मई दिवस

mee divas ya 'majadoor divas' ya 'shramik divas' 1 mee ko sare vishv mean manaya jata hai. 'mee divas' ke vishay mean adhikaansh tathy ujagar ho chuke haian, phir bhi kuchh aise pahaloo haian, jo abhi tak ajnat hai. kuchh bhraantiyoan ka spashtikaran aur is vishay par bharat tatha vishv ke bare mean kam jnat tathyoan ko ujagar karane ki avashyakata hai. yah ullekhaniy hai ki 'shramik divas' ka uday 'mee divas' ke roop mean nahian hua tha. vastav mean amarika mean shramik divas manane ki purani parampara rahi hai, jo bahut pahale se hi chali a rahi thi. mee divas bharat mean 1923 ee. mean pahali bar manaya gaya tha.

itihas

amarika mean 'majadoor aandolan' yoorop v amarika mean ae audyogik sailab ka hi ek hissa tha. isake phalasvaroop jagah-jagah aandolan ho rahe the. inaka sanbandh 1770 ke dashak ki amarika ki azadi ki l daee tatha 1860 ee. ka grihayuddh bhi tha. ianglaiand ke majadoor sangathan vishv mean sabase pahale astitv mean ae the. yah samay 18vian sadi ka madhy kal tha. majadoor evan treand yooniyan sangathan 19vian sadi ke aant tak bahut majaboot ho ge the, kyoanki yoorop ke doosare deshoan mean bhi is prakar ke sangathan astitv mean ane shuroo ho ge the. amarika mean bhi majadoor sangathan ban rahe the. vahaan majadooroan ke arambhik sangathan 18vian sadi ke aant mean aur 19vian sadi ke arambh mean banane shuroo hue. misal ke taur par fidelafiya ke shoomekars ke sangathan, baltimor ke telars ke sangathan tatha nyooyark ke printars ke sangathan 1792 mean ban chuke the. farnichar banane valoan mean 1796 mean aur 'shiparaits' mean 1803 mean sangathan bane. h datal to dane valoan ke khilaf poore amarika mean sangharsh chala, jo us desh mean sangathit majadooroan ka apani tarah ek alag hi aandolan tha. h datal to dana ghor aparadh mana jata tha aur h datal to dane valoan ko tatkal yooniyan se nikal diya jata tha.

kary samay ghatane ka maang

amarika mean 18vean dashak mean treand yooniyanoan ka shighr hi vistar hota gaya. vishisht roop se 1833 aur 1837 ke samay. is dauran majadooroan ke jo sangathan bane, unamean shamil the- bunakar, buk vaindar, darji, joote banane vale log, faiktri adi mean kam karane vale purush tatha mahila majadooroan ke sangathan. 1836 mean '13 siti iantar treand yooniyan aisasieshan' mojood thian, jisamean 'janaral treand yooniyan aauf nyooyark' (1833) bhi shamil thi, jo ati sakriy thi. isake pas sthaee straik fand bhi tha, tatha ek dainik akhabar bhi nikala jata tha. rashtravyapi sangathan banane ki koshish bhi ki gayi yani 'neshanal treands yooniyan', jo 1834 mean banayi gayi thi. dainik kam ke ghante ghatane ke lie kiya gaya sangharsh ati arambhik tatha prabhavashali sangharshoan mean ek tha, jisamean amariki majadoor 'taharik' ka yogadan tha. 'nyoo ianglaiand ke varkiang mens aisasieshan' ne san 1832 mean kam ke ghante ghatakar 10 ghante pratidin ke sangharsh ki shuruat ki.

shramikoan ki saphalata

1835 tak amariki majadooroan ne kam ke 10 ghante pratidin ka adhikar desh ke kuchh hissoan mean prapt kar liya tha. us varsh majadoor yooniyanoan ki ek am h datal filadelafiya mean huee. shahar ke prashasakoan ko majabooran is maang ko manana p da. 10 ghante kam ka pahala qanoon 1847 mean nyayapalika dvara pas karavakar hempashayar mean lagoo kiya gaya. isi prakar ke qanoon men tatha pensilvaniya rajyoan dvara 1848 mean pas kie ge. 1860 ke dashak ke shurooat tak 10 ghante kam ka din poore amarika mean lagoo ho gaya.

pratham majadoor rajanaitik parti san 1828 ee. mean filadelfiya, amarika mean bani thi. isake bad hi 6 varshoan mean 60 se adhik shaharoan mean majadoor rajanaitik partiyoan ka gathan hua. inaki maangoan mean rajanaitik samajik mudde the, jaise-

1. 10 ghante ka kary divas
2. bachchoan ki shiksha
3. sena mean anivary seva ki samapti
4. karjadaroan ke lie saza ki samapti
5. majadoori ki adayagi mudra mean
6. ayakar ka pravadhan ityadi.

majadoor partiyoan ne nagar palikaoan tatha vidhan sabhaoan ityadi mean chunav bhi l de. san 1829 mean 20 majadoor pratyashi fedarelistoan tatha demokrets ki madad se filadelafiya mean chunav jit ge. 10 ghante kary divas ke sangharsh ki badaulat nyooyark mean varkiang mains parti bani. 1829 ke vidhanasabha chunav mean is parti koe 28 pratishat vot mile tatha isake pratyashiyoan ko vijay hasil huee.amarika mean phaiktri majadooroan ki pahali rekard mean shamil h datal sanh 1828 mean huee. karan yah tha ki nyoo jarsi ke petarasan mean mil malikoan ne bhojan avakash ka samay 12 baje ke bajay 1 baje karane ki koshish ki. majadoor adhikatar bachche the. unhean dar tha ki malikoan ka agala kadam bhojan avakash samapt karane ka ho sakata hai. h datal tu davane ke lie sena ko bulaya gaya.

18 mee 1882 mean sentral lebar yooniyan aauph nyooyark ki ek baithak mean pitar maigvar ne ek prastav rakha jisamean ek din majadoor utsav manane ki bat thi. usane isake lie sitambar ke pahale somavar ka din sujhaya. vah sal ka vah samay tha jo julaee aur ‘dhanyavad dene vala din’ ke bich mean p data tha.vibhinn vyavasayoan ke 30,000 se adhik majadooroan ne 5 disambar ko nyooyark ki s dakoan par pared nikali tatha nara diya: “8 ghante kam ke die, 8 ghante aram ke lie tatha 8 ghante hamari marji par.“ ise 1883 mean doharaya gaya. 1884 mean nyooyark seantral lebar yooniyan ne majadoor divas pared ke lie sitambar mah ke pahale somavar ka din tay kiya. yah sitambar ki pahali tarikh ko p d raha tha. doosare shaharoan mean bhi is din ko aantarrashtriy tyohar ke roop mean kee shaharoan mean march nikale ge. majadooroan ne lal jhande, bainaroan tatha bajoobandoan ka pradarshan, mitiangoan, pradarshanoan tatha doosare maukoan par kiya.sanh 1884 mean ephotielayoo ne har varsh sitambar ke pahale somavar ko majadooroan ke rashtriy avakash manane ka nirnaya liya. poore desh mean isaka ahvan kiya gaya. 7 sitambar 1883 ko pahali bar rashtriy paimane par sitambar ke pahale somavar ko majadoor avakash divas ke roop mean manaya gaya. isake sath hi adhik se adhik rajyoan ne majadoor divas ke din chhutti manana shuroo kar diya.

in yooniyanoan tatha unake rashtroan ki sansthaoan ne apane varg ki ekata, khasakar apane 8 ghante pratidin kam ki maang ko pradarshit karane hetu pahali mee ko majadoor divas manane ka phaisala kiya. yah 1 mee 1886 se manaya jayeg, unhoanne phaisala kiya. kuchh rajyoan mean pahale se hi ath ghante kam ka chalan tha parantu ise kanooni manyata nahian thi; is maang ko lekar poore amarika mean 1 mee 1886 ko h datal huee.mee 1886 se kuchh varshoan pahale deshavyapi h datal tatha sangharsh ke din ke bare mean socha gaya. udaharan ke taur par sitambar mean rashtravyapi sangharsh rashtriy teªd yooniyanoan dvara 1885 aur 1886 mean tay kie ge.vastav mean majadoor divas tatha kary divas sanbandhi aandolan rashtriy yooniyanoan dvara 1885 aur 1886 mean sitambar ke lie socha gaya tha, lekin bahut se karanoan ki vajah se, jisamean vyaparik chakr bhi shamil tha, unhean mee ke lie parivartit kar diya. is samay tak kam ke ghante 10 pratidin ka sangharsh badal kar 8 ghante pratidin ka ban gaya.

ab ham bharat mean mee divas manae jane ke kuchh praranbhik udaharanoan ka sankshep mean varnan kareange. jahaan tak maloom hai, mee divas bharat mean 1923 mean pahali bar manaya gaya tha. siangaravelu chettiyar desh ke arambh ke kamyunistoan mean se ek tatha prabhavashali teªd yooniyan aur majadoor taharik ke neta the. unhoanne aprail 1923 mean bharat mean mee divas manane ka sujhav diya kyoanki duniya bhar ke majadoor ise manate the. unhoanne phir kaha ki sare desh mean is mauke par mitiange honi chahie. madras mean mee divas manane ki apil ki gayi. is avasar par vahaan do janasabhaean huee tatha do juloos nikale ge, pahala uttari madras ke majadooroan ka haeekort ‘bich’ par tatha doosara dakshin madras ke tripliken ‘bich’ par. siangaraveloo ne is din majadoor kisan parti ki sthapana ki ghoshana ki tatha usake ghoshana patr par prakash dala. kee kaangresi netaoan ne bhi mitiangoan mean bhag liya.siangaraveloo ne haeekart ‘bich’ ki baithak ki adhyakshata ki. unaki doosari baithak ki adhyakshata es. krishnaasvami sharma ne ki tatha parti ka ghoshana patr pies velayutham dvara padha gaya.baithakoan ki riport kee dainik samachar patroan mean chhapi. masko se chhapane vale vainagard ne ise bharat mean pahala mee divas bataya. (15 joon 1923)phir dubara 1927 siangaravelu ki pahal par mee divas manaya gaya, lekin is bar unake ghar madras mean. is mauke par unhoanne majadooroan tatha any logoan ko dopahar ki davat di. sham ko ek vishal joolus nikala gaya jisane bad mean ek janasabha ka roop le liya, is baithak ki adhyakshata da. pi. varadarajuloo ne ki. yah kaha jata hai tatkal lal jhanda upalabdh n hone ke karan siangaravelu ne apani l daki ki lal sa di ka jhanda banakar apane ghar par laharaya.is prakar ham majadoor varg ke sangharsh aur mee divas tatha khasakar lal jhande ke itihas ke kee dilachasp tatha jnanavardhan prakaran pate haian.

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