एमिल जोला
emil jola (1840-1902) ka janmasthan peris hai. emil jola vishvavikhyat upansasakar aur patrakar the. unaki maan phraansisi thian, kiantu pita mishrit italiyan aur grik nasl ke the. ve sainik aur ianjiniyar the. pita ki mrityu ke uparaant jola aur unaki maan arthik sankat mean phans ge. sanbandhiyoan ki sahayata se jola ki shiksha diksha sanbhav ho saki. jola ne balyavastha mean hi sahity ke prati apani abhiruchi dikhaee. jab ve skool mean chhatr the, tabhi unhoanne ek natak likha, jisaka shirshak tha 'chaparasi ko moorkh banana'. skool chho dane ke bad jola ne klark ka kam shuroo kiya. bad mean unhoanne ek prakashan sanstha mean naukari ki. jola ne sahityik kary bhi aranbh kar diya tha. ve ek patr ke liye lekh likhate the, doosare ke liye kahaniyaan aur ek tisare ke liye samiksha. jola vishesh roop upanyas likhane ki or akrisht hue.
jola ki rachanaean do bhagoan mean baanti ja sakati haian- yatharthavadi rachanaean aur samajavad ki prerak rachanaean. jis yatharthavadi shaili ko jola ne apanaya, use prakritavad kaha gaya hai. prakritavad yatharth ka nirmam anavaran karata hai. vah kuchh bhi dab dhakakar nahian rakhata. is prakar prakritavad jivan ke kathor aur kroor roop ka nissankoch aankan karata hai. jo drishy sahity aur kala mean varjit aur garhit samajhe jate the, unaka bhi prakritavad udghatan karata hai. prakritavad jivan ki kuroopata aur viroopata se katarata nahian. kathasahity mean poore skool[1] ke pravartak aur janak jola the. inake hi pathachihnoan par mopasaan, phlauveyar, gauankoo bandhu aur daude adi bad mean chale.
jola ne kala ko vaijnanik paddhati pradan ki. ve notabuk aur peansil lekar bajarahat mean nikal jate the. jo kuchh bhi ve dekhate the, usaka poora vivaran ve apani notabuk mean likh lete the. kaise drishy, dukanean, vyakti adi unhoanne dekhe, sabhi ka taphasil mean varnan inaki notabuk mean rahata tha. bad mean avashyakata ke anusar is varnan ko apani katha ka aang bana lete the. is prakar jola ki kala hamean jivan ke bahut samip le ati hai. isamean madyap, veshyaean, juari adi apane vastavik roop mean hamean milate haian.
prakritavadi shaili ke janak aur achary ke roop mean jola sarvamany ho chuke haian. apane upanyas, 'la sumua' (L' Assommoir) mean ve ek madyap ka yathatathy varnan karate haian, jisake karan ek poora parivar nasht bhrasht ho gaya.
doosari koti ke upanyasoan mean jola kathanak aur patroan ko samajavadi vicharadarshan ki sthapana ke liye gaun banate haian. is shreni ke upanyasoan mean char gauspail (The Four Gospels), (Fecondite), 'pi da' (Travail) aur 'saty' (Venite) ka ullekh ho sakata hai.
pahali shreni ke upanyasoan mean 'nana' bahut lokapriy hua hai. yah ek abhinetri ki jivanakatha hai jise koee aspasht rekha hi veshya ke peshe se vibhajit karati hai. jola ki sarvashreshth rachana 'parajay' (La Debacle) hai, jisamean 1870 ke yuddh mean phraans ki parajay ka varnan hai. jola ke upanyasoan mean hamean 19vian sadi ke sanpoorn phraansisi jivan ka vyapak chitr milata hai.
jola ke jivan ka aantim mahatvapoorn kary tha ek yahoodi sainik aphasar, drephh, ki shasak varg ke akrosh se raksha. jola ne apane prasiddh patr, 'mera abhiyog haian', maian nyay ka paksh sashakt svar mean uthaya aur is aandolan ke phalasvaroop drephh mukt hue. yahoodiyoan ki raksha mean yah ek mahatvapoorn aitihasik abhiyan tha.
jola ki mrityu asamay hi vichitr prakar se huee. koyale ki gais se dam ghutane ke karan ve apane ghar par mrit avastha mean pae ge.[2]
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