उपेन्द्रनाथ अश्क

upendr nath ashk (janm- 14 disambar, 1910, jalandhar, panjab, bharat; mrityu- 19 janavari, 1996, bharat) upanyasakar, nibandhakar, lekhak, kahanikar haian. ashk ji ne adarshonmukh, kalpanapradhan athava kori romani thian.

jivan parichay

upendr nath ashk ji ka janm panjab prant ke jalandhar namak nagar mean 14 disambar, 1910 ko ek madhyamavargiy brahman parivar mean hua tha. ashk ji chh: bhaiyoan mean doosare haian. inake pita pandit madhoram steshan mastar the. jalandhar se maitrik aur phir vahian se di. e. vi. k aaulej se inhoanne 1931 mean bi.e. ki pariksha pas ki. bachapan se hi ashk adhyapak banane, lekhak aur sampadak banane, vakta aur vakil banane, abhineta aur dayarektar banane aur thiyetar athava film mean jane ke anek sapane dekha karate the.

karyakshetr

bi.e. pas karate hi upendranath ashk ji apane hi skool mean adhyapak ho gaye. par 1933 mean use chho d diya aur jivikoparjan hetu saptahik patr 'bhoochal' ka sampadan kiya aur ek any saptahik 'guru ghantal' ke lie prati saptah ek rupaye mean ek kahani likhakar di. 1934 mean achanak sab chho d l aau k aaulej mean pravesh le liya aur 1936 mean l aau pas kiya. usi varsh lambi bimari aur pratham patni ke dehant ke bad inake jivan mean ek apoorv mo d aya. 1936 ke bad ashk ke lekhak vyaktitv ka ati urvar yug prarambh hua.

1941 mean ashk ji ne doosara vivah kiya. usi varsh aaul indiya rediyoan mean naukari ki. 1945 ke disambar mean bambee ke film jagat ke nimantran ko svikar kar vahaan filmoan mean lekhan ka kary karane lage. 1947-1948 mean ashk ji nirantar asvasth rahe. par yah unake sahityik sarjan ki urvarata ka svarn-samay tha. 1948 se 1953 tak ashk ji dampatti (patni kaushalya ashk) ke jivan mean sangharsh ke varsh rahe. par inhian dinoan ashk yakshma ke changul se bachakar ilahabad aye, inhoanne nilabh prakashan grih ki vyavastha ki, jisase unake sampoorn sahityik vyaktitv ko rachana aur prakashan donoan drishti se sahaj path mila. ashk ji ne apani kahani, upanyas, nibandh, lekh, sansmaran, alochana, natak, ekaanki, kavita adi ke kshetroan mean kary kiya hai.

kritiyaan

ashk ne isase pahale bhi bahut kuchh likha tha. urdoo mean 'nav-ratn' aur 'aurat ki fitarat' unake do kahani sangrah prakashit ho chuke the. pratham hindi sangrah 'judaee ki sham ka git' (1933) ki adhikaansh kahaniyaan urdoo mean chhap chuki thian. jaisa ki ashk ji ne svany likha hai, 1936 ke pahale ki ye kritiyaan utani achchhi nahian bani. anubhooti ka sparsh unhean kam mila tha. 1936 ke bad ashk ji ki kritiyoan mean sukh-du:khamay jivan ke vyaktigat anubhav se adabhut rang bhar gaya. 'urdoo kavy ki ek nee dhara' (alochak granth), 'jay parajay' (aitihasik natak), 'papi', 'veshya', 'adhikar ka rakshak', 'lakshmi ka svagat', 'joank', 'paheli' aur 'apas ka samajhauta' (ekaanki), 'svarg ki jhalak' (samajik natak): kahani sangrah 'pianjara' ki sabhi kahaniyaan, 'chhiantean' ki kuchh kahaniyaan aur 'prat pradip' (kavita sangrah) ki sabhi kavitaean unaki patni ki mrityu (1936) ke do dhaee sal ke hi alp samay mean likhi gee.

natak

natak ke kshetr mean 1937 se lekar unhoanne jitani kritiyaan sampoorn natak aur ekaanki ke roop mean likhi haian, sab pray: apane lekhanakal ke uparant usi varsh kram se prakashit huee haian.

natak san kriti 1937 jay parajay 1938 ekaanki-'papi 1938 veshya 1938 lakshmi ka svagat 1938 adhikar ka rakshak 1939 svarg ki jhalak 1939 joank 1939 apas ka samajhauta 1939 paheli 1939 devataoan ki chhaya mean 1940 vivah ke din 1940 chhatha beta 1941 naya purana 1941 chamatkar 1941 khi daki 1941 sookhi dali 1942 bahanean 1942 kamada 1942 memoona 1942 chilaman 1942 chumbak 1943 tauliye 1944 pakka gana 1946 kisa sab kisi aya 1947 toofan se pahale 1948 charavahe 1950 adi marg 1950 batasiya 1950 kasbe k kriket klab ka udaghatan 1950 qaid aur u dan 1951 maskebazoan ka svarg 1951 parda uthao parda girao 1953 paiantare 1954 alag-alag raste 1954 adarsh aur yatharth 1955 aanjodidi 1956 andhi gali ke ath ekaanki 1954-1959 ke ekaanki sahab ko jukam hai 1961 bhanvar

upanyas san kriti 1940 sitaroan ke khel 1945 b di-b di aankhean 1947 girati divar 1952 garm rakh 1957 patthar alapatthar 1963 shahar mean ghoomata aeena 1969 ek nanhian kiandil

kahaniyaan

aankur, nasur, chattan, dachi, pianjara, gokharoo, baigan ka paudha, memane, daliye, kale sahab, bachche, ubal, keptan rashid adi ashk ji ki pratinidhi kahaniyoan ke namoone sahit kul dedh-do sau kahaniyoan mean ashk ji ka kahanikar vyaktitv saphalata se vyakt hua hai.

kavy granth

• 'dip jalega' (1950)
• 'chaandani rat aur ajagar' (1952)
• 'baragar ki beti' (1949)

sansmaran

• 'manto mera dushman' (1956)
• 'nibandh, lekh, patr, dayari aur vichar granth-'zyada apani kam parayi' (1959)
• 'rekhaean aur chitr' (1955).

anuvad

• 'rang saj' (1958)- roos ke prasiddh kahanikar 'aiantan chekhav' ke laghu upanyas ka anuvad.
• 'ye adami ye choohe' (1950)- stin baiank ke prasiddh upanyas 'av mais end main' ka anuvad.
• 'hij ekselensi' (1959)- amar kathakar dastavaski ke laghu upanyas 'darti stori' ka hindi anuvad.

sampadan

• 'pratinidhi ekaanki' 1950
• 'rang ekaanki' 1956
• 'sanket' 1953

samriddhata ka anuman

srijan ki itani kshamata se sahaj hi ashk ji ki lekhan shakti aur bhav jagat ki samriddhata ka anuman lagaya ja sakata hai. upanyas, natak, kahani aur kavy kshetr mean ashk ji ki upalabdhi mukhyat: natak, upanyas aur kahani mean vishesh roop se mahatvapoorn hai. 'girati divar' aur 'garm rakh' hindi upanyas ke kshetr mean yatharthavadi parampara ke upanyas haian. sampoorn natakoan mean 'chhatha beta', 'aanjodidi' aur 'qaid' ashk ji ki natyakala ke saphalatam udaharan haian. 'chhatha beta' ke shilp mean hasy aur vyang, 'aanjodidi' ke sthapaty mean vyavaharik rangamanch ke saphalatam tatv aur shilp ka anoothapan tatha 'qaid' mean stri ka hridayasparshi charitr chitran tatha usake rachana vidhan mean adhunik natyatatv ki jaisi abhivyakti huee hai, usase ashk ji ki naty kala aur rangamanch ke parichay ka sanket milata hai. ekaanki natakoan mean 'bhanvar', 'charavahe', 'chilaman', 'taulie' aur 'sookhi dali' ashk ji ki ekaanki kala ke sundaratam udaharan haian. sabhi ekaanki rangamanch ke svayatt adhikari haian.

ashk ji ki kahaniyaan premachand ke adarshonmukh yatharthavad athava vikas kram se prapt vishuddh yatharthavadi parampara ki haian. kahani kala aur rachana shilp spasht katha tatv ke sahit moolat: charitr ke kendr bindu se poorn hota hai. ashk ji ke samast charitr upanyas, natak athava kahani kisi bhi sahity prakar mean sarvatha yatharth haian. unase samajik aur vaiyaktik jivan ki samast samasyaoan-rag dvesh ka pratinidhitv hota hai.

puraskar

upendranath ashk ji ko san 1972 ee. mean 'soviyat laind neharoo puraskar' se bhi sammanit kiya gaya tha.

mrityu

upendranath ashk ji ka 19 janavari, san 1996 ee. mean nidhan ho gaya tha.

sahayak granth

1. zyada apani kam parayi: upendr nath 'ashk':
2. natakakar 'ashk': nilabh prakashan

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh