डाक टिकट
dak tikat
dak tikat chipakane vale kagaj se bana ek sakshy hai jo yah darshata hai ki, dak sevaoan ke shulk ka bhugatan ho chuka hai. am taur par yah ek chhota ayatakar kagaj ka tuk da hota hai jo ek liphaphe par chipaka rahata hai, yah yah darshata hai ki preshak ne praptakarta ko supurdagi ke lie dak sevaoan ka poori tarah se ya aanshik roop se bhugatan kiya hai. dak tikat, dak bhugatan karane ka sabase lokapriy tarika hai; isake alava isake vikalp haian, poorv pradatt-dak liphaphe, postakard, havaee patr adi. dak tikatoan ko dak ghar se kharida ja sakata hai. dak tikatoan ke sangrah ko dak tikat sangrah ya philetali kaha jata hai. dak tikat ikattha karana ek shauk hai.
dak tikat ka itihas
pahale-pahal ianglaiand mean varsh 1840 mean dak-tikat bechane ki vyavastha shuroo ki gee. halaanki isake pahale hi dak vitaran vyavastha shuroo ho chuki thi parantu patr pahuanchane ke lie patr bhejane vale ko post aauphis tak jana hi p data tha. pahale kisi bhi patr bhejane vale ko post-aauphis jakar patr par post mastar ke dastakht karavane p date the par dak-tikatoan ke beche jane ne is pareshani se mukti dila di. jab dak-tikat bikane lage to log unhean kharid kar apane pas rakh lete the aur phir jaroorat p dane par unaka upayog kar lete the. 1840 mean hi sabase pahale jagah-jagah letar-b aauks bhi taange jane lage taki patr bhejane vale unake jarie patr bhej sakean aur post-aauphis jane se chhutti mil gee. socho pahale patr bhejane mean kitani takaliph ati thi aj patr bhejana kitana asan ho gaya hai. ab to sandesh bhejane ke lie patr se bahut tej suvidhaean bhi hamean upalabdh haian.
vishv mean pahala dak tikat aj se dedh sau sal se pahale briten ( ianglaiand ) mean jari hua tha. us samay ianglaiand ke rajasianhasan par maharani viktoriya virajaman thian, isalie svabhavik roop se ianglaiand apane dak tikatoan par maharani viktoriya ke chitroan ko pramukhata deta raha. pahale dak tikatoan par rani viktoriya ke chitr chhapane ke karan vahaan ki mahilaoan mean apani rani ke chitravale dak tikatoan ko ikattha karane ka junoon savar ho gaya. ye mahilaean hi dak tikat sangrah ke shauk ki janani banian. ianglaiand mean raja viliyam pratham (sanh 1066-1087) se rajashahi ka daur chala a raha hai. vishv ka pahala dak tikat 1 mee 1840 ko gret briten mean jari kiya gaya tha, jisake oopar briten ki maharani viktoriya ka chitr chhapa tha. yah dak tikat kale rang mean ek chhote se chaukor kagaj par chhapa tha aur usaki kimat ek peni rakhi gee thi. yah dak tikat peni blaik ke nam se mashahoor hua. ek peni mooly ke is tikat ke kinare sidhe the yani tikatoan ko alag karane ke lie jo chhote chhote chhed banae jate haian, ve prachin dak tikatoan mean nahian the. is samay tak unamean liphaphe par chipakane ke lie goand bhi nahian laga hota tha. yah dak tikat halaanki pahali mee 1840 ko bikri ke lie jari kiya gaya tha, lekin dak shulk ke lie ise 6 mee 1840 se baidh mana gaya. ye dak tikat vishv ke bhi pahale dak tikat the. ianglaiand ke in dak tikatoan ko nikalane ke shrey sar r aaulaiand hil (sanh 1795-1878) ko jata hai. tikat sangrah karane mean roochi rakhane valoan ke lie is tikat ka bahut mahatv hai, kyoanki is tikat se hi dak-tikat sangrah ka itihas bhi shuroo hota hai. is dak tikat ki kahani atyant rochak hai. yahian se dak tikatoan ki paranpara shuroo hoti hai.
1837 mean rolaiand hil ne dak vyavastha mean sudhar aur dak tikatoan dvara dak shulk ki vasooli ke bare mean do shodhapatr prakashit kie. in shodhapatroan mean unhoanne yah sujhav diya ki pratyek adhe auans ke vajan ke patr par ek peni ki saman dak shulk dar lagaee jae chahe vah patr kitani hi door jata ho aur yah dak shulk peshagi ada ki jae. jahaan tak dak shulk ka bhoogatan karane ka sanbandh hai, is bare mean hil ne mohar lage chhote-chhote lebal jari karane ka sujhav diya, lebal sirph itane b de hone chahie ki un par muhar lag sake.
goand lage dak tikatoan ka uchit dijain taiyar karane ke lie briten ki sarakar ne pratiyogita ayojit ki. is pratiyogita mean 2,600 pravishtiyaan prapt hueean lekin inamean se koee bhi dijain upayukt nahian paee gee. aantatah hil ne maharani ke chitr ko dak tikat par chhapane ka nirnay kiya. is chitr ke lie unhoanne maharani ke us chitr ko chuna jise viliyam vayan ne 1837 mean nagar ki sthapana ki yadagar ke roop mean jari kie ge medal par aankit kiya tha. unhoanne isaka akar taiks lebaloan par istemal kie jane vale chitroan ke akar jaisa rakha. vayan ke medal par aankit chitr ke adhar par dak tikat taiyar karane ke lie landan ke hainari karabold namak chitrakar ko use vatar kalar par utarane ke lie kaha gaya. ek peni ka dak tikat kale rang mean aur do peans ka dak tikat nile rang mean chhapa gaya. halaanki, do peans ke dak tikat 8 mee 1840 tak jari nahian hue.
laitar shits, raipars aur liphaphe adi dak steshanari bhi peni blaik ke sath-sath chhap kar jari hueean. inamean se mularedi liphaphe (jinaka nam inaka dijain bananevale viliyam mularedi ke nam par rakha gaya tha) mashahoor haian. yah dijain kaphi mashahoor hua lekin liphaphe lokapriy nahian hue. peni blaik tikat ek varsh se bhi kam samay tak prayog mean raha aur 1841 mean isaka sthan peni red tikat ne le liya.
rani viktoriya ke samay mean hi ianglaiand ka vishv ke adhikatar deshoan par shasan tha. ianglaiand hi nahian, balki ianglaiand shasit vishv ke anek deshoan ke dak tikatoan par ianglaiand ke shasakoan ke hi chitr chhapate the. isase dak tikatoan ke madhy dijain mean ajib-si nirasata bharati chali gee. ye behad ubaoo hote ja rahe the; lekin ianglaiand mean hi pahali bar julaee 1913 mean jari ek dak tikat ‘britenika’ (mooly adha kraun) par ashcharyajanak roop se madhy dijain mean parivartan najar ata hai. isake bad to tikatoan par itihas, bhoogol, rajaniti, vyakti, sanskriti-sabhyata, sahity-vijnan, jiv-jantu, khel-kood, sthapaty-moorti, chitr-kalaoan adi ke vividh rang-roop dekhane ko milane lagate haian.
bharat mean pahala dak-tikat
jahaan tak bharat ka sanbandh hai, bharat mean dak tikatoan ki shuruat 1852 mean huee. 1 julaee 1852 mean siandh praant mean aur muanbee karachi root par prayog ke lie siandh dak namak dak tikat jari kiya gaya. adhe ane mooly ke is tikat ko bhoore kagaj par lakh ki lal sil chipaka kar jari kiya gaya tha. yah tikat bahut saphal nahian raha kyoanki lakh tootakar jh d jane ke karan isako sanbhalakar rakhana sanbhav nahian tha. phir bhi ऎsa anuman kiya jata hai ki is tikat ki lagabhag 100 pratiyaan vibhinn sangrahakartaoan ke pas surakshit haian. dak-tikatoan ke itihas mean is tikat ko siandh dak ke nam se jana jata hai. bad mean saphed aur nile rang ke isi prakar ke do tikat vov kagaj par jari kie ge lekin inaka prayog bahut kam dinoan tak raha, kyoanki 30 sitanbar 1854 ko siandh praant par eest iandiya kanpani ka adhikar hone ke bad inhean band kar diya gaya. ye eshiya ke pahale dak-tikat to the hi, vishv ke pahale golakar tikat bhi the. sangrahakarta is prakar ke tikatoan ko mahatvapoorn samajhate haian aur adhe ane mooly ke in tikatoan ko aj sabase bahumooly tikatoan mean ginate haian.
bad mean eest iandiya kanpani dvara bharat ke sabase pahale dak tikat adha ana, ek ana, do ana aur char ana ke char moolyoan mean aktoobar 1854 mean jari kiye ge . yah dak tikatoan ko lithographi paddhati dvara mudrit kiya gaya .
bharat mean sanh 1854 se 1931 tak dak tikatoan par rani viktoriya, raja edavard saptam, j aaurj pancham, jarj chhathe ke chitravale dak tikat hi nikalate rahe haian. apane prem ke lie sianhasan tyaganevale raja edavard ashtam (sanh 1936) par yahaan koee dak tikat nahian nikala tha. sanh 1929 (havaee dak tikat), 1931 (nee dilli udghatan) se bharatiy dak tikatoan mean vividhata ati gee.
dak tikat sangrah
sangrah karana bahut se bachchoan ki h aaubi ka hissa hota hai, koee akhabar mean chhapi resipij to koee vibhinn deshoan ki mudraean ikati karane mean laga rahata hai. dak-tikatoan ka sangrah vishv ke sabase lokapriy shaukoan mean se ek hai. dak-tikatoan ka sangrah hamean svabhavik roop se sikhane ko prerit karata hai, isalie ise prakritik shiksha-upakaran kaha jata hai. dak-tikat kisi bhi desh ki virasat ki chitramay kahani haian. dak tikatoan ka ek sangrah vishvakosh ki tarah hai, jisake dvara ham anek deshoan ke itihas, bhoogol, sanskriti, ऎtihasik ghatanaean, bhashaean, mudraean, pashu-pakshi, vanaspatiyoan aur logoan ki jivanashaili evan desh ke maharathiyoan ke bare mean bahut sari janakari prapt kar sakate haian.
samay ke sath jaise-jaise tikatoan ka prachalan badha tikat sangrah ka shauk bhi panapane laga. 1860 se 1880 ke bich bachchoan aur kishoroan ne tikatoan ka sangrah karana shuroo kar diya tha. doosari or anek vayask logoan mean bhi yah shauk panapane laga aur unhoanne tikatoan ko jama karana shuroo kiya, sanrakshit kiya, unake rekard rakhe aur un par shodh alekh prakashit kie. jaldi hi in sanrakshit tikatoan ka mooly badh gaya kyoanki inamean se kuchh to ऎtihasik virasat ban ge the aur bahumooly ban ge the. gret briten ke bad any kee deshoan dvara dak-tikat jari kiye ge.
1920 tak yah tikat sangrah ka shauk am janata tak pahuanchane laga. unako anupalabdh tatha bahumooly tikatoan ki janakari hone lagi aur log tikat sanbhalakar rakhane lage. naya tikat jari hota to use kharidane ke lie dakaghar par bhi d lagani shuroo ho jati thi. lagabhag 50 varsho tak is shauk ka nasha jari raha. isi samay tikat sangrah ke shauk par adharit tikat bhi jari kie ge. jarmani ke tikat mean tikatoan ke shaukin ek vyakti ko tikat par aankit barik akshar avardhak leans (maigniphaiang glas) ki sahayata se padhate hue dikhaya gaya hai. avardhak leans tikat-sangrahakartaoan ka ek mahatvapoorn upakaran hai. ek roopaye mooly ka bharatiy tikat, yoo.es. ka tikat tatha baangladesh ke lal rang ke tikone tikatoan ka ek jo da tikat sangrah ke shauk par adharit mahatvapoorn tikatoan mean se haian.
1940-50 tak dak-tikatoan ke shauk ne desh-videsh ke logoan ko milana shuroo kar diya tha. tikat ikata karane ke lie log patr-mitr banate the. apane desh ke dak-tikatoan ko doosare desh ke mitroan ko bhejate the aur doosare desh ke dakatikat mangavate the. patr-mitrata ke is shauk se dak-tikatoan ka adan pradan to hota hi tha log vibhinn deshoan ke vishay mean anek ऎsi batean bhi janate the, jo kitaboan mean nahian likhi hoti haian. us samay tivi aur avagaman ke sadhan am n hone ke karan desh videsh ki janakari ka ye bahut hi rochak sadhan bane. patr-patrikaoan mean tikat se sanbandhit stanbh hote aur inake vishay mean bahut si janakariyoan ko jan samany tak pahuanchaya jata. patr-mitroan ke patoan ki lanbi soochiyaan bhi us samay ki patrikaoan mean prakashit ki jati thian.
dhire dhire dak tikatoan ke sangrah ki vibhinn shailiyoan ka bhi janm hua. log ise apani jivan shaili, paristhitiyoan aur roochi ke anusar anukoolit karane lage. is paranpara ke anusar kuchh log ek desh ya mahadvip ke dak-tikat sangrah karane lage to kuchh ek vishay se sanbandhit dak-tikat. aj anek log is prakar ki shailiyoan ka anukaran karate hue aur apani-apani pasand ke kisi vishesh vishay ke dak tikatoan ka sangrah karake anand uthate hai. vishayoan se sanbandhit dak tikatoan ke sangrah mean adhikaansh log pashu, pakshi, phal, phool, titaliyaan, khelakood, mahatma gaandhi, mahanubhavoan, pul, imaratean adi vishayoan aur duniya bhar ki ghatanaoan ke rangin aur suandar chitroan se saje dak tikatoan ko ekatrit karana pasand karate hai.
pratyek desh har sal bhinn bhinn vishayoan par dak-tikat jari karate haian aur janakari ka b da khajana vishv ko saup dete haian. is prakar kisi vishay mean gahari janakari prapt karane ke lie us vishay ke dak tikatoan ka sangrah karana ek rochak anubhav ho sakata hai. dak-tikat sangrah ka shauk har umr ke logoan ko manoranjan pradan karata hai. bachapan mean jnan evan manoranjan, vayaskoan mean anand aur tanavamukti tatha b di umr mean dimag ko sakriyata pradan karane vala isase rochak koee shauk nahian. is tarah sabhi pidhiyoan ke lie dak tikatoan ka sangrah ek prerak aur labhaprad abhiroochi hai.
bahari k diyaan
|
|
|
|
|
|