घोषणापत्र

ghoshanapatr (aangrezi: Manifesto) pray: ek vyakti ya samooh dvara un siddhaantoan aur nitiyoan ki ghoshana hai jisamean am janata ka hit nihit ho. samasamayik jivan se sanbandhit ghoshana ka sadharanatam roop vah hai jise rajanitik dal, visheshakar chunav ke avasar par, prasarit karate haian. aise daloan se yah apeksha ki jati hai ki ve janata ko apane chunav mean samarthan ki maang ka karan batate hue un nitiyoan tatha yojanaoan ko bhi spasht karean, jinhean ve apani sarakar banane par karyanvit kareange.

dharmik ghoshanapatr

ganbhir arth mean manav ki kuchh udatt vaniyaan (Pronouncements) ghoshanapatr ki prakriti mean upasthit samajhi ja sakati haian. vastut: vah aisi adhyatmik anubhooti ka sakshatkar hai jisase usaka labh adhik se adhik log utha sakean. jab hamare bharatiy rrishiyoan ne 'soahamh‌' (vah maian hooan) aur 'tatvamasi' (vah too hai) ki ghoshana ki to mahanh‌ ghoshanapatroan ki bhaanti yah charam saty ki abhivyakti thi. jab hamare ashramoan se yah suandar shabd dhvanit hua-

'shrinvantu vishve amritasy putra: a yedhamani divyani tasthu:, janamyahan tan purushan mahaantamadity varnamh‌ tamas: parastath‌'

to yah ghoshanapatr ka ek shalinatam udaharan ban gaya.

baibil mean varnan hai ki jab prabhu eesa pitar ki bhaanti shishy banane ko utsuk machhuoan se mile, unhoanne sankshep mean unase kaha- 'mera anusaran karo'. tatpashchath‌ parvat shikhar se unhoanne ek mahatvapoorn upadesh diya jo dharm ka mahanh‌ ghoshanapatr hai. romanoan ke liye seant pal ke tatha eesaee karianthiyanoan aur doosaroan ke liye likhe ge any dharmapatr pray: ghoshanapatroan ki shaili mean haian kiantu ye atyant hridayasparshi haian. islam ka prachar ashcharyajanak roop se 'quran sharif' ke nare se hua. vah utkrisht ghoshanapatr ke roop mean samajha ja sakata hai-

'eeshvar ke atirikt aur kuchh bhi saty nahian hai, aur mohammad usaka paiganbar hai.'

darshan sanbandhi ghoshanapatr

jab pleto ne apane 'ripablik' mean yah vichar pratipadit kiya ki 'rajy ke adhyaksh darshanik hoan, aur darshanik adhyaksh hoan' tab usane ek arth mean sansar ke sammukh chirasthayi shakti aur akarshan ka ghoshanapatr prastut kiya. tamas mor (16vian shatabdi) ne manav jati ko apane 'yootopiya' granth dvara doosara ghoshanapatr diya. rooso ka 'soshal kaantraikt' (18vian shatabdi) jo 'manushy svatantr utpann hua tha, kiantu sarvatr bandhan mean hai', adi avismaraniy shabdoan se aanrabh hota hai, manaviy chetana ka mahanh‌ ghoshanapatr hai. isi shreni mean samyavadi ghoshanapatr (1848) ata hai jise marks ne eanjels ke sahayog se likha.

aitihasik ghoshanapatr

aangreji kraanti (1641-60) ne bahut b di sankhya mean patr patrikaoan ko janm diya. ve sabhi tatkalin vicharoan ko vyakt karane vale bahut prabhavashali ghoshanapatr the. 'levelars', 'digars' aur visheshat: miltan ne 'kamanavelth' ke utthan ke liye bahut likha. miltan ne samrath ke mrityudand ko nyayapoorn siddh karate hue kuchh pustakean laitin mean likhian taki unaka aantararashtriy paimane par prachar ho. ve sabhi sachche arthoan mean aangreji kraanti ke ghoshanapatr the. briten ke viruddh amariki upaniveshoan mean vidroh ne svatantrata ke elana (Declaration) ke roop mean ek bahut ganbhir ghoshanapatr prastut kiya. isaka anusaran phraansisi kraanti ke lekhapatr ne, jo sansar ke liy ghoshanapatr tha, manushy ke adhikaroan ko ghoshit karake kiya (1991). yah kathan, ki sabhi manushy saman utpann hue haian, aur unhean jivanayapan, svatantrata aur sukhabhog ke saman adhikar haian, sansar ki sanpatti ho gaya hai.

sahityik ghoshanapatr

aangrej kavi sheli (1792-1822) ne kaviyoan ko 'ajnapit vidhayak' kaha hai. usaki kuchh kavitaean ghoshanapatroan ke saman haian. jaise-

o pavan, is supt jag ke liye
mere hothoan dvara (ghoshit)
divy sandesh ka toory ban ja
yadi shit rritu ati hai
kya vasant door rah sakata hai?

rajanaitik ghoshanapatr

1848 mean 'samyavadi ghoshanapatr' prakashit hua jo samajik parivartan ke aandolan ka adharabhoot saiddhaantik vivaran prastut karata hai, jisaki chunauti samasamayik itihas ka bahut b da tathy hai. rashtrasangh ka pratijnapatr (1919) aur sanyukt rashtr (1945) ka shasanapatr jaise pralekh bhi sachche arthoan mean ghoshanapatr kahe ja sakate haian, jo sansar ki mahatvakaanksha vyakt karate haian. rajanitik daloan ke ghoshanapatr, jinamean nirvachan ke avasar par unake siddhaant, nitiyaan aur yojana sanbandhi prastav janata ke sanmukh spasht kie jate haian, adhik prachalit haian kiantu is vastusthiti ko smaran rakhana bahut hitakar hai ki ghoshanapatr itihas mean prabhavashali dhang se mahatvapoorn rahe haian. ghoshanapatr, samyavadi (kamyoonist mainiphasto) : navanbar, 1847 ke aant mean landan mean samyavadi sangh ki doosari kaangres huee. isamean us kalpanik samajavad ki bhartsana ki gee jisaka vishvas tatkalin samajavadiyoan mean pray: samany roop se jam gaya tha. us adhiveshan mean shadyantrakari nitiyoan ka vahishkarakar sangathan ko naya roop diya gaya aur ek nee yojana ki ghoshana ki gee. navanirmit kraantikari manch (pletapharm) ke samyavadi siddhaantoan ko aangikrit kar ghoshanapatr ka praroop prastut karane ka kary karl marks aur phredrik eanjels ko sauanpa gaya.

samyavadi ghoshanapatr

is prakar samyavadi ghoshanapatr (1848 ) ka pradurbhav hua jo pray: sarvash: marks ka kary tha aur jisapar us tejasvi vicharak ki asadharan pratibha ki gahari chhap thi. yah ghoshanapatr apani vishayavastu aur vicharadhara mean poornat: maulik tha. isake sath hi yah patr ek aitihasik tarkamimaansa, yuktiyukt vishleshan, karyakram tatha bhavishyavani tha. mitr shatru donoan vargoan ne ise moordhany kriti mana hai. samyavadi ghoshanapatr mean itani spashtata aur shakti hai jitani marks ko abatak prapt n huee thi, aur jitani, ekadh chamatkaroan ekadh chamatkaroan ko chho d, pichhe bhi kabhi sanbhav n ho saki. isake aantargat unhoanne us pooanjivad ka aitihasik uddeshy ganbhiratapoorvak pramanit kiya jisamean utpadan ke sadhanoan ka to prabal vikas hua tha kiantu unaka upayog samajik avashyakataoan ki poorti ke liye nahian ho raha tha. isamean unhoanne sarvahara aur madhyamavarg ke bich ke tivr virodh, utpadan ki arajakata ke roop mean prakat pooanjivad ke aantardvandv, vitaran ki asamata aur sankatoan (kraisisoan) pratyaksh kiya hai. pooanjivad ki qabr khodanevale ne samajavadi samaj ke vidhata ke shramik prolatariyat (sarvahara varg) ki aitihasik vishvavyapi bhoomika marks ne apani mahanh pratibha dvara pratishthit ki hai. marks ke anusar saanmati samaj ke bhagnavashesh se utha vartaman madhyavargiy samaj varg bair ko mita nahian paya. usane keval purane vargoan ke sthan par ne varg kh de kar die, atyachar ke ne avasar, sangharsh ke ne roop prastut kar die. vartaman rajyashakti samooche madhyavarg ke sangathit karyoan ke prashasan ke liye matr samiti ke atirikt doosara kuchh nahian hai. upaj aur usake yatayat ki madhyavargiy dashaoan, madhyavargiy saanpattik sanbandh aur samagr roop se adhunik madhyavargiy samaj ne upaj ke shaktimay sadhanoan ko maya dvara svayatt kar liya hai- ye paristhitiyaan us vivash jadoogar ki si ho gee haian jo apane jad se patal se atmaoan ko bula lene ke bad phir unhean niyantrit karane mean asamarth ho jata hai. madhyavargiy samaj jaise jaise vikasit hota hai, usaka patan bhi vaise hi vaise samip ata jata hai, kyoanki vah samaj svayan anivaryat: adhunik shramikoan, vijayi sarvaharaoan jaisi un shaktiyoan ko janm deta hai jo use to dakar vighatit kar deangi.

marks apane ghoshanapatr mean nirbhikatapoorvak likhate haian: sabhi poorvavarti aandolan alpasankhyakoan ke aandolan the. sarvahara aandolan bahumat dvara bahusankhyakoan ke hit mean chalaya gaya svatantr aandolan hai. aant mean vah bahut prabhavashali dhang se kahate haian : samyavadi apane vichar aur lakshy chhipane se inakar karate haian. ve spasht ghoshit karate haian, ki unake uddeshyoan ki siddhi vartaman samajik vyavastha ko balapoorvak ukha d pheankane se hi ho sakati hai. samyavadi kraanti ki sanbhavana se shasak varg kaanp uthe lekin sarvaharaoan ko siva apani be diyoan ke kuchh khona nahian. isake viruddh unhean ek samoochi duniya ki sanprapti hogi. sare deshoan ke sarvaharaoan, milakar ek ho jao.

ghoshanapatr ka ek bhag marks se bhinn siddhaantoan aur tatkalin samajavadiyoan mean prachalit any aandolanoan ka vivechan kar unhean amany siddh karata hai. marks mean apane vastavik vatavaran ki sankirn simaoan se apane ko oopar utha lene ki adbhut kshamata thi; goya vah choti par kh de hokar ghatit hoti us vikas ki dhara ko dekh rahe hoan jisean atit vartaman mean samakar door bhavishy mean udit ho raha hai. chooanki vah ghoshanapatr karakhanoan ke mazadooroan ke mahanh‌ aur nirantar badhate hue aandolan sean sanbandhit tha, nissandeh vah vidvattapoorn siddhaantoan ka matr chartar nahian hai. varanh‌ samajik kraanti ke jin aghriny, akaty niyamoan mean marks vishvas karata tha, yah ghoshanapatr unhian ki prabal abhivyakti hai aur isaki shaili mean vah jadoo hai jisase itihas ka hriday spandit ho uthata hai.

stalin ne is ghoshanapatr ko marksavad ke gitoan ka git ghoshit kiya tha. samyavad athava marks ke sanbandh mean chahe koee jo soche, ni:sandeh yah avismaraniy ghoshana hai, jisane itihas ke ek samooche yug ko achchha ya bura, bharapoor prabhavit kiya hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh