कटी संहतियाँ

kati-sanhatiyaan yaantriki mean un dandoan (chh doan) ke samooh ko kahate haian jo ek doosare se hianj dvara z de rahate haian aur jinase koee vishesh prakar ki gati prapt hoti hai. kati-sanhatiyoan ke udaharan anek yantroan mean dekhe ja sakate haian. paiantograf namak yantr mean char chh d rahate haian jo ek doosare se hianj dvara ju de rahate haian. isamean biandu k ko sthir rakha jata hai aur suee kh ko kisi vakr par phera jata hai. tab peansil g us vakr ka pravardhit athava laghavakar chitr utar deta hai. is prakar is yantr ko die hue chitr se b da athava chhota chitr khianchane ke kam mean laya jata hai.

vat ka rriju-lekhak

in dinoan in dinoan jab yantr ke kisi bhag ko rriju rekha mean chalana rahata hai tab aisa prabandh kiya jata hai ki vah bhag do sthir rriju bhagoan ke bich phisale. vashp ianjan ke avishkarak vat ke samay mean is prakar ki yukti thik nahian ban pati thi, kyoanki aisi yukti mean bahut si shakti gharshan dvara nasht ho jati thi. isalie vat ne 1784 ee. mean ek yukti ki upajna ki jise 'vats pairalel moshan' (vat ki samaantar gati) kahate haian.

yadi tin chh dean, k kh, kh g aur g gh, bianduoan kh tatha g par hianjoan dvara ju di hoan aur bianduoan k tatha gh par sthir hianj hoan to hamean vat ki yukti mil jati hai. yadi chh d kh g par ek biandu ch aisa liya jae ki k kh/g gh u ch g/khach to biandu ch chh doan ke samatal mean keval ek prakar se chal sakega; vah aangreji aang 8 likh sakega jo bahut sankara hoga. vastut: is sankari akriti ke madhy bhag pray: rriju rahate haian. isalie ham kah sakate haian ki biandu ch lagabhag rriju rekha mean chalata hai. vat ne isaka upayog ianjan ka pistan chalane mean kiya, parantu suvidha ke lie usane tin atirikt chh dean jo d li thian, jisase ch ki gati paiantograf ke siddhaant par anyatr pahuanch jati hai.

19vian shatabdi ke aranbh mean vat ke rriju-lekhak mean sudhar karane ki cheshta ki gee. phraans ki sena ke ek leftineant poselie ne chhah chh doan ki kati-sanhati banaee jisase ek biandu shuddh rriju rekha mean chalata tha. ise chitr 3 mean dikhaya gaya hai. isamean khag u gagh u chakh aur kakh u kachh. biandu ch aur chh ko sthir rakha jata hai; ch chh ki lanbaee k chh ke barabar rahati hai. ch ab keval k ke parit: ek vritt mean chal sakata hai; use is vritt mean chalane par biandu g saral rekha mean chalata hai.

poselie ki kati-sanhati mean sat chh dean rahati haian. logoan ne socha ki kam chh doan se kam chalaya jae to achchha hoga. ganitajn chebichaf ne 'siddh' kar diya ki paanch athavaisase kam chh doan ki sanhatiyoan se rriju-rekhatmak gati prapt nahian ho sakati, parantu usaka praman ashuddh nikala, kyoanki 1877 ee. mean hart ne paanch chh doan ki kati-sanhit ki upajna ki jisase saral rekha khianchi ja sakati thi (dr. prosidiangs, landan maithemaitikal sosayati, 1877). any kee kati-sanhatiyaan bani haian jinase shaankav, samavibhav vakr adi khianche ja sakate haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh