टोल

• bharat ke deshi sanskrit vidyalay, jo adhyapakoan ke gharoan mean sthit the, tol kahe jate the.
• prachin hindoo shiksha vyavastha ke anusar, adhyapakagan in sanskrit pathashalaoan ko apane kharche se chalate the.
• inamean pravesh pane vale vidyarthiyoan ko ve sthan, bhojan, vastr upalabdh karate the.
• adhyayan aur adhyapan ka samay vidyarthi aur adhyapak donoan ki suvidhanukool rakha jata tha.
• is shiksha vyavastha ke aantargat adhyapak aur vidyarthi ka ghanishth sambandh rahata tha aur vidyarthi ko vidya prapti ke lie koee dhan nahian dena p data tha.
• chooanki vidyarthi ke bharan-poshan ka bhar adhyapak par rahata tha, isalie unaka chunav bhi usaki ichchha par nirbhar karata tha.
• in pathashalaoan mean vidyadhyayan ke lie adhikaanshat: brahmanoan ke balak hi pravesh karate the.
• any varnoan ke medhavi vidyarthiyoan ko bhi inamean pravesh milata tha, kintu apane bhojan ka prabandh unhean svayan hi karana hi hota tha.
• in pathashalaoan ka kharch nikalane mean adhyapakoan ko kafi kathinaiyaan uthani p dati thian, kyoanki isake lie unhean sthaniy zamiandaroan tatha dataoan ki danashilata par nirbhar rahana p data tha.
• phir bhi shastroan ka adhyayan karane ke bad pratyek brahman vidyadan karana apana pavitr kartavy manata tha.
• isalie vah apane ghar par ek toli ki sthapana avashy hi karata tha.
• in toloan mean vyakaran, sahity, smriti, nyay aur vedant athava darshan ki shiksha di jati thi.
• kuchh tolean ab bhi vidyaman haian aur kuchh ko sarakar se ab masik anudan prapt hota hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

bhattachary, sachchidanand bharatiy itihas kosh, dvitiy sanskaran-1989 (hindi), bharat diskavari pustakalay: uttar pradesh hindi sansthan, 176.