चंद्रशेखर वेंकट रामन
chandrashekhar veankat raman
| |
| janm | 7 navambar 1888 |
| janm bhoomi | tiruchirapalli |
| mrityu | 21 navambar 1970 |
| pati/patni | trilokasuandari |
| karm bhoomi | bharat, briten |
| vishay | vaijnanik |
(janm- 7 navambar, 1888 - mrityu- 21 navambar, 1970)
parichay
chandrashekhar veankat raman ka janm tiruchirapalli shahar mean 7 navambar 1888 ko hua tha, jo ki kaveri nadi ke kinare sthit hai. inake pita chandrashekhar ayyar ek skool mean padhate the. vah bhautiki aur ganit ke vidvan aur sangit premi the. chandrashekhar veankat raman ki maan parvati ammal thian. unake pita vahaan kalej mean adhyapan ka kary karate the aur vetan tha matr das rupaya. unake pita ko padhane ka bahut shauk tha. isalie unhoanne apane ghar mean hi ek chhoti-si laibreri bana rakha thi. raman ka vijnan aur aangreji sahity ki pustakoan se parichay bahut chhoti umr se hi ho gaya tha. sangit ke prati unaka lagav aur prem bhi chhoti ayu se arambh hua aur age chalakar unaki vaijnanik khojoan ka vishay bana. vah apane pita ko ghantoan vina bajate hue dekhate rahate the. jab unake pita tiruchirapalli se vishakhapattanam mean akar bas gaye to unaka skool samudr k tat par tha. unhean apani kaksha ki khi daki se samudr ki agadh nili jalarashi dikhaee deti thi. is drishy ne is chhote se l dake ki kalpana ko sammohit kar liya. bad mean samudr ka yahi nilapan unaki vaijnanik khoj ka vishay bana.
chhoti-si ayu se hi vah bhautik vijnan ki or akarshit the. ek bar unhoanne vishesh upakaranoan ke bina hi ek dayanamoan bana dala. ek bar bimar hone par bhi vah tab tak nahian mane the jab tak ki pita ne 'lidar jar' ke kary ka pradarshan karake nahian dikhaya.
raman apani kaksha ke bahut hi pratibhashali vidyarthi the. unhean samay-samay par puraskar aur chhatravrittiyaan milati rahian. adhyapak bar-bar unaki aangreji bhasha ki samajh, svatantrapriyata aur dridh charitr ki prashansa karate the. kuchh to yahaan tak kahate ki aisa pratibhashali chhatr unake pas pahale kabhi aya hi nahian. keval gyarah varsh ki umr mean vah dasavian ki pariksha mean pratham aye.
madras ke prasideansi kalej mean pahale din ki kaksha mean yooropiyan pradhyapak ne nanhean raman ko dekhakar kaha ki vah galati se unaki kaksha mean a gaye haian.
shiksha
raman sangit, sanskrit aur vijnan ke vatavaran mean b de hue. vah har kaksha mean pratham ate the. raman ne 'presideansi k aaulej' mean bi. e. mean pravesh liya. 1905 mean pratham shreni mean uttirn hone vale vah akele chhatr the aur unhean us varsh ka 'svarn padak' bhi prapt hua. unhoanne 'presideansi k aaulej' se hi em. e. mean pravesh liya aur mukhy vishay ke roop mean bhautik shastr ko liya. em. e. karate hue raman kaksha mean yada-kada hi jate the. prophesar ar. el. j aauns janate the ki yah l daka apani dekhabhal svayan kar sakata hai. isalie vah use svatantratapoorvak padhane dete the. amataur par raman kalej ki prayogashala mean kuchh prayog aur khojean karate rahate. vah prophesar ka 'phebari-pirat intarapheromitar' ka istemal karake prakash ki kiranoan ko napane ka prayas karate.
raman ki manasthiti ka anuman prophesar j aauns bhi nahian samajh pate the ki raman kis chij ki khoj mean hai aur kya khoj huee hai. unhoanne raman ko salah di ki apane parinamoan ko shodh pepar ki shakl mean likhakar landan se prakashit hone vali 'philasaphikal patrika' ko bheanj dean. sanh 1906 mean patrika ke navambar aank mean unaka pepar prakashit hua. vijnan ko diya raman ka yah pahala yogadan tha. us samay vah keval 18 varsh ke the.
vijnan ke prati prem aur kary ke prati utsah aur nee chijoan ko sikhane ki ka utsah unake svabhav mean tha. inaki pratibha se inake adhyapak tak abhibhoot the. shri raman ke b de bhaee 'bharatiy lekha seva' (IAAS) mean karyarat the. raman bhi isi vibhag mean kam karana chahate the isaliye ve pratiyogi pariksha mean sammilit hue. is pariksha se ek din pahale em. e. ka parinam ghoshit hua jisamean unhoanne 'madras vishvavidyalay' ke itihas mean sarvadhik aank arjit kie aur IAAS ki pariksha mean bhi pratham sthan prapt kiya. 6 mee 1907 ko krishnasvami ayyar ki suputri 'trilokasuandari' se raman ka vivah hua.
sarakari naukari
raman kolakata mean sahayak mahalekhapal ke pad par niyukt the, kiantu raman ka man bahut hi ashaant tha kyoanki vah vijnan mean anusandhan kary karana chahate the. ek din daphtar se ghar lautate samay unhean 'indiyan esoshieshan ph aaur kaltiveshan aph saians' ka bord dikha aur agale hi pal vo parishad ke aandar ja pahuanche. us samay vahaan parishad ki baithak chal rahi thi. baithak mean sar ashutosh mukharji jaise vidvan upasthit the. isake pashchat raman 'bharatiy vijnan parishad' ki prayogashala mean anusandhan karane lage. din bhar daphtar mean aur subah sham prayogashala mean kam karana raman ki dinacharya ho gayi thi. parantu kuchh dinoan ke pashchat raman ka tabadala barma ke rangoon shahar mean ho gaya. rangoon mean shri raman man nahian lagata tha kyoanki vahaan prayog aur anusandhan karane ki suvidha nahian thi. isi samay raman ke pita ki mrityu ho gee. raman chhah mahinoan ki chhutti lekar madras a ge. chhuttiyaan poori hueean to raman ka tabadala nagapur ho gaya.
kolakata ke lie sthanaantaran
san 1911 ee. mean shri raman ko 'ekauanteant jaranal' ke pad par niyukt karake punah kalakatta bhej diya gaya. isase raman b de prasann the kyoanki unhean parishad ki prayogashala mean punah anusandhan karane ka avasar mil gaya tha. agale sat varshoan tak raman is prayogashala me shodhakary karate rahe. sar tarak nath palit, d aau. rasabihari ghosh aur sar ashutosh mukharji ke prayatnoan se kolakata mean ek saians k aaulej khola gaya. raman ki vijnan ke prati samarpan ki bhavana is bat se lagata hai ki unhoanne apani sarakari naukari chho dakar kam vetan vale pradhyapak pad par ana pasand kiya. san 1917 mean raman kolakata vishvavidyalay mean bhautik vijnan ke pradhyapak niyukt hue. bharatiy sanskriti se raman ka hamesha hi lagav raha. unhoanne apani bharatiy pahachan ko hamesha banae rakha. ve desh mean vaijnanik drishti aur chiantan ke vikas ke prati samarpit the.
vishvavidyalayoan ka sammelan
san 1917 mean landan mean british rashtramandal ke vishvavidyalayoan ka sammelan tha. raman ne us sammelan mean kolakata vishvavidyalay ka pratinidhitv kiya. yah raman ki pahali videsh yatra thi.
videsh mean shri raman
veankataraman briten ke pratishthit kaimbrij yoonivarsiti ki 'em॰ ar॰ si॰ leboretriz aauf myalookular bayoloji' ke strakacharal stadiz vibhag ke pramukh vaijnanik the. ve 1971 mean b dauda vishvavidyalay se snatak karane ke bad amerika chale ge. bad mean veankataraman ne kam karane ke lie briten ke kaimbrij vishvavidyalay ko chuna. jabaki 'raibosom' par adhyayan ki shurooat unhoanne ne 1978 mean ki. unake sath is shodh mean 'yele yoonivarsiti' ke vaijnanik 'th aaumas stiz' aur izarail ke 'vijamain ianstityoot aauph saians' se 'ada yonoth' bhi shamil rahe.
raman prabhav
bhautiki ka nobel puraskar san 1927 mean, amerika mean, shikago vishvavidyalay ke e. ech. k aaumpatan ko 'k aaumpatan iphekt' ki khoj ke liye mila. k aaumpatan iphekt mean jab eks-re ko kisi samagri se guzara gaya to eks-re mean kuchh vishesh rekhaean dekhi geean. (prakash ki tarah ki ek ilektromeganetik rediyeshan ki kism). k aaumpatan iphekt eks-re kaniy prakriti ke karan utpann hota hai. raman ko laga ki unake prayog mean bhi kuchh aisa hi ho raha hai.
prakash ki kiran kanoan (photons) ki dhara ki tarah vyavahar kar rahi thian. photons rasayan drav ke anuauan par vaise hi aghat karate the jaise ek kriket ka bal phutab aaul par karata hai. kriket ka bal phutab aaul se takarata to tezi se hai lekin vah phutab aaul ko tho da-sa hi hila pata hai. usake viparit kriket ka b aaul svayan doosari or kam shakti se uchhal jata hai aur apani kuchh urja phutabal ke pas chho d jata hai. kuchh asadharan rekhaean deti haian kyoanki photons isi tarah kuchh apani urja chho d dete haian aur chhitare prakash ke spektram mean kee binduoan par dikhaee dete haian. any photons apane raste se hat jate haian—n urja lete haian aur n hi chho date haian aur isalie spektram mean apani samany sthiti mean dikhaee dete haian.
photons mean urja ki kuchh kami aur isake parinam svaroop spektram mean kuchh asadharan rekhaean hona 'raman iphekt' kahalata hai. photons dvara khoee urja ki matra us drav rasayan ke drav ke anu ke bare mean soochana deti hai jo unhean chhitarate haian. bhinn-bhinn prakar ke anu photons ke sath milakar vividh prakar ki parasparik kriya karate haian aur urja ki matra mean bhi alag-alag kami hoti hai. jaise yadi kriket b aaul, golph b aaul ya phutab aaul ke sath takaraye. asadharan raman rekhaoan ke photons mean urja ki kami ko map kar drav, thos aur gais ki aantarik anu rachana ka pata lagaya jata hai. is prakar padarth ki aantarik sanrachana ka pata lagane ke lie raman iphekt ek labhadayak upakaran pramanit ho sakata hai. raman aur unake chhatroan ne isi ke dvara kee kism ke aauptikal glas, bhinn-bhinn padarthoan ke kristal, moti, ratn, hire aur kvartaj, drav yaugik jaise bainjin, tolin, penaten aur kampresd gaisoan ka jaise karban dayaksaid, aur naitras aauksaid ityadi mean anu vyavastha ka pata lagaya.
raman apani khoj ki ghoshana karane se pahale bilkul nishchit hona chahate the. in asadharan rekhaoan ko adhik spasht taur se dekhane ke lie unhoanne soory ke prakash ke sthan par marakari vepar laimp ka istemal kiya. vastav mean is tarah rekhaean adhik spasht dikhaee dene lagian. ab vah apani nee khoj ke prati poornaroop se nishchit the. yah ghatana 28 pharavari san 1928 mean ghati. agale hi din vaijnanik raman ne isaki ghoshana videshi pres mean kar di. pratishthit patrika 'nechar' ne use prakashit kiya. raman ne 16 march ko apani khoj 'nee rediyeshan' ke oopar bangalaur mean sthit sauth iandiyan sains esosiyeshan mean bhashan diya. iphekt ki pratham pushti j aaun h aaupakins yoonivarsati, amerika ke ar. dablayoo. vud ne ki. ab vishv ki sabhi prayogashalaoan mean 'raman iphekt' par anveshan hone laga. yah ubharati adhunik bhautiki ke liye atirikt sahayata thi.
videsh yatra ke samay unake jivan mean ek mahatvapoorn ghatana ghatit huee. saral shabdoan mean pani ke jahaj se unhoanne bhoo-madhy sagar ke gahare nile pani ko dekha. is nile pani ko dekhakar shri raman ke man mean vichar aya ki yah nila rang pani ka hai ya nile akash ka sirph paravartan. bad mean raman ne is ghatana ko apani khoj dvara samajhaya ki yah nila rang n pani ka hai n hi akash ka. yah nila rang to pani tatha hava ke kanoan dvara prakash ke prakirnan se utpann hota hai kyoanki prakirnan ki ghatana mean soory ke prakash ke sabhi avayavi rang avashoshit kar oorja mean parivartit ho jate haian, parantu nile prakash ko vapas paravartit kar diya jata hai. sat sal ki k di mehanat ke bad raman ne is rahasy ke karanoan ko khoja tha. unaki yah khoj 'raman prabhav' ke nam se prasiddh hai.
rashtriy vijnan divas
'raman prabhav' ki khoj 28 pharavari 1928 ko huee thi. is mahan khoj ki yad mean 28 pharavari ka din ham 'rashtriy vijnan divas' ke roop mean manate haian. bharat mean 28 pharavari ka din 'rashtriy vijnan divas' ke roop mean manaya jata hai. is din vaijnanik log bhashanoan dvara vijnan aur takaniki ki unnati aur vikas evan usaki upalabdhiyoan ke bare mean samany logoan v bachchoan ko batate haian. inhian vishayoan par philmean aur ti. vi. phichar dikhaye jate haian. is samay vijnan evan takaniki par pradarshaniyaan lagati haian aur samaroh hote haian jinamean vijnan aur takaniki mean yogadan ke liye inam aur evard diye jate haian. san 1928 mean isi din desh mean saste upakaranoan ka prayog karake vijnan ki ek mukhy khoj ki gee thi. tab poore vishv ko pata chala tha ki british dvara shasit aur pichh da hua bharat bhi adhunik vijnan ke kshetr mean apana maulik yogadan de sakata hai. yah khoj keval bharat ke vaijnanik itihas mean hi nahian balki vijnan ki pragati ke lie bhi ek mil ka patthar pramanit huee. isi khoj ke lie isake khojakarta ko 'nobal puraskar' mila.
rashtriy vijnan divas us mahan ghatana ki yad dilata hai. sab bharatiyoan ko is par garv hai. ve ise sneh aur prashansa ki drishti se dekhate haian. is mahatvapoorn khoj ko aj 'raman iphekt' ke nam se jana jata hai. isake khojakarta shri si.vi.raman the. unhoanne yah khoj kalakatta ki 'iandiyan esosiyashan phar di kaltiveshan aauph sains' ki prayogashala mean ki. inhian ke karan poore vishv mean bharat ka vijnan ke kshetr mean nam hua. khoj ke 60 varsh ke pashchat 'raman iphekt' sansar ki adhunik prayogashalaoan mean thos, drav aur gaisoan ke adhyayan ke lie ek parishkrit upakaran ki tarah upayog kiya ja raha hai.
nobel puraskar
raman iphekt ki lokapriyata aur upayogita ka anuman isi se laga sakate haian ki khoj ke das varsh ke bhitar hi sare vishv mean is par qarib 2,000 shodh pepar prakashit hue. is ka adhik upayog thos, drav aur gaisoan ki aantarik anu sanrachana ka pata lagane mean hua. is samay raman keval 42 varsh ke the aur unhean dheroan samman mil chuke the.
raman ko yah poora vishvas tha ki unhean apani khoj ke lie nobel puraskar milega. isalie puraskaroan ki ghoshana se chhah mahine pahale hi unhoanne stakahom ke lie tikat ka arakshan karava liya tha. nobel puraskar jitane valoan ki ghoshana disambar san 1930 mean huee.
raman pahale eshiyaee aur ashvet the jinhoanne vijnan mean nobel puraskar jita tha. yah pratyek bharatiy ke lie garv ki bat thi. isase yah spasht ho gaya ki vijnan ke kshetr mean bharatiy kisi yooropiyan se kam nahian haian. yah vah samay tha jab yooropiyan vijnan par apana ekadhikar samajhate the. isase pahale san 1913 mean ravindranath taigor sahity ke lie nobel puraskar pa chuke the.
nobel puraskar ke pashchat raman ko vishv ke any bhagoan se kee pratishthit samman prapt hue. desh mean vijnan ko isase bahut hi protsahan mila. yah upalabdhi vastav mean ek aitihasik ghatana thi. isase bharat ke svatantrata poorv ke dinoan mean kee yuvak-yuvatiyoan ko vijnan ka vishay lene ki prerana mili.
is mahan khoj 'raman prabhav' ke liye 1930 mean shri raman ko 'bhautiki ka nobel puraskar' pradan kiya gaya aur raman bhautik vijnan mean nobel puraskar prapt karane vale eshiya ke pahale vyakti bane. raman ki khoj ki vajah se padarthoan mean anuoan aur paramanuoan ki aantarik sanrachana ka adhyayan sahaj ho gaya. puraskar ki ghoshana ke bad veankataraman ne apani pratikriya dete hue kaha ki-
'midiya ka zyada dhyan vaijnanikoan ke kam par tab jata hai jab unhean pashchim mean b de samman ya puraskar milane lagate haian. ye tariqa galat hai, balki hona ye chahie ki ham apane yahaan kam kar rahe vaijnanikoan, unake kam ko janean aur usake bare mean logoan ko bataean. unhoanne kaha ki bharat mean kee vaijnanik achchhe kam kar rahe haian, midiya ko chahie ki unase mile aur unake kam ko sarahe sath hi logoan tak bhi pahuanchae.'
jab nobel purashkar ki ghoshan ki gee thi to maian ne ise apani vhyaktigat vijay mana, mere lie aur mere sahayogiyoan ke lie ek upalabdhi - ek athyant asadharan khoj ko manhyata di gee hai, us lakshhy tak pahuanchane ke lie jisake lie maianne sat varshoan se kam kiya hai. lekin jab maianne dekha ki us khachakhach hal maianne ird-gird pashchimi cheharoan ka samudr dekha aur maian, keval ek hi bharatiy, apani pag di aur banhd gale ke kot mean tha, to mujhe laga ki maian vashtav mean apane logoan aur apane desh ka pratinidhithv kar raha hooan. jab kiang gushtav ne mujhe purashkar diya to maianne apane apako vashtav mean vinamr mahasoos kiya, yah bhavapravan pal tha lekin maian apane oopar niyantran rakhane mean saphal raha. jab maian ghoom gaya aur maianne oopar british yooniyan jaik dekha jisake niche maian baitha raha tha aur tab maianne mahasoos kiya ki mere garib desh, bharat, ka apana dhvaj bhi nahian hai- aur mera isi se mera poornat: abhibhoot hoga. - si.vi. raman
saral svabhav ke raman
shri veankataraman ke vishay mean khas bat hai ki ve bahut hi sadharan aur saral tariqe se rahate the. vahar prakriti premi bhi the. ve aksar apane ghar se aauphis saikil se aya jaya karate the. ve dostoan ke bich 'vaianki' nam se prasiddh the. unake mata-pita donoan vaijnanik rahe haian. ek sakshatkar mean veankataraman ke pita shri 'si॰ vi॰ ramkrishnan' ne bataya ki 'nobal puraskar samiti' ke sachiv ne landan mean jab veankataraman ko phon kar nobal puraskar dene ki bat kahi to pahale to unhean yakin hi nahian hua. veankat ne unase kaha ki 'kya ap mujhe moorkh bana rahe haian?' kyoanki nobel puraskar milane se pahale aksar veankataraman ke mitr phon kar unhean nobel milane ki jhoothi khabar dekar chidhaya karate the.'
svatantr sansthan ki sthapana
san 1933 mean d aau. raman ko bangaluru mean sthapit 'iandiyan ianstityoot aauph saiansez' ke sanchalan ka bhar sauanpa gaya. vahaan unhoanne 1948 tak kary kiya. bad mean d aau.raman ne beangaloor mean apane lie ek svatantr sansthan ki sthapana ki. isake lie unhoanne koee bhi sarakari sahayata nahian li. unhoanne baiangalor mean ek atyant unnat prayogashala aur shodh-sansthan ‘raman risarch ianstityoot’ ki sthapana ki. raman vaijnanik chetana aur drishti ki sakshat pratimoortti the. unhoanne hamesha prakritik ghatanaoan ki chhanabin vaijnanik drishti se karane ka sandesh diya. d aau.raman apane sansthan mean jivan ke aantim dinoan tak shodhakary karate rahe.
sangit vady yantr aur anusandhan
d aau.raman ki sangit mean bhi gahari roochi thi. unhoanne sangit ka bhi gahara adhyayan kiya tha. sangit vady yantroan ki dhvaniyoan ke bare mean d aau. raman ne anusandhan kiya, jisaka ek lekh jarmani ke ek 'vishvakosh' mean bhi prakashit hua tha. ve bahoo bazar sthit prayogashala mean kamachalaoo upakaranoan ka istemal karake shodh kary karate the. phir unhoanne anek vady yantroan ka adhyayan kiya aur vaijnanik siddhaantoan ke adhar par pashchim deshoan ki is bhraanti ko to dane ka prayas kiya ki bharatiy vady yantr videshi vadyoan ki tulana mean ghatiya haian.
bharat ratn ki upadhi
d aau.raman ka desh-videsh ki prakhyat vaijnanik sansthaoan ne samman kiya. bharat sarakar ne 'bharat ratn' ki sarvochch upadhi dekar sammanit kiya.
lenin puraskar
soviyat roos ne unhean 1958 mean 'lenin puraskar' pradan kiya.
nidhan
21 navambar 1970 ko 82 varsh ki ayu mean vaijnanik d aau. raman ki mrityu huee.