पाणिनि

panini / Panini

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panini (500 ee poo) sanskrit vyakaran shastr ke sabase b de pratishthata aur niyamak achary the. inaka janm panjab ke shalatula mean hua tha jo adhunik peshavar (pakistan) ke qarib tatkalin uttar pashchim bharat ke gaandhar mean hua tha. inaka jivanakal 520-460 eesa poorv mana jata hai. inake vyakaran ko ashtadhyayi kahate haian. inhoanne bhasha ke shuddh prayogoan ki sima ka nirdharan kiya, jo prayog ashtadhayayi ki kasauti par khare nahian utare unhean vidvanoan ne 'apaniniy' kahakar ashuddh ghoshit kar diya. sanskrit bhasha ko vyakaran sammat roop dene mean panini ka yogadan atulaniy mana jata hai.
ashtadhyayi matr vyakaran granth nahian hai. isamean prakaraantar se tatkalin bharatiy samaj ka poora chitr milata hai. us samay ke bhoogol, samajik, arthik, shiksha aur rajanitik jivan, darshanik chiantan, khan-pan, rahan-sahan adi ke prasang sthan-sthan par aankit haian.

vyakaran shastr

panini ne apane samay ki sanskrit bhasha ki sookshm chhanabin ki thi. is chhanabin ke adhar par unhoanne jis vyakaran shastr ka pravachan kiya, vah n keval tatkalin sanskrit bhasha ka niyamak shastr bana, apitu usane agami sanskrit rachanaoan ko bhi prabhavit kiya. panini se poorv bhi vyakaran shastr ke any acharyoan ne is vishal sanskrit bhasha ko niyamoan mean baandhane ka prayas kiya tha, parantu panini ka shastr vistar aur gambhiry ki drishti se in sabhi mean siramaur siddh hua. panini ne apani gahan antadrirshti, samanvayatmak drishtikon, ekagrata, kushalata, dridh parishram aur vipul samagri ki sahayata se jis anoothe vyakaran shastr ka upadesh diya, use dekhakar b de se b de vidvan ashchary chakit hokar kahane lage – 'paniniyan mahatsuvirachitamh' – panini ka shastr mahan aur suvirachit hai; 'mahati sookshmekshika vartate sootrakarasy' unaki drishti atyant paini hai; 'shobhana khalu panineah sootrasy kritiah' unaki rachana ati sundar hai; 'paninishabdo loke prakashate' sare lok mean panini ka nam chha gaya hai, ityadi. bhashyakar ne panini ko pramanabhoot achary, mangalik achary, srihridh, bhagavan adi visheshanoan se sambodhit kiya hai. unake anusar panini ke sootr mean ek bhi shabd anarthak nahian ho sakata, aur paniniy shastr mean aisa kuchh nahian hai jo nirarthak ho. unhoanne jo sootr banae haian, ve bahut hi soch vichar kar banae ge haian. unhoanne suhridh ke roop mean vyakaran shastr ka anvakhyan kiya hai. rachana ke samay unaki drishti bhavishy ki or thi aur vah dooratar ki bat sochate the. is prakar unaki pratishtha bachche bachche tak phail gee aur vidyarthiyoan mean unhian ka vyakaran sarvadhik priy hua.

ashtadhyayi athava paniniyashtak

panini ka vyakaran shabdanushasan ke nam se vidvanoan mean prasiddh hai, parantu ath adhyayoan mean vibhakt hone ke karan yahi shabdanushasan lok mean ashtadhyayi athava paniniyashtak ke roop mean jana jata hai. panini ne apani ashtadhyayi se sanskrit bhasha ko amarata pradan ki. unaki vyakaran ki riti se sanskrit bhasha ke sabhi ang alaukit ho uthe. sarvashastropakarak ke roop mean paniniy ashtadhyayi ki sahayata se hamean kahian bhi apana marg dhooandhane mean kathinaee nahian hoti hai. sansar ki anek bhashaean niyamit vyakaran ke abhav mean ya to lupt ho geean haian, ya itani durooh haian ki unhean samajhana hi dushkar haian. kintu sanskrit bhasha ke gady aur pady donoan panini shastr se niyamit hone ke karan sada hi subodh bane rahe haian. aj bhi ham paniniy ashtadhyayi ki sahayata se sanskrit ke prachinatam sahity se lekar navinatam rachanaoan ka rasasvad kar sakate haian.

apane vyakaran ko poorv eanv sarvagrahi banane ke lie panini ne deshatan kar bharat ke vibhinn janapadoan ki bhasha, unake riti–vyavahar, veshabhoosha, udyog–dhandhe tatha unake vyakti aur jati–vachak namoan ka poorn jnan prapt kiya. atah unaka vyakaran n keval shabdanushasan ki drishti se paripoorn hai, apitu vah tatkalin sabhyata aur sanskriti ka vishvasaniy aur pramanik itihas bhi hai. paniniy vyakaran itana suvyavasthit, vaijnanik, laghavapoorn aur sarvangapoorn siddh hua ki unake samane samast vyakaran gaun ho ge. yahaan tak ki dhire dhire pradeshik vyakaranoan ka prachalan band ho gaya aur kalantar mean ve nashtapray ho ge. paniniy ashtadhyayi ke ath adhyayoan mean se pratyek adhyay mean char pad haian aur kul milakar lagabhag char hajar sootr haian. ashtadhyayi ki sootr sankhya ke vishay mean vidvanoan mean tho da vivad hai. kuchh vidvan isake sootroan ki sankhya 3981 manate haian. inamean yadi 14 pratyahar–sootr jo d dean to yah sankhya 3995 ho jati hai. ashtadhyayi ko vedang manane valoan ki parampara mean prachalit maukhik path mean yah sankhya 3983 hai. kashika aur siddhant–kaumudi ke paramparagat path ke anusar 3983 sankhya hi di huee hai.

adhyay

vyakaraniy prakriya ki drishti se ashtadhyayi ko mukhy roop se tin bhagoan mean vibhakt kiya ja sakata hai. ek, vakyoan ke padoan ka sankalan (1–2 adhyay); do, padoan ka prakriti–pratyay mean vibhag (3–5 adhyay); tin, prakriti–pratyayoan ke sath agam adeshadi ka sanyojan kar parinishthit padoan ka nirman (6–8 adhyay). ashtadhyayi ke pratham do adhyayoan mean padoan ke subant, tinant bhedoan aur vakyoan mean unake paraspar sambandh par vichar kiya gaya hai. tritiy adhyay mean dhatuoan se shabd–siddhi ka vivechan tatha chaturth aur pancham adhyay mean pratipadikoan evan shabd siddhi ka vichar hai. shashth evan saptam adhyayoan mean subant evan tinant shabdoan ki prakriti–pratyayatmak siddhi evan svaroan ka vivechan hai, tatha ashtam adhyay mean sannihit padoan ke shighrochcharan se varnoan ya svaroan par p dane vale prabhav ki charcha hai. yadi pratipady vishayoan ki drishti se vichar kiya jae to sanjna aur paribhasha, svaroan aur vyanjanoan ke prakar, dhatusiddh kriyapad, karak, vibhakti, ekashesh samas, kridant, subant, taddhit, agam aur adesh, svar vichar, ditv aur sandhi – ye ashtadhyayi ke pratipady vishay haian.

ashtadhyayi sanhita

panini ne sampoorn ashtadhyayi sanhita path mean rachi thi. mahabhashy mean likha hai<balloon title="1.1.50" style=color:blue>*</balloon> 'ubhayatha hi tulya sanhita sthaneantaratam uranh raparah iti.' is prakar ke pramanoan se spasht hai ki panini ne ashtadhyayi sanhita path mean rachi thi. yadyapi panini ne pravachan kal mean sootroan ka vichchhed avashy kiya hoga (kyoanki usake bina sootrarth ka pravachan sambhav nahian), tathapi patanjali ne unake sanhita path ko hi pramanik mana hai. paniniy vyakaran mean kee sthanoan par prachin vyakaranoan ke shlokaanshoan ki spasht jhalak upalabdh hoti hai. jaise ‘tadasmai diyate yuktan shranamaansaudanattathin.’ ye anushtuph ke do charan the. isamean panini ne yanktan ka niyuktan padhakar do sootroan ka pravachan kiya hai. achary yudhishthir mimaansak ji ke anusar yadyapi panini ne apane shastr ke pravachan mean sampoorn prachin vanmay ka upayog kiya hai, to bhi panini ka pradhan upajivy apishal vyakaran hai.

sootr

ashtadhyayi ke pratyek pad ki vibhinn sanjnaean us–us pad ke pratham sootr ke adhar par rakhi geean haian.

• gankutadipadah<balloon title="1.2" style=color:blue>*</balloon>
• bhoopadah<balloon title="1.3" style=color:blue>*</balloon>
• dvigupadah<balloon title="2.4" style=color:blue>*</balloon>
• sambandhapadah<balloon title="3.4" style=color:blue>*</balloon>
• angapadah<balloon title="6.4" style=color:blue>*</balloon>

panini ki ashtadhyayi ke anushilan se yah spasht pratit hota hai ki ve jis sanskrit bhasha ka vyakaran likh rahe the, vah lokabhasha thi. saiank doan aise sootr haian jinaka upayog vyavahar–gamy shabdoan ki siddhi ke nimitt hi hota hai, kisi shastriy shabd ke lie nahian. udaharanarth – plutavidhan ki yuktimatta – plutavidhan ke nimitt anek sootr haian.

1. door se bulane ke lie prayukt vaky ke ti ki plut sanjna hoti hai – saktoonh pib devadatt 3 yahaan datt ka antim akar plut hua hai.
2. devadatt ko door se pukarana hoga to devadatt mean tin sthanoan mean kramashah plut hoga – devadatt, devadatt, devadatt 3.<balloon title="8.2" style=color:blue>*</balloon>

panini ne vyavahar mean prayukt hone vali vastuoan ke nam siddh karane ke lie sootroan ka nirman kiya hai. in vastuoan ka sambandh shastroan se n hokar lok–sanskriti se hai. udaharanarth– jitana anaj ek khet mean boya jata hai, utane se usaka namakaran panini ne kiya hai. prasthik, draunik tatha kharik adi shabd isi niyam se banate haian.<balloon title="tasy vapah 5.1.45" style=color:blue>*</balloon> ashtadhyayi mean us samay prachalit aise muhavare ka prayog hai jo sanskrit ko lokabhasha siddh karate haian. vividh prayog ise spasht siddh karate haian. shayyotthanan dhavati–sej se sidhe uthakar dau data hai.<balloon title="3.4.52" style=color:blue>*</balloon> arthath shighrata ke karan vah any avashyak karyoan ki paravah kie bina dau data hai.

granth

panini ne poorvacharyoan ke dvara nirdisht prabhoot sanjnaoan ka prayog apane granth mean kiya hai, parantu laghav ke nimitt unhoanne anek svopajn sanjnaean udbhavit ki haian jaise 'ghu' sanjna– dadhaghvadaph<balloon title="1.1.20" style=color:blue>*</balloon>, 'gh' sanjna– taratamapau ghah<balloon title="1.1.22" style=color:blue>*</balloon>, vriddh sanjna – vriddho yoona<balloon title="1.2.65" style=color:blue>*</balloon> gotr sanjna – apatyan pautrapubhriti gotramh.<balloon title="4.1.162" style=color:blue>*</balloon>

pathantar

panini ashtadhyayi ke bhi pathantar upalabdh hote haian. in pathantaroan ko tin bhagoan mean baant sakate haian:–

1. kuchh pathantar aise haian, jo panini ke svakiy pravachan–bhed se utpann hue haian. yatha– ubhayatha hyacharyen shishyaah sootran pratipaditaah<balloon title="kashika– 6.2.104" style=color:blue>*</balloon>,
2. vrittikaroan ki vyakhyaoan ke bhed se– kantheviddhibhyah ityanye pathanti<balloon title="padamanjari–4.1.81" style=color:blue>*</balloon>,
3. lekhak ke pramad se. yatha– evan chatakadairatyetath sootramasith. idanian pramadath chatakaya iti pathah.

ashtadhyayi aur usake khilapath (dhatupath, ganapath, unadipath) ke vividh pathoan ka sookshm anven karake is nishkarsh par pahuancha jata hai ki achary panini ke panchang vyakaran ka hi trividh path hai– prachy path- ashtadhyayi ke jis path par kashika vritti hai, vah prachy path hai.
audichy path– kshirasvami adi kashmir pradeshiy vidvanoan se ashriyaman sootrapath hai.
dakshinaty– jis path par katyayan ne apane vartik likhe haian, vah dakshinaty path hai.
mahabhashyakar ne ashtadhyayi ka prayojan shisht prayogoan ke jnan ka marg pradarshan karana likha hai – 'shishtaparijnanartha ashtadhyayi'.<balloon title="6.3.109" style=color:blue>*</balloon>

paniniy tantr ke khil granth

paniniy sampraday ki athava kisi bhi vyakaran sampraday ki samagrata ke hetu paanch aangoan se yukt hona nitant avashyak hota hai. isalie sampoorn vyakaran ko panchang vyakaran kaha jata hai. in paanchoan aangoan mean sootrapath to mukhy hi hai, aur usake sahayak athava poorak hone se any aangoan ki bhi upayogita hai. inhian ko khil–granth athava parishisht granth ke nam se pukarate haian– 1. dhatupath, 2. ganapath, 3. unadipath, 4. linganushasan.

ashtakan ganapathashch dhatupathastathaiv ch.
linganushasanan shiksha paniniya ami kramath..

dhatupath

panini ka dhatupath paniniy vyakaran ka ek mahatvapoorn aang hai. panini–prokt dhatuoan ki sankhya lagabhag do sahastr hai. ye dhatuean bhvadi–adadi das ganoan mean vibhakt haian. pratyek dhatu ke sath arth–nirdesh kiya gaya hai. pashchatty bhashavettaoan ne paniniy dhatu–path ki prachur mimaansa ki hai.

ganapath

ganapath ashtadhyayi ka ek atyant mahatvapoorn evan avashyak aang hai. paraspar bhinn kintu kisi ek vishay mean samanata rakhane vale shabdoan ko vyakaran ke ek niyam ke antargat lane ke lie achary ji ne ganapath ka kathan kiya. ganapath ke dvara panini ne ashtadhyayi roopi gagar mean gram, janapad, sangh, gotr, charan adi se sambandhit bhaugolik, rajanaitik aur saanskritik samagri ka sagar bhar diya hai. vyakaran niyamoan ki rachana mean sahayak ganapath ki shaili panini ke hathoan mean saanskritik samagri ka bhandar ban gee. kuchh gan to aise the jinaka panini ke dvara hi poora path ek bar mean de diya gaya tha. ye pathit gan kahalae. gotr aur sthan–namoan ki ganasoochiyaan isi prakar ki haian. doosare gan akritigan kahalae. in akritiganoan ke dvar bhasha mean utpann hone vale ne–ne shabdoan ke lie sarvatha khule hue the. ganapath ki is visheshata ke karan ne–ne shabd panini–shastr ke anushasan mean ate rahe haian aur bhi yah ek jita–jagata shastr bana hua hai.

unadi sootr

vyakaran shastr ke anusar shabd do prakar ke hote haian– roodh tatha yaugik. roodh avyutpann hote haian, arthath unaki vyutpatti kisi dhatu se nahian dikhaee ja sakati. yaugik shabd dhatu se nishpann hote haian, isalie ve vyutpann hote haian. unadi sootr pratyek shabd ki sadhuta pratyay ke yog se siddh karate haian. phalatah unaki drishti mean koee shabd avyutpann nahian hai, arthath dhatu–vishesh se unaki siddhi avashy dikhaee ja sakati hai. in sootroan mean arambhik sootr unh pratyay ka vidhan karata hai. kri–va–pa–jimi–svad–sadhyashoobhyan unh – is pratyay ke adim hone ke karan yah samast pratyay–samuchchay unadi ke nam se prakhyat hai. pratyek vyakaran–sampraday ka unadi avibhajy tatha avashyak aang hai. paniniy sampraday mean unadi ke dvividh roop mean milate haian–

1. panchapadi,
2. dashapadi.

panchapadi paanch padoan mean vibhakt hai aur sootroan ki poori sankhya 759 hai; dashapadi dashapadoan mean vibhakt hai, aur sootroan ki sankhya 727 hai.

linganushasan

sanskrit mean lingoan ka nirdharan karana kathin hai. stribodhak hone vala dar shabd punllig hai aur kalatr napuansak hai. puroosh–suhridh vachak hone par bhi mitr napuansak hai, shatruvachak 'amitr' pulling hai. isi kathinaee ko door karane ke lie achary ji ne lianganushasan ki rachana ki. vyadi hi lianganushasan ke sarvapratham sarvaprachin granthakar haian. panini ka lianganushasan sootratmak hai. samagr sootroan ki sankhya 188 hai. isamean paanch adhikar haian– stri adhikar, pulliang adhikar, napuansak adhikar, puannapuansak adhikar. paniniy lianganushasan ke pravakta svayan sootrakar panini hi haian. linganushasan ka 30vaan sootr hai– 'aph–sumanash–sama–varshanaan bahutvamh'. isamean nity bahuvachanant striliang shabdoan ka pariganan hai. ye shabd haian– ap, sumanas, sama, sikata tatha varsha.

paribhasha path

paribhasha kisi bhi vyakaran–shasan ka anivary aang hai. paribhasha ka lakshan hai– 'aniyame niyamakarini paribhasha'. samanyatah paribhasha do prakar ki hoti haiah ek to paniniy ashtadhyayi mean sootraroop se gathit hai, kyoanki panini ke anek sootr 'paribhasha–sootr' ke nam se vikhyat haian. doosare prakar ki paribhashaean ve haian jo ya to kisi sootr se jnapit hoti haian (jnapakasiddha), athava lok mean prachalit nyay ka anugaman karati haian (nyayasiddha paribhasha).

phit–sootrapath

paniniy sampraday mean phith ka apana mahatv hai. phitsootr sankhya mean 87 haian aur char padoan mean vibhakt haian. 'phith' shabd ka prathama ekavachan hai. 'arthavadadhaturapratyayah pratipadakimh'<balloon title="1.2.45" style=color:blue>*</balloon> tatha 'krittaddhitasamasashch'<balloon title="1.2.46" style=color:blue>*</balloon> in sootroan ke dvara arthavanh mool shabd ki pratipadik sanjna paniniy mat mean vihit hai. samany riti se kah sakate haian ki suph vibhakti ke yog se pahale arthavanh shabd ka jo mool svaroop rahata hai, jaise– ram, hari, go, bhanu adi vahi pratipadik hai. aur yahi pratipadik 'phith' ke nam se is tantr mean prakhyat hai. phith–sootr–path ke 87 sootroan mean shabdoan ke svar sanchar par vichar hai. in sootroan ki avashyakata to shabdoan ke avyutpann manane ke avasar par ati hai. 'avyutpannani pratipadikani' paniniy mat ka ek bahucharchit paksh hai. vidvanoan ke anusar phith sootroan ke pravakta achary shantanu haian. shantanu–pranit hone se hi ye sootr shantanav nam se prakhyat haian. shantanu achary dvara pranit in sootroan ko paniniy sampraday bhi apane shastr ka upadey aang manata hai.

panini ne sanskrit bhasha ko ek alaukik evan adbhut shastr pradan kiya. is shastr ke vidhi vidhan panini ne atyant vichar poorvak sthir kie the. vivadaspad matoan ke bich panini samanvay aur santulan ka madhyamarg svikar karate haian. panini ke kal mean vyakaran–sambandhi anek mat–matantar prachalit the. udaharanarth– vyakaran mean svabhavik ya prachalit sanjna uchit hai ya kritrim sanjna, shabd ka arth jati hai ya vyakti, anukaranatmak shabdoan ka astitv hai ya nahian, upasarg vachak hai sa dyotak, dhatu ka arth kriya hai ya bhav, shabd vyutpann hote haian ya avyutpann adi. panini inamean se kisi bhi ek mat ka nirakaran nahian karate, apitu ve inake samanvay ka marh svikar karate haian. samast ashtadhyayi mean samanvayatmak aur santulit drishti ki pradhanata hai. is karan yah shastr itani vishal shabd–samagri ko sametane, navin shabd–bhandar ko apane mean sthan dene aur sootrabaddh karane mean saphal hua. isi karan ise lok mean itani adhik pratishtha prapt huee aur panini ka nam bachche–bachche tak pahuanch gaya – 'akumaran yashah panineah'.