किंडरगार्टन
kiandaragartan khel ke madhyam se char se chhah varsh ke bachchoan ko shiksha denevali ek vishesh paddhati jisaka vikas phridrik vilhem phr aauebel [1] namak shikshashastri ne kiya tha. unako is shiksha paddhati ke vikas ka adhar unaki yah dharana thi ki har vastu aur prani ko anupranit karane vala ek shashvat niyam ek eeshvariy satta hai. sabhi praniyoan ka pradurbhav isi eeshvariy satta se hai. at: har prani mean us eeshvariy ras ka aansh hai. at: shiksha ka mahattam dhyey shishu mean janm se nihit us ras athava un shaktiyoan ko vikasit karana hona chahie. jivan mean eeshvariy ras ka pradurbhav mastishk ki apeksha hriday ki vastu hai. at: shiksha, buddhi se adhik manovegoan aur ichchhashakti ki shiksha hai. arthath shiksha ka uddeshy bachchoan ka prashikshan nahian vikas hai, jo unaki mool pravrittiyoan aur abhiruchiyoan ko atmakriya dvara upayog mean lane par hi ho sakata hai. atmakriya dvara hi bachche ki atmabhivyakti hoti hai aur usake aantarik eeshvariy ras ka bahyikaran bhi. is uddeshy ki poorti mean bachchoan ka svachchhand khel mahatv ka hai.
apane is atmakriya, atmabhivyakti aur svatantr khel ko shiksha ka adhar banakar phr aauebel ne sarvapratham prayog 1835 ee. mean bargad aauph [2] ke ek anathalay ke bachchoan par kiya. isake lie unhoanne khilaunoan ki ek aisi kramagat shrankhala prastut ki jisase bachchoan mean nishchit kalpanaean ubhar sakean. pahale chhah rangoan ke chhah geando ka ek set banaya, phir lak di ke gol, chaukor aur belanakar roopoan ka doosara set prastut kiya; phir do ianch ghan ke tuk de ko 8 chhote ghanoan mean baant kar tisara set aur do ianch ghan ko 8 ayatakar tuk doan mean baantakar chautha set banaya. paanchave aur chhathean setoan mean tin ianch ghan ko asamana tuk doan ko rakha aur in sabako akar aur nap ke anusar baksoan mean rakha. vibhinn akar aur nap ki takhti, vibhinn map ke dandoan aur vibhinn vyas ke chhalloan se kuchh any khilaune banae. apane in khilaune ki any khilaune se bhinnata vyakt karane ke lie unhoanne inhean medha [3] aur unake sahayak sadhanoan ko vyapar [4] ka nam diya.
in sadhanoan ke nirman mean un tatkalin adarshavadi aur svatantratavadi darshanoan ka prabhav tha jinase phr aauebel svayan prabhavit the. unake matanusar ye jivan ke niyamoan aur rahasyoan ke pratik evan parichayak the, jaise gole vishv ki ekata ke pratik haian. medha gift mean mukhy tin haian, 1. gola, 2. belanakar aur 3. ghan, jinamean phr aauebel ke do many niyam nihit haian. viparit ka niyam aur sanbandh ka niyam. har vastu ka jnan apani viparit vastu ke sath hi thik hota hai, at: gole ke sath ghan banaya gaya, aur sanbandh ke niyamanusar in donoan ko sanbandhit karane ke lie belanakar ki rachana ki gee. any sabhi medha gift in tinoan ke hi vibhinn roop haian, jinaka kram balak ke vikas ko drishti mean rakhate hue nishchit kiya gaya. medha gift dvara balak vibhinn prakar ki kriyaean, rachanaean aur tatpashchath kuchh aankaganit evan rekhaganit sikhata hai. apratyaksh roop se any prakar ka jnan bhi vah prapt karata hai. yadyapi medha gift svayan kee prakar ke vyaparoan ke sadhan haian, tathapi unhoanne any kee vyaparoan ka ayojan kiya jinake mukhy vibhag thos, samatal, rekha aur biandu hai. inake aantargat kramash: mitti aur lak di ka kam karana; kagaj ki vastuean banana: rekhaean milana, bunana, silaee kadhaee karana aur moti pirona jaisi kriyaean ati haian.
medha aur vyapar ke atirikt unake pathyakram mean draiang, chitrakari, bagavani, palatoo janavaroan ki dekhabhal adi ka bhi samavesh tha.
kiantu in sabase adhik mahatv sangit ka tha. ve sangit ko atmabhivyakti ka sadhan manate the aur unaka vichar tha ki balak ki shiksha ka praranbh mata ke gitoan dvara hona chahie. isi prayojan se unhoanne matrikhel aur shishu git namak apani pustika mean khelagitoan aur chitroan ka sangrah kiya tha.
anathalay ke bachchoan ke sath kiya gaya unaka yah prayog kaphi saphal raha. apani is saphalata se ashvast hokar phr aauebel blekenaburg [5] chale ae aur shishuoan ko khel aur udyog ke madhyam se manovaijnanik shiksha dene ke lie ek vidyalay sthapit kiya aur use kiandaragartan [6] ka nam diya.
phr aauebel ne blekenaburg ke is kiandaragartan ke atirikt apane jivanakal mean 1837 aur 1748 ee. ke bich solah aur kiandaragartan khole tatha inake lie shikshak taiyar karane ke nimitt ek prashikshan skool bhi chalaya. adhyapan kary tatha pustikaoan ke prakashan dvara bhi ve kiandaragartan shiksha ke vikas evan prasar mean lage rahe kiantu unhean jarmani mean saphalata nahian mili. itana hi nahian, 1851 ee. mean shasan dvara vahaan sab kiandaragartanashalaoan par rok laga di gee. is prakar apane jivanakal mean phr aauebel apani shikshanapranali ka samuchit prachar n dekh sake kiantu unake bad unaki patni, unaki shishya baurones fan marenaholtj boola aur unaki potri phaulin henarich bremain ne kiandaragartan ke prasar kary ko vishesh roop se age badhaya jisase yoorop ke kee deshoan mean isaka prachar hua. kuchh deshoan mean pahale se chal rahi any prakar ki shishushalaoan ka sthan kiandaragartan ne le liya; kuchh mean yah shikshasopan ki pratham anivary sidhi ban gaya. isaka sarvadhik prachar sanyukt rajy amarika mean hua, vahaan prachar ke sath-sath isaka sanshodhan aur vikas bhi hua.
balamanovijnan aur shikshashastr ki pragati ke sath phr aauebel ke shikshadarshan aur kiandaragartan shikshapaddhati ki samiksha huee. unake rahasyavad aur pratikatv ki adhunik manovaijnanikoan aur shikshashastriyoan ne kathor olachana ki tatha inhean amany thaharaya. medha gift kram dvara bachche ko jivan evan vikas ke niyamoan se parichit karaya ja sakata hai, is vichar ka khandan hua tatha medha aur vyapar jaise simit sadhanoan dvara shishu ke poorn vikas hone mean sandeh prakat kiya gaya. vastut: phr aauebel ka vichar yah nahian tha ki medha gift ya unake kram ka sada aandhanusaran hota rahe, athava kiandaragartan ke pathayakram ko medha aur vyapar tak hi simit rakha jae. unaki pustak kiandaragartan shiksha se spasht hai ki ve apani padvati mean parivartan aur parivardhan hona svabhavik evan uchit samajhate the. yadi unake kuchh vichar aur vishvas amany haian to sath hi atmakriya aur atmabhivyakti jaise siddhaant adhunik balamanovijnan ke anukool evan sarvamany bhi haian.
samiksha aur samalochana ke phalasvaroop phr aauebel ke kiandaragartan mean kee parivartan evan sudhar hue. us par kilapaitrik, maikabainel, ph aaurest, tharnadaik, aina briyaan, hil adi shikshavidoan aur manovaijnanikoan ki alochana aur anusandhan ka bhi prabhav p da. in sanshodhanoan ke mool mean manovaijnanik anusandhan aur bal-adhyayan to tha hi vah pragativadi vicharadhara bhi thi jisake pravarttak ji. stanale h aaul tatha j aaun dyuee the. 20 vian sadi ke praranbh mean vikasit balashikshan ki doosari pranali, maantesari ya maantasari paddhati ne bhi kiandaragaten ko sanshodhit roop dene mean sahayata di. phalasvaroop kiandaragartan ke adharabhoot shikshan siddhaantoan mean her-pher hua, aur usake sadhan, kriyaean aur pathyakram bhi badale; adhik upayukt, rochak evan shikshaprad sadhan aur karyakalap samavisht kie ge. bunaee, silaee aur moti pirone jaisi mahin kriyaoan ke sthan par b de aur saral hath ke kam rakhe ge. bachchoan ke sharirik vikas ke upayukt kriyaoan, khelakood aur pratyaksh anubhav ko adhik mahatv diya gaya tatha unake bhavanatmak evan samajik vikas ke hetu bhi upayogi kriyaoan ki vyavastha ki gee. is prakar adhunik pragatishil kiandaragartan ka roop phr aauebel ke kiandaragartan se bahut bhinn hai.
bharatavarsh mean vartaman kiandaragartan padvati ki shiksha amarika ke samakakshi skooloan ke saman pragatishil nahian haian aur kee jagah to pustak- shikshan ka hi sthan pramukh dekhane mean ata hai. isaka mukhy karan hai balashikshan ki or shasan, janata aur shikshashastriyoan ka samuchit dhyan n hona. ek doosara karan yah bhi hai ki yahaan jitana prachar maantesari ya maantasari paddhati ka prachar adhik hua hai. yahaan jo kiandaragartan haian unamean se adhikaansh eesaee dharmapracharakoan dvara chalae hue hai aur unake shiksha ka madhyam aangareji hai. vahaan bharatiy sanskriti aur dharm bahut kuchh upekshit hai.
phr aauebel ke kiandaragartan mean sudhar karane ke bad kiandaragartan shiksha ka prabhav janane ke hetu amarika mean kee adhyayan kie ge jinase jnat hota hai ki isaka prabhav bachche ke shikshagrahan evan vyaktitvavikas par samanyat: achchha p data hai. bharat mean poorvaprathamik shikshaprapt bachchoan ke adhyayan se yah pata chalata hai ki yah shiksha shikshagrahan mean to nahian, kiantu vyaktitv ke bhavanatmak evan samajik vikas mean avashy sahayak hoti hai. poorvaprathamik shikshaprapt bachchoan mean any bachchoan ki apeksha netritv, utsah, atmavishvas aur samajikata jaise gun adhik vikasit hote haian. ve pray: barhimukhi aur jnanaprapti ke ichchhuk hote haian.[7]
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