उलमा
ulama arabi bhasha ka shabd hai jise 'ulema' bhi likha jata hai. vyapak arth mean islam ka jnata, jisake pas 'ilm', 'jnan' ka gun hai. saiddhaantik aur vyavaharik roop me muslim shastroan mean nishnat ulemaoan mean se hi islami samuday ke dharmik shikshak dharmavijnani (mutaqalimun), kanooni vakil (mufti,) nyayadhish (qazi), pradhyapak aur uchch mazahabi rajy adhikari, jaise shekh al-islam adi ate hai. sankuchit arth mean ulama ka ashay vidvanoan ki parishad se bhi ho sakata hai, jo muslim rajy mean niyuktiyoan ka kam dekhate haian.
aitihasik ullekh
aitihasik roop se ulama ek shaktishali varg rahe haian aur shuruati islam mean dharmashastriy aur nyayik samasyaoan par unaki am ray (ijma) bhavishy ki pidhiyoan ke dharmik vyavahar ko tay karati thi. samuday par unaka prabhav itana vyapak tha ki muslim sarakarean hamesha unaka samarthan pane ka prayas karati thian; aautoman aur mugal samrajyoan mean unhoanne kabhi-kabhi mahattvapoorn nitiyoan ko nirnayak roop se prabhavit kiya. halaanki islam mean purohitaee nahian hai aur har mazahabaparast purohitiy kam, jaise poojan ke dauran prarthana karavana, kar sakata hai, ulama ne islami samaj mean purohitoan ki bhoomika nibhaee haian. isalie unhean kabhi-kabhi 'muslim purohit' kaha jata hai.
adhunik samay mean ulama ki pashchim mean shikshit varg par pak d nahian rah gee. turki mean unhean samapt kar diya gaya hai, par shesh muslim vishv ke roodhivadi samoohoan par unaki pak d mazaboot hai. 20vian sadi ke islam ke samane ulama aur adhunik pragatishil janoan ka ekikaran sabase kathin samasyaoan mean se ek hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- pustak- bharat jnanakosh khand-1 | prishth sankhya- 242| prakashak- ensaklopidiya britainika, nee dilli
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh