रंगीन फ़ोटोग्राफ़ी
rangin fotografi do vidhiyoan dvara sanpann hoti hai:
- pratham vidhi, vastuparak, ya bhautik rangin fotografi, jisaka uddeshy hari vastu ko hari tatha nili ko nili arthath vastu ko vastavik rang mean dikhana hai. isaka udaharan lippamain plet vidhi hai. yah vidhi vyavaharik tatha vyaparik mahattv ki nahian hai.
- doosari vidhi, pratitik athava trivarni fotografi hai. yahi vidhi vyavaharik tatha vyaparik mahattv ki hai.
triparni rangin fotografi
t aaumas yang (sanh 1801) tatha bad mean any logoan ne, visheshakar helmaholts ne yah siddhaant pratipadit kiya ki manaviy aankhoan ke dvara rang ka darshan, keval tin prathamik rangoan ke mishran par adharit hai aur koee bhi rang in rangoan ke uchit anupat mean mishran dvara utpann kiya ja sakata hai. ye tin rang lal, hara tatha nila hai.
maiksvel ne 1861 ee. mean fotografi ke dvara ek rangin drishy ko chitrit kar yang ke siddhaant ko siddh kiya tha. is prakar maiksvel ne yah darshaya tha ki tin vibhinn rangoan ke prakash srotoan ko samuchit roop se mishrit karake aankhoan dvara parilakshit kisi bhi rang ka abhas karaya ja sakata hai. usake dvara chune rang lal, hara tatha nila the, jinhean 'prathamik rang', kaha jata hai. inhean mishrit karake, kuchh bahut hi gahare rangoan ko chho dakar, samast rang 'nirmit' kie ja sakate haian.
in tinoan prathamik rangoan ke vibhinn anupatoan mean sanyog se any anek prakar ke rang utpann kie ja sakate haian, jaise hara evan lal milane se, hare tatha lal ki sapekshik tivrata ke anusar, narangi, pila ya pila hara rang utpann ho jaega.
rangin chitran vidhi
adhunik vyavasayik vidhiyoan mean rangin fotografi ki kriya do bhagoan mean ki jati hai, pratham 'trivarni vishleshan' tatha dvitiy 'vanr sanyojan'. maiksavel ne apani vishleshan ki kriya mean vishayavastu se ane vale prakash ko lal, hare tatha nile philtaroan se gujar kar, tin bhinn fotografi ke pletoan par dala or is prakar vishayavastu ke lakshanik rangoan ka vishleshan kar liya. lal rang ke lie fotografiy imalshan ko jab ek lal filtar ke pichhe udbhasit karake vikasit, arthath devalap, kiya jata hai, tab vishayavastu ke pratyek kshetr se paravartit lal prakash, kale saphed 'negetiv' chitr mean, chaandi ke kanoan ke ghanatv ke roop mean parivartit ho jata hai. vishayavastu ke kisi bhag se jitana adhik lal prakash aega utana hi adhik negetiv ke tadanuroop bhag mean chaandi ke kale kanoan ka ghanatv hoga, tatha vah sthan jahaan se koee bhi lal prakash n aega negetiv mean bilkul saf rahega, arthath vahaan ghanatv shoony hoga. isi prakar, doosari aur tisari pletean, jo hare tatha nile philtaroan ke pichhe udbhasit ki gee thi, vishayavastu ke kramash: hare tatha nile rangoan ko paravartit karane vale bhagoan ko aankit kareangi. sath hi vishayavastu ke in do, ya adhik prathamik rangoan se nirmit rang do, ya adhik negetivoan mean aankit ho jaeange. is prakar vishayavastu ke samast rang, kul milakar in tin negetivoan mean, chaandi ke ghanatvoan ke roop mean, aankit ho jaeange. isi kriya ko vishayavastu ka 'trivarni vishleshan' kahate haian tatha plet par laga payas (imalshan) in rangoan ka abhilekh hota hai.
ab rangin trivarni fotografi ki vidhi ka doosara bhag 'rang sanyojan' poorn kiya jata hai. is kriya ka uddeshy pratham kriya se prapt tinoan negetivoan mean aankit chaandi ke pratibianboan se mool rangoan ke pratibianboan ka pun: sanyojan hai. maiksvel ne is kriya ke lie negetivoan se tin p aauzitav pratibianb, athava maijik lalatenoan ki tin slaidean banaee thian aur prakash ko pratham unamean se aur bad mean lal, nile tatha hare philtaroan se gujarakar, ek parde par prakshepit kar, darshakoan ke chakshuoan ke lie rangin chitr ka nirman athava 'sanyojan' kar diya tha. pratyek rangin-chitran-pranali mean yahi do, varnavishleshan tatha varnasanyojan, ki kriyaean upayog mean laee jati haian. pray: tin varn prithakkaran negetiv alag alag nahian dekhe jate, apitu sanyojan kriya ek hi kagaz athava film mean kar di jati hai. sahi rangin fotografi ke lie yahi donoan kriyaean karani p dati haian.
jis prakar koee rang ya to do prathamik rangoan ke mishran ke dvara, athava shvet prakash se kuchh rang avashoshit kar, prapt kiya ja sakata hai, usi prakar varnasanyojan ki bhi do vidhiyaan haian-
- ek to yogaj-varn-nirman tatha
- doosari vyavakalanatmak-varn-sanshleshan.
isi prakar shvet prakash se kuchh varnoan ko nikalakar, ya avashoshit kar ek naya rang prapt kiya ja sakata hai. ek pila philtar hare tatha lal rang ke prakashoan ko to gujar deta hai, par nile ko avashoshit kar leta hai, arthath ek pila philtar rrin nila, athava nila avashoshak hai. is prakar isake upayog ke pashchath shvet prakash mean sivay nile varn spektram ke samast rang maujood hoange. isi prakar 'maijeanta filtar' hara avashoshak hai. isalie, yadi ek pila philtar shvet prakash ke samaksh rakha jae aur usake bad ek maijeanta philtar, to darshak ko keval lal prakash hi pareshit hokar prapt ho sakega. isi prakar ek maianjeanta philtar (hara avashoshak) tatha sayan philtar (lal avashoshak) ke prayog se keval nila pratibianb hi prapt hoga, kyoanki lal tatha hara avashoshit ho jaeange. ek sayanaphiltar (lal avashoshak) tatha pile philtar (nile avashoshak) ke prayog se keval hara bacha rahega. is prakar tinoan prathamik rang (hara, lal aur nila) ya any rang shvet se sayan, maianjeanta athava pile adi jaise uchit rangoan ke vyavakalan ke dvara utpann kie ja sakate haian. yahi varnanirman ki vyavakalan vidhi hai.
yogaj varnasanshleshan
trivarni rangin fotograf 'yogaj' athava 'vyavakalan' varn-sanshleshan-vidhi se taiyar kie ja sakate haian. trivarni varn vishleshan dvara prapt, taiyar kie hue prithakkaran negetivoan mean chaandi ke kanoan ke ghanatv, vastu se paravartit hokar ae, tinoan prathamik rangoan ki matra ko pradarshit karate haian. prithakkaran negetiv ko yadi lal philtar ke samaksh (anavrit) kiya jae, to us negetiv mean chaandi ke kanoan ka ghanatv vastu mean lal rang ki sthiti pradarshit kar dega.
yadi in negetivoan se ashvet shvet, arthath kale saphed 'p aauzitiv' paradarshi chitr bana lie jaean, to unamean kale kanoan ke ghanatv ki anupasthiti rang ki upasthiti ko pradarshit karegi. lal prithakkaran negetiv se prapt p aauzitiv mean vishayavastu ke lal bhagoan ke anuroop bhag saf hoange, kam lal vale bhagoan mean kale kanoan ka tho da ghanatv hoga aur lal rangavihin bhagoan mean apekshakrit adhik ghanatv hoga. is prakar yah p aauzitiv, vastu mean lal rang ki upasthiti ka abhilekh photograph mean chaandi ke kanoan ke ghanatv ke roop mean, prastut kar dega. jitana adhik ghanatv hoga, utana hi kam lal rang, vastu mean us sthan par, upasthit raha hoga.
is p aauzitiv chitr ko jab lal prakash ki sahayata se dekha jaega, to vah darshak ko vastu ke vibhinn bhagoan mean upasthit lal rang ko darsha dega. isi prakar do any negetivoan se bane p aauzitiv paradarshak chitr vastu ke hare v nile rang ko us samay pradarshit kar deange jab unhean kramash: hare aur nile prakash ki sahayata se dekha jaega, arthath us rang ke prakash ki sahayata se dekha jaega jisamean un donoan negetivoan ko udbhasit kiya gaya tha. vishayavastu ko sanpoorn rangoan mean pradarshit karane ke lie ab keval in tinoan rangoan ko sanshleshit kar dena shesh rah jata hai. yah kary yogaj prakshepan dvara, athava photo kromoskop (prakash varnadarshi, arthath tin rangin p aauzitivoan ko ek hi jagah ekatr karake dekhane ka yantr) ke dvara poorn kiya ja sakata hai.
yadyapi is vidhi se vishayavastu ka rang to shuddh roop se pradarshit ho jata hai, par adhik kharchili tatha asuvidhajanak hone ke karan yah prachalit tatha sarvapriy nahian ho paee. isaka upayog rangin chalachitroan tatha rangin telivizan adi ke lie hota hai.
varnasanyojan ki vyavakalan vidhi
yadi lal philtar ke varn prithakkaran negetiv se taiyar kie hue p aauzitiv par chaandi ka pratibianb, ek sayan (sayan, hara aur nila ke bich ka) rang [jaise ranjak, syahi, ya varnak] mean parivartit kar diya jae, to sayan rang bhi chaandi ke pratibianb ki hi bhaanti lal prakash ko avashoshit kar lega. is prakar sayan pratibianb lal prakash ko niyantrit karane vale valv ke roop mean kary karega. sath hi yadi yah achchha sayan hua, to yah utana hi lal prakash avashoshit kar lega jitana chaandi ka kala pratibianb. is karan prakshep lalatainoan mean chaandi ke kale pratibianb ke sthan par ek p aauzitiv sayan pratibianb lagaya ja sakata hai. prakshep kiya hua pratibianb donoan dashaoan mean saman hoga. isi karan sayan ko pray: 'rrin lal' (lal avashoshak) kahate haian. isi prakar maianjeanta, ya hare avashoshak tatha pile, ya nile avashoshak (rrin nila) ko kramash: hare, ya nile philtaroan ke dvara prapt p aauzitiv ke chaandi ke kale pratibianboan ke sthan par prayukt kiya ja sakata hai.
sayan, maijeanta tatha pile pratibianb, n keval tin chaandi ke pratibianboan ke samatuly haian, apitu inake dvara ek mahattvapoorn labh yah hai ki inhean bina kisi philtar ke ek shvet prakash ke prakshepak mean, ek ke oopar ek rakhakar, lagaya ja sakata hai aur is prakar darshak par prapt prabhav bhi saman bana rahega.
sayan pratibianb prakshepak ke shvet prakash se uchit bhagoan mean lal prakash ghata deta hai. isi prakar maijeanta hare rang ko tatha 'pila' nile rang ko ghata deta hai. is prakar prapt phal vahi hai, jo yogaj varnasanyojan se prapt hua tha, arthath vishayavastu ke vibhinn bhagoan mean kaun-kaun se praranbhik rang kitani matra mean maujood the, athava the bhi ya nahian, yah dekha ja sakata hai. aankh ke lie pahale ki vishayavastu ke rangin darshan ke lie itani hi soochana paryapt hai. aisa sanyojan jisamean sayan, maijeanta tatha pile pratibianboan ko ek hi prakshepak mean, shvet prakashasrot par athava ek paravartaniy shvet tal, jaise kagaz, par ek ke oopar doosara ek sath prayukt kiya jata hai, vyavakalanatmak varnasanyojan kahalata hai. adhikatar rangin fotografi ke karyoan mean yahi vidhi prayukt hoti hai.
varnavishleshan ki vidhiyaan
rang prithakkaran negetivoan ka banana rangin photograph banane ka ek avashyak aang hai. varn vishleshan ki kriya bilakul svatantr tatha prithakashh kriya ho sakati hai, jisake pashchath varnasanyojan ki kriya ki ja sakati hai, athava varnavishleshan ki kriya aisi ek sanpoorn prakriya ka abhinn aang ho sakati hai jisamean prithakkaran negetivoan ko alag kabhi nahian dekha ja sakata. niche di huee ritiyoan mean prithakkaran paddhatiyaan ve haian jinamean varn prithakkaran negetiv, udbhasan tatha devalapiang adi ke pashchath, bhautik roop se tin alag pratibianboan ke roop mean upalabdh ho jate haian. isake viparit aprithakkari paddhatiyaan ve haian jinamean udbhasan tatha devalapiang adi ke uparaant tin varn prithakkaran negetiv pratibianb to banate haian, par ve bad mean prakashakiy tatha rasayanik kriya, athava inamean se keval ek kriya, ke dvara varnasanyojan ke lie ek sath vibhinn aangoan ke roop mean hi rahate haian.
varn vishleshan ki ritiyaan
ye do prakar ki hai tatha pratyek mean do vibhed haian:
- prithakkaran paddhatiyaan-
- kramavath udbhasan tatha
- ek sath udbhasan.
- aprithakkari paddhatiyaan-
- parshviy prithakkaran, ek imalshan tatha
- oordhvavath prithakkaran, anek imalshan.
ek sath udbhasan ke udaharan bahuparatiy filmean, ya ekal paik haian. ise udaharan kodakrom, aiansokrom, kaandekektakrom tatha aigfa kalar filmean haian. yahi sabase adhik sarvapriy vidhi hai. is karan isi ki charchaan ki jaegi.
bahuparatiy pranali
ek hi adhar par tin imalshanoan ki tahean, ek ke oopar ek jama di jati haian. pray: in imalshanoan ke bich mean, ya to saf (paradarshi) jilaitin ki paratean, ya philtar ka kary karane vali paratean, hoti haian. chooanki fotografiy imalshan mool roop se nile prakash ke lie sugrahi athava nile grahi hote haian, is karan nila grahi imalshan kaimare ki filmoan mean leans ke nikatatam rahata hai. isake niche nili avashoshak (pili) parat hoti hai, jo bad mean kramash: hara grahi tatha lal grahi imalshanoan dvara nile rang ko 'rekard', athava prabhavit karane se rokati hai. pray: lalagrahi imalshan leans se sabase adhik door rahata hai. is prakar ki bahuparatiy film mean varn vishleshan keval ek udbhasan mean hi ho jata hai aur jab film ko taiyar karake usaka negetiv taiyar kiya jata hai, tab tin chaandi ke prithakkaran rekard, ek ke oopar ek, prapt ho jate haian. kuchh padarth to aise hote haian ki ve negetiv ka ranjak pratibianb chaandi ke pratibianb ke sath sath bana dete haian, jisase ek rangin negetiv prapt ho jata hai. doosare padarth utkraman tatha rang taiyar karane ke siddhaant par kary karate haian aur is prakar chaandi ke prithakkaran negetiv pratibianboan ko sayan, maianjeanta tatha pile p aauzitiv pratibianboan, ya chitroan mean parivartit kar dete haian.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- vishv kosh (khand 10) pej n. 9, lavalesh ray khare
- phridaman: histri aauv kalar fotografi (1944), amarikan pablishiang kanpani, bostan;
- evaianj, haisan tatha broovar (1953): priansipals aauv kalar fotografi, j aaun vili aiand sans, nyooy aaurk.