एथेंस का संविधान
etheans ka sanvidhan etheans mean sarakar ka prachinatam roop ekatantratmak tha. raja yoopatrid namak ek sthayi parishadh ki sahayata se shasan karata tha. ekatantr ke kshin hone par drakone dvara sthapit saanvaidhanik vyavastha ke anusar rajanitik adhikar un logoan ko prapt hue jo sainy-sadhan-sanpann the. ye log sanpatti ke adhar par arkanoan tatha koshadhyakshoan ka nirvachan karate the. inake atirikt 401 sadasyoan ki airopagas namak ek parishadh thi jisaka chunav 30 varsh se adhik vay ke nagarik latari dvara karate the. parishadh prashasakoan par akuansh rakhati thi.
samaj ke uchch varg mean satta simit rahane ke karan janasadharan ne is vyavastha ka virodh kiya. phalat: solan ne nee rajanitik vyavastha sthapit ki. abadi ko sanpatti ke adhar par char vargo mean vibhajit kiya gaya jinamean rajanitik pad vitarit hue. do janataantrik sansthaoan 'ekalejiya' (sabha) tatha 'baule' (parishadh) ki sthapana ki gee. ekalejiya mean sabhi vargo ke nagarik hote the. yah arkanoan ka chunav, prashasakoan ke vyavahar ka nirikshan tatha samany rajanitik aur nyayik adhikaroan ka prayog karati thi. pratyek varg se 100 sadasyoan ke hisab se chune ge 400 sadasyoan ki 'baule' eklejiya ki kriyaoan par niyantran rakhati thi tatha sabha ke adhiveshanoan ki tithi aur usak karyakram nishchit karane ke atirikt sabha ki ajnaptiyaan lagoo karane ka uttaradayitv leti thi.
ee. poo. 560 se 510 tak nirankush shasan ke bad kleisthenis ne pun: janataantrik sanvidhan lagoo kiya jise perikliz ke sudharoan ne poornata pradan ki. kleisthenis ne abadi ko 10 vargo mean baanta tatha pratyek se 50 sadasy lekar 500 sadasyoan ki parishadh (baule) ki sthapana ki. sadasyoan ka nirvachan 30 varsh se adhik ke nagarikoan mean se latari dvara hota tha. parishadh ke adhikar nimnalikhit the : sainy prabandh ka nirikshan karana, vaideshik niti sanbandhi kartavy poore karana, rajadootoan ka svagat karana, videshi rajyoan se sandhi karana, vittiy kshetr mean vyay par niyantran rakhana, mahabhiyog–yatha shadyantr, deshadroh, ghoosakhori–ka adhikar prayukt karana. sabha (ekalejiya) ke sadasy 18 varsh se oopar ke sabhi nagarik hote the. aise vidhayi karyo ke lie, jinake vaidh hone ke lie sarvasanmati ki avashyakata hoti thi, 6,000 sadasyoan ki sankhya rajy ki pratinidhi sankhya man li jati thi. sabha ki baithakean do prakar ki hoti thian–samany aur vishisht. donoan baithakoan ka karyakram sabha ke lie parishadh taiyar karati thi. sabha rajy mean sanprabhu prashasakiy satta thi, parantu vah sahi arth mean vidhayini nahian thi. sanprabhuta sanvidhan mean nihit thi aur sanvidhan ka sanrakshan nyayalayoan ke supurd tha. sabha keval prashasakiy ajnaptiyaan jari kar sakati thi, vidhan nahian. vidhayi kary sabha aur nyayapalika ke sahayog se hote the.
sabha ke mukhy adhikar nimnalikhit the : yuddhaghoshana aur shaantisthapana tatha rajadootoan ki niyukti, videshoan se vyavasayik sanbandh sthapit karane ki svikriti dena, sabhi vittiy vishayoan par aantim svikriti dena, rajyadharm ka niyantran karana, nagarikata, paritoshik aur upadhi pradan karana.
nyayapalika (heliya)mean 30 varsh se adhik ke sabhi nagarik hote the. ee.poo. chauthi shatabdi mean nyayadhish 10 paineloan mean vibhajit the jinhean dikastari kahate the. niji mukadamoan mean muavaja vadi ko prapt hota tha. nyayalay ki phis jamanat ke roop mean jama hoti thi aur nirnay se poorv mukadama utha lene par vadi ko koee dand nahian milata tha. parantu sarvajanik mukadamoan mean, jisamean phaujadari ke mukadamean bhi sanmilit the, muavaja dhan ke roop mean hone par rajy ko milata tha, aur dand ke roop mean hone par rajy dvara diya jata tha. nyayalay ki koee phis nahian jama hoti thi; nirnay se poorv mukadama vapas lene par ya nirnay mean nyayalay ka panchamaansh mat bhi vadi ke paksh mean n hone par use 100 drakhm jurmana dena hota tha aur vah bhavishy mean aise mukadame lane ka adhikar kho baithata tha.[1]
prashasakiy padoan mean sabase adhik mahatvapoorn senanayak (strategi) ka pad tha jinake lie daso ksleithiniyan vargo ke adhar par 10 sadasyoan ke ek mandal (bord) ki sthapana ki gee thi. senanayakoan ka vishisht adhikar tha sabha ke vishesh adhiveshan bula sakana. sainy ayavyayak (bajat) sanbandhi, vitt ke, sainy sanchalan ke, tatha sainy niyamoan ke ullanghan par dand dene ke adhikaroan ke atirikt sandhiyoan ko lagoo karane ki jimmedari bhi unaki thi. is prakar senanayak ek sath yuddhaneta, videshamantri tatha vittamantri hote the. ee.poo. chauthi shatabdi mean mandal ke sadasyoan mean karyavibhajan kar diya gaya jisase pratyek ko usaki yogyata ke anusar kary sauanpa jane laga. senanayakoan ke atirikt ethina ki moorti tatha any bahumooly dharmik upadanoan ke koshadhyaksh, sarvajanik thekoan ke ayukt, rajakiy vitt ke sangrahak ke pad the. pratyek pad ke lie latari dvara 10 sadasy chune jate the.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 2 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 239 |
- ↑ san.gran.–aristatal (anu.ke.vi.phraj) : d kaanstitayooshan aauv etheans, nyooyark, 1950; koolaanjez, eph. di. (anu. dablyoo. smal) : di eanshyeant siti, bostan, 1901; gilbart, ji. : grik kaanstitayooshanal aiantikvitiz aauv sparta aiand ethens, landan, 1895; glaz ji. : d grik siti aiand its ianstitayooshanal; landan, 1950; griniz, e. ech.je. : ai haiandabuk aauv kaanstitayooshanal histri, maikamilan, 1920; jons, e. ech. em. : ethiniyas dimakresi, aksafard, 1957; hidalam, je.dablyoo : elekshan baee lat ait ethens, kaianbrij, 1891.