जीवदीप्ति
jivadipti (aangrezi:Bioluminescence) prakash utpann karane ke anek sadhan haian. kuchh prani bhi prakash utpann karate haian. prani se utpann prakash ko jivadipti, ya shital prakash, kahate haian. sadharan prakash mean prakash ke sath sath ushma bhi rahati hai, par jivadipti mean ushma nahian rahati.
khoj
samudr ki satah par bhi kabhi kabhi prakash dekha jata hai. is prakash ke sanbandh mean pahale anek mat prachalit the. par 1910 ee. mean maik kartanim ne pahale pahale yah pata lagaya ki samudri prakash ka karan samudr ke prani haian. in praniyoan mean se kuchh to bahut sookshm hote haian, par kuchh itane b de hote haian ki unhean sookshmadarshi ke bina bhi dekha ja sakata hai. aise praniyoan ki kam se kam 40 shreniyaan haian jinamean ek ya ek se adhik prakashotpadak vansh haian. kuchh vanaspatiyaan bhi prakash utpann karati haian. ek kavak shreni ke aur doosare jivanu shreni ke mrit padarthoan se nikala prakash jivanuoan ke karan hota hai. aise jivanu prayogashalaoan mean bhi sanvardhit kie ja sakate haian.
prakashotpadak jiv-jantu
janavaroan mean spanj, jeli fish, kuanb jeli (Comb jellies), haidr aauids (Hydroids), si pen (Sea pens), dainophlaijelets (Dinoflagelates), rediyoleriya (Radiolaria), samudri ki de (Marine worms), kechua kanakhajoora (Centipedes), britil, stars (Brittle stars), bahut se molask (Molluscs), samudraphen prani (Cuttle-fish), shrianp (Shrimps), bahut bhaanti ke kek de, skvid (Squid) tatha machhaliyaan adi prakashotpadak hoti haian. japan ke kinaroan par pae jane vale phayar phlaee skvid (Firefly squid) ko japani bhasha mean 'hotaruika' kahate haian. isake sansparshak ke sire par prakashotpadak aang hote haian. itali mean kinare ke samudr ki tali mean paya jane vala heterotyoothis (Heteroteuthis) ke kisi aang vishesh se prakash nahian utpann hota, pratyut yah jantu ek prakar ka srav utpann karata hai, jo jal ke sanpark mean akar chamakane lagata hai. yah srav ek granthi mean banata hai. saik doan phaidam ki gaharaee mean paee jane vali machhaliyoan ke sharir mean prakashotpadak aang hote haian, jo sharir ke donoan bagal panktiyoan mean susajjit rahate haian. inaki akriti ardhavrittakar hoti hai. eidhroprora iphailjins (Aedhroprora Effalgens) ke sire par rel ke ianjan ki kauandhabatti (Flashlight) ki bhaanti ek prakashotpadak piand hota hai. isake atirakti isake sharir par any prakashapiand bhi hote haian.
prakashotpadak aang
prophesar alirak dahalgrain (sanh 1894) ne in prakashotpadak aangoan ki banavat ka adhyayan kiya. unhoanne bataya ki inamean ek leans hota hai, jo prakash ko bahar pheankata hai. in aangoan ke aandar chamakadar saphed padarth se bhari koshikaoan ki ek parat hoti hai, jo paravartak (reflector) ka kary karati hai. kisi kisi janavar mean prakashotpadak aang ke charoan or ek aparadarshak avaran hota hai, jo prakashotpadak aang ke ootak (tissue) ko hani se bachata hai. kuchh janavaroan mean yah avaran rangin hota hai. phalasvaroop keval ek hi rang ki kiranean usase hokar nikal pati haian. isaliye in jantuoan mean vishesh rang ka prakash utpann hota hai. katalaphish ki ek jati mean tin prakar ke prakash- nila, baiangani aur lal paida karane vale aang hote haian. dakshin amarika ke aautomobail bag (Automobile bug) namak kit ke sir par saphed aur dum par lal prakash paya jata hai.
dach eest iandiz ke baanda sagar mean do prakar ki prakashotpadak machhaliyaan paee jati haian. inake sharir mean ek vishesh avayav hota hai, jisamean prakashotpadak jivanu rahate haian. is avayav ki banavat pyale ki bhaanti hoti hai aur isamean rahane vale jivanu ek vishesh jati ke hote haian. inhean sadharanat: prayogashala mean n to sanvardhit kiya ja sakata hai aur n ye machhali ke sharir ke bahar jivit hi rah sakate haian. ye sahajivi (symbiotic) chamakate hue jivanu haian. rakt ki naliyoan ki ek jatil sanhati yahaan bhojan evan prakashotpadan ke liye avashyak aauksijan pahuanchati hai. ye jivanu jab tak jivit rahate haian tab tak chamakate rahate haian. doosari machhaliyoan ke prakashotpadak aang uttejit hone par chamakate haian. isaliye ye apane ichchhanusar prakash utpann karati aur bujhati haian. sahajivi jivanuoan dvara prakash utpann karanevale praniyoan ki prakashotpadan kriya aichchhik nahian hoti. inake prakashotpadak aangoan par ek avaran hota hai. is avaran ke koshoan mean kale rang ke kan hote haian, jo avaran band hone par jivanuoan ko poori tarah dhank lete haian. isase prakash bahar nahian jata. is avaran ka kholana ya band karana aichchhik hota hai. isaliye in machhaliyoan ko prakash palakean (Photo blepharon ya Light eyelid) kahate haian. in jantuoan mean prakashotpadak aangoan ka kya upayog hai, yah thik thik jnat nahian. anuman hai ki ye aang inhean apane charoan or ki vastuoan ko dekhane mean sahayata pahuanchate haian. si pen prakash dvara khady jivoan ko akarshit karate haian. kuchh aise bhi jiv haian jinamean prakash nar mada ke akarshan ke liye hota hai. juganoo isaka udaharan hai.
rasayanik vishleshan
jivoan dvara utpann prakash ke vishay mean pahale logoan ka mat tha ki sanbhavat: yah prakash ph aausphoras ke karan hota haian. kiantu yah thik nahian hai, kyoanki ph aausphoras vishaila hone ke karan jivit koshikaoan mean nahian rah sakata. jantuprakash vastut: aauksikaran ka phal hai. sanh 1794 mean itailiyan vaijnanik speleanzani (Spallanzani) ne siddh kiya ki jantuprakash ke liye jal ki upasthiti avashyak hai. prakashotpadak jiv gili avastha mean hi prakash deta hai, sookhi avastha mean nahian. sookhane ke bad yadi jiv ko gila kiya jay to vah pun: prakash dene lagata hai. at: spasht hai ki prakashotpatti sadharan rasayanik kriya hai, jivit padarth ki vishesh kriya nahian.
jantukosh prakashotpadan ke liye jo vastu banate haian, use photojen (Photogen) ya lyusipherin (Luciferin) kahate haian. phraansisi vaijnanik dubva (Dubois) ko sanh 1887 mean rasayanik vishleshan se jnat hua ki isamean do padarth haian, lyoosipherin aur lyusipheres (Luciferase). lyusipherin aauksikrit hokar prakash utpann karata hai aur lyoosipheres utprerak ya prakinv (enzyme) ka kary karata hai. lyusipherin garam hokar nasht nahian hota, kiantu lyusipheres garam hone par nasht ho jata hai. kuchh abhikarmakoan (reagents) ki sahayata se in donoan ko avakshipt (precipitate) karake tatha upayukt vilayakoan mean pun: vilin kar inhean prithakh kiya ja sakata hai. yadyapi in danoan ko prithakh kiya gaya hai, phir bhi inaki yatharth rasayanik banavat ka pata ab tak nahian chala hai. inako protin ki jati mean rakh sakate haian.
sanh 1918 mean ee. en. harvi ne prayogoan dvara siddh kiya ki aauksikaran ke bad lyusipherin ka prakash samapt ho jane par usamean yadi avakarak milae jayan to lyusipherin pun: ban jata hai. prakash utpann karane vale jantuoan mean aauksikaran aur avakaran ki kriya kramash: hua karati hai aur jantuprakash utpann karate rahate haian.[1]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh