शहद
| chitr:Icon-edit.gif | is lekh ka punarikshan evan sampadan hona avashyak hai. ap isamean sahayata kar sakate haian. "sujhav" |
parichay
shahad (madhu) har kisi ke jivan mean mahatv rakhata hai. phir chahe vah khanapan, chikitsa se sanbandhit ho ya phir sauandary se. isamean prachur matra mean gun haian. aj se hajaroan varsh pahale se hi duniya ke sabhi chikitsa shastroan, dharmashastroan, vaidhoan-hakimoan ne shahad ki upayogita v mahatv ko bataya hai. ayurved ke rrishiyoan ne bhi mana hai ki tulasi v madhumay panchamrit ka sevan karane se sankraman nahian hota aur isaka vidhivat dhang se sevan kar anek rogoan par vijay paee ja sakati hai. ise panjabi bhasha me makhyoan bhi kaha jata hai. shahad to devataoan ka bhi ahar mana jata raha hai. kahate haian ki mahaparakrami daity mahishasur ke sath yuddh karate samay jaganmata chandika ne bar-bar shahad ka pan karake daity ka vadh kiya tha.
madhu ya shahad manav ko prakriti ka anamol varadan hai. shahad mean khas gun yah hai ki vah kabhi kharab nahian hota. prachinakal mean madhumakkhiyoan dvara phooloan ke ras se prakritik roop se taiyar madhu hi ekamatr mishthann ka jnat srot tha aur yahi sabhi dharmik riti-rivajoan, samajik karyakramoan, pratyek dharm evan samaj mean pramukh roop se prayog mean laya jata tha. ayurved mean isaka kaphi prayog hua hai. 1923 ee. mean mistr ke pharao noonan khamen ke piramid mean roosi vaijnanik ko ek shahad se bhara patr mila. us samay hairat mean dal dene vali bat yah thi ki yah shahad 3300 varsh purana hone ke bavajood kharab nahian hua tha. usake svad aur gun mean koee aantar nahian aya tha.
madhumakkhiyaan
aj ke vaijnanik yug mean bhi shahad ka banana manavi budhdi se pare haian, shahad banane ka gun prakriti ne keval madhumakkhiyoan ko hi pradan kiya hai. shahad ko shahad ki makkhiyaan / Honey Bee banati hai. inaka jo ghar hota hai, us ko chhatta kahate hai, in chhattoan me madhumakkhiyaan rahati hai. madhumakkhiyoan ke jivan ki 4 avasthaye aanda, larva, pyoopa, vayask makkhi hoti hai. ye madhumakkhiyaan nimn prakar ki hoti hai - 1. shramik 2. nar 3. rani . rani madhumakkhi akar me sabase b di hoti hai. ek chhatte me ek hi ya jyada hoti hai ye aande deti hai. jin andoan ko nar nishechit karate hai. yadi rani madhumakkhi ko pak d le to shahi sainik aur shramik makkhiyaan akraman kar deangi parantu chhatte me rani madhumakkhi ko dhooandhana asan kam nahian hai.
ek madhumakkhi ko ek pauand shahad banane ka lie tin-char sau pauand pushparas ikattha karana padata hai. apane bhar ka adhe vajan ka pushparas lade unhean 4000 mil ki yatra karani padati hai. madhu ya shahad ek mitha, chipachipahat vala ardh taral padarth hota hai jo madhumakkhiyoan dvara paudhoan ke pushpoan mean upasthit makarand ke koshoan se nikalane vale makarand jise nektar nam ka ras bhi kahate hai, se taiyar kiya jata hai aur ahar ke roop mean chhatte ki kothiyoan me sangrah kiya jata hai. madhumakkhi ke pet me ek thailinuma sanrachana hoti hai jo ek valv se judi hoti hai. madhumakkhi apani jibh ki sahayata se phool ki nali mean vidyaman pushparas ki chhoti matra chusti hai aur is madhu sangrahi thaili me ekatr karati rahati hai aur chhatte me akar is ras ko valv ke dvara madhukoshoan me ugal deti hai. aur makarand me jo pani hota hai vo vashpikaran ke dvara u d jata hai aur baki padarth rasayanik kriya ke phalasvaroop shahad me badal jata hai. madhumakkhi dinabhar jis pushparas ko ikattha karati jati hai use madhu ke roop mean badalane ke lie sakriy rahati hai. pi.ee. neris (prasidhd rasayanavid) ke anusar madhu matr pushparasoan ka sangrah hi nahian hai, varan yah madhumakkhi ka shramatatv hi hai, jisako pakar pushparas madhuras ke roop mean parinit ho jata hai. ise gadha banane ke lie apane sir ko bhitar ki or usake dvaroan par dainoan se pankha kiya karati hai. is mehanat ke karan hi chhattoan ke asapas madhur-madhur guanjan sunaee padata hai, jo achchha bhi lagata hai.
shahad ikaththa karane ke lie madhumakkhiyoan ko bahut hi parishram karana p data hai. vaijnanikoan ka kahana hai ki madhumakkhiyaan apane chhatte ke sabhi khanoan ko mahinoan mean bhar pati haian. madhumakkhi ke phooloan par baithane se paragan jaisi mahatvapoorn kriya sampann ho jati hai aur madhumakkhiyoan ko badale me mila mitha ras jo ki vo apane aur apane bachchoan ke lie surakshit rakhati hai ko hi manushy aur any jiv khate hai. vastav me shahad madhumakkhiyoan ke bachchoan aur un ka bhavishy ka sanchit ahar hai. manushy v janavaroan bandar aur bhaloo adi ne shahad ko apane ahar me shamil kar liya hai. yah shahad yadi sookshmadarshiy adhyayan se guzare to hame is ke aandar paragakan bhi dikhate hai. shahad ke lie yadi madhumakkhiyaan ganne ke ras par baithe to ras se bana shahad sardiyoan me jam jata hai, us me shoogar ki matra jyada hogi.
shahad ke tatv (ghatak)
madhu gadha, chipachipa, halke bhoore rang ka, arddh paradarshak, sugandhit, mitha taral padarth hai. shahad vibhinn prakar ka hota hai inamean yah vargikaran prayah un madhumakkhiyoan dvara madhuras ekatrit kiye jane vale pramukh srotoan ke adhar par hota hai. isake atirikt shahad ke sansadhan aur shodhan ki prakriya ke adhar par bhi kiya jata hai. shahad ke vishisht tatvoan ka sanyojan use banane vali madhumakkhiyoan par v unhean upalabdh pushpoan par nirbhar karata hai. ek kilogram shahad se lagabhag 5500 kailori oorja milati hai. ek kilogram shahad se prapt oorja ke tuly doosare prakar ke khady padartho mean 65 andoan, 13 ki.gra. doodh, 8 ki.gra. plam, 19 ki.gra. hare matar, 13 ki.gra. seb v 20 ki.gra. gajar ke barabar ho sakata hai.
shahad me bahut se poshak tatv hote hai jaise - phraktoj 38.2%, glookoz: 31.3%, sakaroz: 1.3%, maltoz: 7.1%, jal: 17.2%, uchch sharkaraean: 1.5%, bhasm: 0.2%, any: 3.2% . vaijnanikoan ne yah sidhd kar diya hai ki shahad paushtik tatvoan se yukt sharkara aur any tatvoan ka mishran hota hai, isame amino esid, karbohaidrets, protin, ahariy resha aur loha, taanba, maiganij, poteshiyam, sodiyam, pharaphoras, kailshiyam jaise manav svasthy ke lie upayogi khanij lavanoan ke sath hi bahumooly vitamin - raibophlevin, vitamin B6 , pholet, vitamin C bhi upalabdh haian. shahad mean vibhinn any yaugik bhi hote haian jo eantiaauksideants ka kary karate haian. samanyatah shahad kuchh vishesh chiniyukt kshar padarthoan tatha dhatu padathoan ka sammishran hota hai, kintu isaki 75 pratishat chini vah nahian hai, jo ganna miloan dvara utpadit ki jati hai. do prakar ki chini aur khoji gee hai - (1) glookoj aangoori, (2) phaloan ke ras se utpadit phraktoj sharkara. in chiniyoan ka koee hanikarak prabhav rogi par nahian padata, jabaki samany chini unake lie haniprad hua karati hai. madhu mean milane vali aangoori sharkara bahut asani se pachane vali hoti hai.
shahad maian jo mithapan hota hai vo usamean pae jane vali sharkara (shugar) mukhyatah glookoz aur phraktoj shugar ke karan hota hai, jisaki matra 70 se 80 pratishat hai. is sharkara mean glookos aur phruktos barabar anupat mean paya jata hai. ye tatv sidhe rakt mean shoshit hokar turant oorja pradan karate haian. protins aur amino esid tatv mukhyatah paudhoan se prapt hote haian. inaki matra vibhinn prakar ke shahad mean alag- alag hoti hai. shahad mean yooan to kee prakar ke aise vitamins pae jate haian, jo manushy ke lie alp mahatv ke hote haian, parantu ve shahad ke any tatvoan ke sath milakar ek poorak ahar ka kam karate haian. vitamin bi-k aaumpleks, jo vibhinn vitamins ka samooh hai, vah bhi isamean milata hai. yah bhookh ko badhane mean sahayak hai tatha manav ke na di-tantr ko dridhata pradan karata hai. shahad mean eanjaims ka udgam, kam karane vali mada madhu makkhiyoan ki granthiyoan ka strav hai. yah phooloan ke ras ke shahad mean parivartit hone ke samay usamean mil jate haian. eanjaims pachan kriya ko badhate haian. lagabhag 11 khanij (minarals) evan 17 aanshik tatv samany shahad mean pae jate haian. in khanijoan ki matra shahad ke prakar par nirbhar karati hai. gahare rang ke shahad mean khanij ki matra halke rang ki tulana mean adhik hoti hai.
- shahad ka nyootrishanal vailyoo chart
100 gram shahad mean - enarji - 300 kilo kailari / 1270 kilo juliyan, 82.4 gram karbohaidrets, 82.12 gram chini, 0 gram vasa, 0.3 gram protin, 17.10 gram pani
shahad ka bhojan mean upayog
shahad ko chikitsa vijnan dvara bhi ek paushtik ahar mana gaya hai. shahad bhojan mean anek prakar se upayog mean laya jata raha hai. yah sabhi ayu varg ke logoan ke lie shreshth ahar mana jata hai. yah ek ooshma v oorja se bharapoor ahar hai aur doodh ke sath isaka sevan ise ek paushtik v sampoorn ahar banata hai. shahad ko doodh, pani, dahi, malaee, chay, tost, roti, sabji, phaloan ka ras, nianboo adi kisi bhi vastu mean milakar svadisht bhojan ka anand le sakate haian. shahad ko garm nahi karana chahie isase shahad ke gun samapt ho sakate haian isako halke garam doodh ya jal mean mila kar sevan karane se labh hota hai. shahad mean paee jane vali sharkara asani v shighrata se pach jati hai. aantoan ke oopari bhag mean shahad jaldi hi apana prabhav dikhata hai. shahad ka ek pramukh labh usake poorn-pachy gun mean hai, jisase ek shishu bhi isase sidha labh utha sakata hai. isake niyamit sevan se khoee huee shakti turant prapt karane mean sahayata milati hai.
shahad ka aushadhiyean gun
prachinakal se hi vibhinn prakar ke rogoan mean shahad se upachar ki vidhi prachalit hai. chot lagane par, jalane par ghavoan ko thik karane mean yah ek ramaban malham ka kam karata hai. ayurved mean to shahad kee aushadhiyoan ka adhar hai. saralata se pach jana tatha koee viparit prabhav n p dana, isaka sabase achchha paksh hai. deshi upachar ki vidhiyoan mean shahad ka prayog bahy evan aantarik rogoan mean pramukhata se kiya jata hai. yah har ayu varg ke lie ek upayogi t aaunik hai. bachchoan ke daant nikalane se lekar yuvaoan ki tvacha ki dekhabhal tatha vriddhoan ki tandurusti tak ke lie shahad mahatvapoorn hai.
shahad ka prayog aushadhi roop mean bhi hota hai. jisase kee paushtik tatv milate haian jo ghav ko thik karane aur utakoan ke badhane ke upachar mean madad karate haian. prachin kal se hi shahad ko ek jivanu-rodhi (eantibaiktiriyal) ke roop mean jana jata raha hai. shahad ek haiparasm aautik ejeant hota hai jo ghav se taral padarth nikal deta hai aur shighr usaki bharapaee bhi karata hai aur us jagah hanikarak jivanu bhi mar jate haian. jab isako sidhe ghav mean lagaya jata hai to yah silaiant ki tarah kary karata hai aur aise mean ghav sankraman se bacha rahata hai. shahad ke prayog se sharir ki soojan aur dard bhi door ho jate haian.
shahad ek uttam poorak ahar hai isake gunoan ke bare mean ayurved mean bhi likha gaya hai. ise kee aushadhiyoan ka adhar mana gaya. thakan ke samay yadi shahad ka upayog kiya jae to tatkal rahat milati hai. shahad rakt mean himoglobin nirman mean sahayak hota hai. isake niyamit sevan se enimiya door ho jata hai. isamean vitamin bi aur vitamin si to hote hi haian, isamean eantiaauksideant tatv bhi pae jate haian, jo hamari rogapratirodhak kshamata ko badhane mean sahayak hote haian. shahad ko motapa ghatane ke lie bhi upayog kiya jata hai. subah uthakar gunagune pani mean niboo ke sath shahad ka upayog karane par motapa ghatata hai.
shahad shram ki parinati hone ke karan paushtik, supachy aur durbalata ko saralata se door karane vala hai. kathin sharirik shram karane valoan ko shakti deta hai aur sphoortivan banata hai. yah amashay mean jate hi saralata se pach jata hai. pachanatantr ko atirikt shram nahian karana padata. aushadhi ke roop mean shahad ki ayurved mean prashansa ki gee hai. isaka shreshth anupat hanirahit, mridu, kaphanashak aur jivanishakti badhane vala hai. isamean utkrisht koti ka alkohal aur ithiriyal aauyal hota hai, jo ki shvas phoolane, dame ke rog aur usake tivr prakop mean labhadayak paya gaya hai. taiphaid, nimoniya jaise rogoan mean yah livar aur aantoan ki karyakshamata ko badhata hai. phode-phuanphsiyoan, jaharile ghav, phaphole adi mean isaka upayog yoorop jaise deshoan mean kiya jata hai. prayog ke adhar par dekha gaya hai ki gahare ghavoan par madhu ki patti baandh dene par ghav asani se bhar jata hai aur kisi prakar ke ianphekshan ka dar nahian rahata.
madhu har ayu varg ke lie utkrisht koti ka t aaunik bhi hai. prasidhd d aau. kelog ke anusar chhote bachche jinaka sharirik vikas thik dhang se ho nahian pata, ise doodh ke sath pilane se sharirik vikas sahaj hi ho jata hai. vridhdavastha mean thand adhik satati hai, aise vyakti bhi yadi doodh ke sath isaka sevan karean to sharir mean shighr hi garmi a jati hai. motapa, kabj aur rakt ki kami mean shahad ka sharabat kuchh hi dinoan mean labh pahuanchata hai. paushtik tatvoan ke atirikt madhu mean ek chamatkari gun yah bhi hota hai ki kisi bhi bimari ke kitanu madhu ke sanpark mean ate hi ya to jivanahin ho jate haian athava gatihin. madhu un samast bimariyoan mean upayogi paya gaya hai jo kisi prakar ke kitanu dvara utpann hoti hai. vaidyak granthoan mean kaha gaya hai ki madhumay panchamrit pan karane se rajayakshma (tibi) se bachav hota hai. yah khoon ke lal anu aur himoglobin ki sankhya mean uchit talamel baithae rahata hai. yah hriday uttejak matr nahian hota, varan usako ooshma dene vala ghatak hota hai.
nianboo pani mean shahad milakar pine se kabj ki samasya se nijat milati hai. isaka sevan rakt mean himoglobin nirman mean sahayak hota hai, rakt ko shuddh karata hai tatha tvacha ke rogoan se nijat dilata hai aur motapa bhi kam hota hai. tvacha par nikhar lane ke lie bhi yah gunakari tatv hai. gulab jal me nianboo aur shahad milakar chehare par lagane se tvacha mulayam evan komal banati hai. shahad ke niyamit sevan se sharir svasth rahata hai. isaki uchit matra sharir ko svasth, suandar evan balavan banati hai.
shahad mean sada upayogi evan shudhd bane rahane ka gun vidyaman hai. jyoan-jyoan yah purana padata jata hai, gunavatta badhati jati hai. sar edamand hileri svayan madhumakkhi palak the. sherapa tenajiang bhi niyamit shahad ka sevan karate the. shahad jaisa upayogi, gunakari, paushtik evan supachy doosara ahar nahian hai. jaha tak sanbhav ho achchhe svasth ke lie isaka sevan kiya jaye. madhupalan mean koee kathinaee nahian hai. isake bare mean tho di janakari hi paryapt hai.
bajar ka shahad
ajakal chin se ayatit shahad aur munapha kamane me aandhi kampaniyoan ke ek ghapale ko ujagar kiya gaya hai jisame seantar ph aaur saians eand enavayaranameant (C.S.E.) ke shodh ke anusar bajar mean bik rahe b di-b di kampaniyoan ke shahad mean pratijaivik eanti-bayotiks ki matra aantarrashtriy manakoan se doguna tak mili hai. aise shahad ko agar lagatar khaya jata hai to hamare sharir ke eanti bayatik ke prati rajist banane ka khatara ho jaega. aur bina jaroorat ke in pratijaivik padarthoan ke sharir me jane se jo said iphekts hoange vo bhi khataranak hoange. inake davara jaanche ge shahad mean ejithromaisin, siprophl aauksesin aur aauksitetrasaiklin, kloraianmaphenikal, eanphisilin adi pratijaivik padarth pae ge. yah pratijaivik shahad me ate kahaan se hai jab madhu palan ke chhattoan me inako bimari se bachane ke lie in pratijaivik ka prayog kiya jata hai tab ye shahad me ate hai thik usi prakar jaise gay bhaians ko bimar hone par pratijaivik ka kors diya jata hai to unake doodh me bhi pratijaivik ka asar a jata hai is doodh ko pine vale ke sharir me anayas hi ye eantibayotik chale jate hai aur hani karate hai.
shuddh shahad
shuddh shahad ko jab dhar bana kar chho da jata hai. to vah saanp ki tarah kuandali bana kar girata hai jabaki nakali fail jata hai.
madhumakkhi palan
jo log madhumakkhi palan ka vyavasay karate haian unhean madhumakkhi nahian katati kyaki vah shahad nikalate hue vishesh kapade pahanate haian. jisake karan madhumakkhi unako kat nahian pati haian. isi samay mean palanakarta unake svabhav ko janata hai tatha koee aisa kam hi nahian karata hai ki madhumakkhi ko katane ki jaroorat p de.
madhumakkhi ke ek chhatte mean kitana shahad nikalata hai aur poora bhara hua chhatta kitane din mean ban jata hai? prakritik chhatte ka to pata nahi, lekin ek madhumakkhi palak ke anusar yah do batoan par nirbhar karata hai. 1. phooloan ki upalabdhata par, varsh ke sabhi mahinoan me phooloan ki upalabdhata ek saman nahian hoti hai. 2. mausam ki anukoolita par, anukool mausam yani us sthan ka jahaan madhumakkhi pali gayi hai. vaise madhumakkhi palak ke anusar jahaan us ne pali hai vahaan vah sal me 3-3 mahinoan me do bar yild leta hai.
shahad ki upayogita
- bachchoan ko ek chammach pani mean do booand shahad milakar chatane se unaki groth achchhi hoti hai aur ve sehatamand rahate haian.
- shahad, adarak aur tulasi ke pattoan ka ras barabar matra mean milakar chatane se jukam mean rahat milati hai.
- poore parivar ki sehat ke lie badam bhigokar doodh mean pis lean aur use sabako ek chammach shahad mean milakar khilaean.
- ek bade chammach shahad mean ek badi ilayachi pisakar milakar pine se pet dard mean rahat milati hai.
- lagatar hichaki a rahi ho to shahad chatean.
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