ईसाई धर्मयुद्ध

eesaee dharmayuddh, kroosed athava kroosh yuddh pashchimi yoorop nivasi eesaiyoan ne 1095 aur 1291 ke bich apane dharm ki pavitr bhoomi philistin aur usaki rajadhani jeroosalam mean sthit eesa ki samadhi ka girajaghar musalamanoan se chhinane aur apane adhikar mean karane ke prayas mean jo yuddh kie unako kroosh yuddh arthath‌ kras ke nirmitt yuddh kaha jata hai. itihasakar aise sat kroosh yuddh manate haian.

eesaee matavalanbiyoan ki pavitr bhoomi aur usake mukhy sthan sath ke manachitr mean dikhae ge haian. yatra ki pramukh manjil jeroosalam nagar mean vah b da girajaghar tha jise rom ke pratham eesaee samrath koanstaantin mahanh‌ ki maan ne eesa ki samadhi ke pas banavaya tha.

yah kshetr rom ke samrajy ka aang tha jisake shasak chauthi sadi se eesaee matavalanbi ho ge the. satavian sadi mean islam ka prachar b di tivr gati se hua aur paiangabar ke uttaradhikari khaliphaoan ne nikat aur door ke deshoan par apana shasan sthapit kar liya. philistin to paiganbar ki mrityu ke 10 varsh ke bhitar hi unake adhin ho gaya tha.

musalaman eesa ko bhi eeshvar ka paiganbar manate haian. sath hi, arab jati mean sahishnuta bhi thi, isase yahoodiyoan ko apani pavitr bhoomi ke sthaloan ki yatra mean koee badha ya kathinaee nahian huee.

11 vian sadi mean yah sthiti badal gee. madhy eshiyaee turk jati ki itani janavriddhi huee ki vah aur phaili tatha islam dharm grahan karane se usaki shakti bahut badh gee. usaki ek shakha ne sulatan mahamood ke netritv mean bharat par akraman kiya aur usaka pashchimottar bhag daba liya. ek doosari shakha ne (jo apane ek saradar seljuk ke nam se prasiddh hai) kee deshoan ke anantar philistin par bhi qabza kiya aur jeroosalam tatha vahaan ke pavitr sthan 1071 ee. usake adhin ho ge. is samay se eesaiyoan ki yatra kathin aur ashankapoorn ho gee.

doosari or pashchimi yoorop mean narman jati ki shakti ka vikas hua. narman ianglaiand ke shasak ban ge; phraans ke ek bhag par ve pahale se hi chhae hue the, 1070 ke lagabhag unhoanne sisili, dvip musalamanoan se jita aur usase mila hua itali ka dakshini bhag bhi daba liya. phalasvaroop, bhoomadhyasagar, jo uttari aphrika ke musalaman shasakoan ke dabav mean tha, is samay ke eesaiyoan ke lie khul gaya.

itali ke kee svantatr nagar (jinamean ve venis, jenoa aur pisa pramukh the) vanijy mean kushal the aur ab aur bhi unnatishil ho ge. unaki nausena badhi aur eesaiyoan ko apani pavitr bhoomi ke lie naya marg bhi upalabdh ho gaya.

par eesaee mean prabal phoot bhi thi. 395 ee. mean roman samrajy do bhagoan mean bant gaya tha. pashchimi bhag, jisaki rajadhani rom thi, 476 mean uttar ki barbar jatiyoan ke akraman se toot gaya. par pop ka prabhav sthir raha aur in jatiyoan ke eesaee ho jane par bahut badh gaya; yahaan tak ki pashchimi yoorop par pop ka nirvivad adhipaty tha. isake shasak pop se ashirvad prapt karate the aur yadi pop aprasann hokar kisi shasak ka bahishkar karata, to use kathin prayashchitt karana hota tha aur prachur dhan dand ke roop mean pop ko dena p data tha. is kshetr ke shasakoan mean se ek samrath nirvachit hota tha jo pop ka sahakari mana jata tha aur pavitr roman samrath kahalata tha.

eesaee jagath‌ ke poorvi bhag ki rajadhani kustuantuniyaan (koanstaantin nagar) mean thi aur vahaan grik (yoonani) jati ke samrath shasan karate the. poorvi yoorop ke atirikt unaka rajy eshiya mainar par bhi tha. turko ne eshiya mainar ke adhikaansh par qabza kar liya tha, keval rajadhani ke nikat ka aur kuchh samudratat ka kshetr samrath ke pas rah gaya tha. samrath ne is sankat mean pashchimi eesaiyoan ki sahayata maangi. rom ka pop svayan hi pavitr bhoomi ko turko se mukt karane ka ichchhuk tha. ek prabhavashali pracharak (amiya nivasi pitar sannyasi) ne phraans aur itali mean dharmayuddh ke lie janata ko utsahit kiya. phalasvaroop lagabhag chhah lakh krooshadhar prastut ho ge. eesaee jagath‌ ke poorvi aur pashchimi bhagoan mean dharmik matabhed itana tha ki 1054 mean rom ke pop aur kostaantin nagar ke patriark (jo poorvi eesaiyoan ka adhyaksh tha) ne ek doosare ko jatichyut kar diya tha. pashchim ka unnatishil rajanitik dal (arthath‌ narman jati) poorvi samrath ko, jo yoonani tha, nikamma samajhata tha. usaki dharana thi ki is samrajy mean narman shasan sthapit hone par hi turki se yuddh mean jit ho sakati hai. in virodhoan tatha matabhedoan ka kroosh yuddhoan ke itihas par gahara prabhav p da.

pratham kroosh yuddh (1096-1099)-is yuddh mean do prakar ke krooshadharoan ne bhag liya. ek to phraans, jarmani aur itali ke janasadharan, jo lakhoan ki sankhya mean pop aur sannyasi pitar ki prerana se (bahutere) apane bal bachchoan ke sath ga diyoan par saman ladakar pitar aur any shraddhonmatt netaoan ke pichhe pavitr bhoomi ki or march, 1096 mean thalamarg se chal die. bahutere inamean uddand the aur vidharmiyoan ke prati to sabhi dvesharat the. unake pas bhojan samagri aur parivahan sadhan ka abhav hone ke karan ve marg mean loot khasot aur yahoodiyoan ki hatya karate ge jisake phalasvaroop bahutere mare bhi ge. inako yah pravritti dekhakar poorvi samrath ne inake koanstaantin nagar pahuanchane par doosare dal ki pratiksha kie bina basphoras ke par utar diya. vahaan se badhakar jab ve turko dvara shasit kshetr mean ghuse to, mare ge.

doosara dal pashchimi yoorop ke kee suyogy samantoan ki senaoan ka tha jo alag alag margo se koanstaantin pahuanche. inake nam is prakar haian:-

(1) laren ka dyook gadaphre aur usaka bhaee baldavin; (2) dakshin phraans sthit tooloo ka dyook remoan; (3) sisili ke vijeta narmanoan ka neta bohemoan (jo poorvi samrath ka sthan lene ka ichchhuk bhi tha). inaki yatra ke marg manachitr mean dikhae ge haian. poorvi samrath ne in senaoan ko margaparivahan ityadi ki suvidhaean aur svayan sainik sahayata dene ke badale inase yah pratijna karaee ki samrajy ke bhootapoorv pradesh, jo turko ne hathiya lie the, phir jite jane par samrath ko de die jaeange. yadyapi is pratijna ka poora palan nahian hua aur samrath ki sahayata yathesht nahian prapt huee, phir bhi krooshadhar senaoan ko is yuddh mean paryapt saphalata mili.

(koanstaantin se age in senaoan ka marg manachitr mean aankit hai.) sarvapratham unaka samana hote hi turko ne nikaya nagar aur usase sanbandhit pradesh samrath ko de die. phir sena ne doriliyam sthan par turko ko parajit kiya or vahaan se aantiok mean pahuanchakar ath mahine ke ghere ke bad use jit liya. isase pahale hi baldavin ne apani sena alag kar ke poorv ki or arminiya ke aantargat edesa pradesh par apana adhikar kar liya.

aantiok se navabanr, 1098 mean chalakar senaean marg mean sthit tripolis, tir, tatha sizariya ke shasakoan se dand lete hue joon, 1099 mean jeroosalam pahuanchi aur paanch saptah ke ghere ke bad julaee, 1099 mean usapar adhikar kar liya. unhoanne nagar ke musalaman aur yahoodi nivasiyoan ki (unaki striyoan aur bachchoan ke sath) nirmam hatya kar di.

is vijay ke bad krooshadharoan ne jite hue pradeshoan mean apane char rajy sthapit kie (jo manachitr mean dikhae ge haian). poorvi roman samrath isase aprasann hua par in rajyoan ko venis, jenoa ityadi samakalin mahanh‌ shaktiyoan ki nausena ki sahayata prapt thi jinaka vanijy in rajyoan ke sahare eshiya mean phailata tha. isake atirikt dharmasainikoan ke do dal, jo matharakshak (naits teanplars) aur svasthyarakshak (naits haspitalars) ke nam se prasiddh haian, inake sahayak the. padariyoan aur bhikshuoan ke saman ye dharmasainik pop se diksha pate the aur ajivan brahmachary rakhane tatha dharm, asahay striyoan aur bachchoan ki raksha karane ki shapath lete the.

dvitiy kroosh yuddh (1147-1149) sanh‌ 1144 mean mosal ke turk shasak imad uddin zangi ne edesa ko eesaee shasak se chhin liya. pop se sahayata ki prarthana ki gee aur usake adesh se prasiddh sannyasi sant barnard ne dharmayuddh ka prachar kiya.

is yuddh ke lie pashchimi yoorop ke do pramukh raja (phraans ke satavean luee aur jarmani ke tisare konarad) tin lakh ki sena ke sath thalamarg se koanstaantin hote hue eshiya mainar pahuanche. inake paraspar vaimanasy aur poorvi samrath ki udasinata ke karan inhean saphalata n mili. jarman sena ikoniyam ke yuddh mean 1147 mean parast huee aur phraans ki agale varsh laudisiya ke yuddh mean. parajit senaean samudr ke marg se aantiok hoti huee jeroosalam pahuanchi aur vahaan ke raja ke sahayog se damishk par ghera dala, par bina use lie hue hi hat gee. is prakar yah yuddh nitaant asaphal raha.

tritiy kroosh yuddh 1188-1192 is yuddh ka karan turki ki shakti ka utthan tha. sulatan salahuddin (1137-1193) ke netritv mean unaka b da samrajy ban gaya jisamean uttari aphrika mean misr, pashchimi eshiya mean filistin, siriya, arab, eeran tatha irak sammilit the. usane 1187 mean jeroosalam ke eesaee raja ko hattin ke yuddh mean parast kar bandi kar liya aur jeroosalam par adhikar kar liya. samudratat par sthit tir par usaka akraman asaphal raha aur is bandar ka bachav 1188 mean karane ke bad eesaee sena ne doosare bandar ekar ko salahuddin se lene ke lie usapar agast, 1189 mean ghera dala jo 23 mahine tak chala. salahuddin ne ghera dalanevaloan ko ghere mean dal diya. jab 1191 ke aprail mean phraans ki sena aur joon mean ianglaiand ki sena vahaan pahuanchi tab salahuddin ne apani sena hata li aur is prakar jeroosalam ke rajy mean se (jo 1199 mean sthapit char phirangi rajyoan mean pramukh tha) keval samudratat ka vah bhag, jisamean ye bandar (ekar tatha tir) sthit the, shesh rah gaya.

is yuddh ke lie yoorop ke tin pramukh rajaoan ne b di taiyari ki thi par vah sahayog n kar sake aur parasparik virodh ke karan asaphal rahe.

pratham jarman samrath phredarik lalamuanha (barbarosa), jisaki avastha 80 varsh se adhik thi, 1189 ke aranbh mean hi apane desh se thalamarg se chal diya aur eshiya mainar mean turki kshetr mean pravesh karake usane usaka kuchh pradesh jit bhi liya, par arminiya ki ek paha di nadi ko tairakar par karane mean doobakar joon, 1190 mean mar gaya. usaki sena ke bahut sainik mare ge, bahut bhag nikale; shesh usake putr phredarik ke sath ekar ke ghere mean ja mile.

doosara phraans ka raja philip ogustoo apani sena jenoa ke bandar se jahajoan par lekar chala, par sisili mean ianglaiand ke raja se (jo ab tak usaka param mitr tha) vivadavash ek varsh nasht karake aprail, 1181 mean ekar pahuanch paya.

is kroosh yuddh ka pramukh ianglaiand ka raja richard pratham tha, jo phraans ke ek pradesh ka dyook bhi tha aur apane pita ke rajyakal mean phraans ke raja ka param mitr raha tha. isane apani sena phraans mean hi ekatr ki aur vah phraans ki sena ke sath hi samudratat tak gee. ianglaiand ka samudri be da 1181 mean hi vahaan se chalakar marasee ke bandar par upasthit tha. sena ka kuchh bhag usapar aur kuchh richard ke sath itali hota hua sisili pahuancha, jahaan phraans naresh se anaban ke karan lagabhag ek varsh nasht hua tha. vahaan se donoan alag ho ge aur richard ne kuchh samay saipras ka dvip jitane aur apana vivah karane mean vyav kiya. is karan vah phraans ke raja se do mahine bad ekar pahuancha (tinoan rajaoan ki senaoan ka marg manachitr mean dikhaya gaya hai). ekar ke mukt ho jane par rajaoan ka matabhed bh dak utha. phraans ka raja apane desh laut gaya. richard ne akele hi turko ke desh misr ki or badhane ka prayas kiya jisamean usane nau l daiyaan l dian. vah jeroosalam se chhah mil tak badha par usapar ghera n dal saka. vahaan se lautakar usane samudratat par japhpha mean sitanbar, 1192 mean salahuddin se sandhi kar li jisase eesaee yatriyoan ko bina rok tok ke yatra karane ki suvidha de di gee aur tin varsh ke lie yuddh ko viram diya gaya.

yuddhaviram ki avadhi ke uparaant jarman samrath henari shashth ne phir akraman kiya aur usaki sahayata ke lie do senaean samudri marg se bhi aee. par saphalata n mili.

chaturth kroosh yuddh 1202-1204 is yuddh ka pravartak pop innoseant tritiy tha. usaki prabal ichchha eesaee mat ke donoan sanpradayoan (poorvi aur pashchimi) ko milane ki thi jisake lie vah poorvi samrath ko bhi apane adhin karana chahata tha. pop ki shakti is samay charam sima par thi. vah jis rajy ko jise chahata, de deta tha. usaki is niti ko us samay nausena aur vanijy mean sabase shaktishali rajy venis aur narman jati ki bhi sahanubhooti aur sahayog prapt tha. pop ka uddeshy is prakar eesaee jagath‌ mean ekata utpann karake musalamanoan ko pavitr bhoomi se nikal dena tha. par usake sahayakoan ka lakshy rajanitik aur arthik tha.

sanh‌ 1202 mean poorvi samrath eejaks ko usake bhaee aleksiyas ne aandha karake hata diya tha aur svayan samrath ban baitha tha. pashchimi senaean samudr ke marg se koanstaantan pahuancha aur aleksiyas ko harakar eejaks ki gaddi par baithaya. usaki mrityu ho jane par koanstaantin par phir ghera dala gaya aur vijay ke bad vahaan baldivin ka, jo pashchimi yoorop mean flaiandars (beljiyam) ka samant tha, samrath banaya gaya. is prakar poorvi samrajy bhi pashchimi phirangiyoan ke shasan mean a gaya aur 60 varsh tak bana raha.

is kraanti ke atirikt phirangi senaoan ne rajadhani ko bhali prakar loota. vahaan ke kosh se dhan, ratn aur kalakritiyoan lene ke atirikt prasiddh girajaghar sant saphiya ko bhi loota jisaki chhat mean, kaha jata hai, ek samrath ne 18 tan sona lagaya tha.

balakoan ka dharmayuddh (1212)-sanh‌ 1212 mean phraans ke stefaan nam ke ek kisan ne, jo kuchh chamatkar bhi dikhata tha, ghoshana ki ki use eeshvar ne musalamanoan ko parast karane ke lie bheja hai aur yah parajay balakoan dvara hogi. is prakar balakoan ke dharmayuddh ka prachar hua, jo ek vichitr ghatana hai. 30,000 balak balikaean , jinamean se adhikaansh 12 varsh se kam avastha ke the, is kam ke lie sat jahajoan mean phraans ke dakshini bandar marasee se chale. unhean samudrayatra paidal hi sanpann hone ka vishvas dilaya gaya. do jahaj to samudr mean samast yatriyoan samet doob ge, shesh ke yatri sikandariya mean das banakar bech die ge. inamean se kuchh 17 varsh uparaant sandhi dvara mukt hue.

isi varsh ek doosare utsahoan ne 20,000 balakoan ka doosara dal jarmani mean kh da kiya aur vah unhean janaa tak le gaya. vahaan ke b de padari ne unhean laut jane ka paramarsh diya. lautate samay unamean se bahut se paha doan ki yatra mean mar ge.

paanchavaan kroosh yuddh-1228-29 mean samrath phredarik dvitiy ne misr ke shak se sandhi karake, pavitr bhoomi ke mukhy sthan jaroosalam bethalaham, nazarath, tor aur sidan tatha unake asapas ke kshetr prapt karake apane ko jeroosalam ke rajapad par abhishakt kiya.

chhatha kroosh yuddh 1248-54-kuchh hi varsh uparaant jeroosalam phir musalamanoan ne chhin liya. jalaluddin, khvarajm़shah, jo khoba ka shasak tha, chagez khaan se parast hokar, pashchim gaya aur 1144 mean usane jeroosalam lekar vahaan ke pavitr sthanoan ki kshati pahuanchaee aur nivasiyoan ki hatya ki.

is par phraans ke raja luee navean ne (jise sant ki upadhi prapt huee) 1248 aur 54 ke bich do bar in sthanoan ko phir se lene ka prayas kiya. phraans se samudramarg se chalakar vah saipras pahuancha aur vahaan se 1249 mean misr mean damieta le liya, par 1250 mean masoori ki l daee mean parast hua aur apani poori sena ke sath usane poorn atmasamarpan kiya. char lakh svarnamudra ka uddharamooly chukakar, dameta vapas kar mukti paee. isake uparaant char varsh usane ekar ke bachav ka prayas kiya, par saphal n hua.

saptam kroosh yuddh 1270-72-jab 1268mean turko ne eesaiyoan se aantiaki le liya, tab luee nav ne ek aur kroosh yuddh kiya. usaki asha thi ki uttari aphrika mean tyooanas ka raja eesaee ho jaaiga. vahaan pahuankar usane kathej 1270 meliyo, par tho de hi dinoan mean pleg se mar gaya. is yuddh ko isaka mrityu ke bad ianglaiand ke rajakumar edavard ne, jo age chalakar raja edavard pratham hua, jari rakha. parantu usane aphrika mean aur koee karravaee nahian ki. vah sisala hota hua. philistin pahuancha. usane ekar ka ghera hata diya or musalamanoan ko das varsh ke lie yuddhaviram karane ko badhy kiya.

ekar hi ek sthan philistin mean eesaiyoan ke hath mean bacha tha aur vah ab unake chhote se rajy ki rajadhani thi. 1291 mean turko ne use bhi le liya.

dharmayuddhoan ka prabhav-in dharmayuddhoan ke itihas mean is bat ka jvalant praman milata hai ki dharmik aandhavishvas aur kattarata ko uttejit karane se munashy mean svayan vichar karane ki shakti nahian rah jati. kattarata ke prachar se eesaiyat jaise shantipoorn mat ke anuyayi bhi kitana atyachar aur hatyakaand kar sakate haian, yah isase prakat hai. jo dharmasainik yatriyoan ki chikitsa ke lie athava mandir ki raksha ke lie dikshit hue, ve yahaan ke vatavaran mean sansari ho ge. ve mahajani karane lage.

in yuddhoan se yoorop ko bahut labh bhi hua. bahutere kalahapriy log in yuddhoan mean kam ae jisase shasan ka kam sugam ho gaya. yuddhoan mean janevale yooropiy poorv ke nivasiyoan ke sanpark mean ae aur unase unhoanne bahut kuchh sikha , kyoanki inake rahan sahan ka star yoorop se bahut ooancha tha. vanijy ko bhi bahut protsahan mila aur bhoomadhyasagar ke bandaragah, visheshat: venis, jenia, pisa ki kha di ki unnati huee.

poorvi samrajy, jo 11vian shatabdi mean samapt hone hi ko tha,300 varsh aur jivit raha. pop ka prabhutv aur bhi badh gaya aur sath hi rajaoan ki shakti badhane se donoan mean kabhi kabhi sangharsh bhi hua.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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