[6] ke anusar upasanpann bhikshu ko bauddh granthoan ki shiksha upadhyay dvara di jati thi. padhane ka prarthanapatr bhi usi ki seva mean prastut kiya jata tha.[7] itsiang ke vivaran se jnat hota hai ki jab upasak prvrajya leta tha, jab upadhyay ke sammukh hi use shram ki diksha di jati thi. dikshagrahan ke pashchath hi use 'trichivar' bhikshapatr aur nishidan (jalapatr) pradan karata tha. upasanpann bhikshu ko 'vinay' ki shiksha upadhyay dvara hi di jati thi. keval purush hi nahian, striyaan bhi upadhyay hoti thian. patanjali ne upadhyaya ki vyutpatti is prakar ki hai-'upetyadhiyate asya: sa upadhyaya.'
upadhyay sanstha ka vikas sanbhavat: is prakar hua. dharmik sanskar karane tatha dharmatatv ka upadesh dene ka kary pahale kul ka mukhy purush va kulavriddh karata tha. yahi upadhyay hota tha. pray: sab jatiyoan mean yahi paya jata hai. bharatiy aryoan mean kulapati hi upadhyay hota tha. yahoodiyoan mean 'abraham aije' adi kulapati upadhyay ka kam karate the. arab logoan mean shekh yah kam karata tha. aj bhi vah us samaj ka neta tatha dharmik krityoan aur mamaloan mean pramukh hota hai. roman kaitholik aur grik sanpraday mean upadhyay ka adhikar manane ki pratha hai.[8]
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