तलमापन
talamapan ya talekshan (aangrezi: Levelling) sarvekshan ki ek vishesh kriya ka nam hai, jisase prithvi ki satah par sthit do ya do se adhik, paraspar drishtigochar ya adrishy, bianduoan ke bich sapeksh ooanchaee nikali jati hai. yadi bianduoan ki sapeksh ooanchaee kisi ek hi nirdesh tal se nikali jae to use 'nirapeksh ooanchaee' kahate haian aur us nirdesh tal ko 'grihit tal' (Datum level) kahate haian. tal athava talaprishth us prishth ko kahate haian, jo pratyek biandu par prithvi ki gurutvakarshan ki disha se samakon banae. prithvi ke golakar hone ke karan talaprishth samatal nahian hota aur n kisi niyamit akar ka hota hai, kyoanki gurutvakarshan ki disha prithvi ki satah se sabhi bianduoan par saman nahian hoti. aise talaprishth ke kisi bhi biandu par sparshi samatal ko 'kshaitij samatal' kahate haian aur kshaitij samatal mean khianchi, ya kalpana ki gee, rekha 'kshaitij rekha' kahalati hai. kisi chune hue sthal par jvar bhata ke karan chadhate aur girate samudr ke jal ke tal ka utar-chadhav kuchh varshoan tak napa jata hai. aise madhyaman samudratal, ya m0 s0 t0, ko grihit tal mana jata hai. bharat mean pahale karachi aur ab nau bandaragahoan mean mape samudratal madhyaman ko grihit tal mana gaya hai. kisi sthaniy samayik upayog ki liye koee svechchh grihit tal lekar bhi kam kiya ja sakata hai.[1]
talamapan ka siddhaant
rightyadi kinhian do bianduoan a aur a ke oopar se gujarati kshaitij rekha ch chh se in biduoan ki gaharaee ch a aur chh jnat kar li jae to inaki sapeksh ooanchaee ch a - chh a hogi (dekhe chitr). talamapan ka yahi siddhaant hai. kshaitij rekha leval yantr se aur kshaitij rekha se bianduoan ki vaanchhit gaharaee ki map aanshaankit chh doan se jnat ki jati hai. leval yantr mean mukhy do avayav hote haian: pahala doorabin aur doosara panarval (Level tube). doorabin ek oordhv dhuri se, jis par vah samatal mean ghoom sakati hai, lagabhag samakon par ju da rahata hai ki usaka aksh (axis) doorabin ki drishyarekha ke samaantar rahata hai. is karan jab panasal ka bulabula nalika ke madhy mean hota hai tab dshyarekha kshaitij hoti hai. yah drishyarekha aur panasal aksh ka upay rahata hai. aanshaankit chh d samany lak di ke bane hote haian, jinapar mitar ke 100 vean bhag tak padhane ke lie vibhajan rahate haian. inhean talekshan gaj kahate haian.[1]
kshetrakary
jin bianduoan ki sapeksh ooanchaee nikalani hoti hai unake oopar talekshan gaj ekadam oordhv kh de kie jate haian aur unake madhy mean levalayantr rakhakar doorabin se ju de panasal ke bulabule ko madhy mean lakar bari bari se drishy rekha par katane vale gajoan ke aank padh lie jate haian. inake aantar se sapeksh ooanchaee jnat kar sakate haian.
yadi biandu ek doosare se bahut door aur adrishy hoan, to unake bich mean kramanugat kee biandu aise lie jate haian jinake bich leval yantr lagakar kramash: prekshan kie ja sakean. is prakar kramanugat bianduoan ki sapeksh ooanchaiyaan nikalate hue, vaanchhit biandu ki sapeksh ooanchaee nikal li jati hai. samanyat: poore desh mean samuchit roop se bikhare sthayi bianduoan ki grihit tal se talamapan dvara sapeksh ooanchaiyaan nikalakar abhilekh rakh liya jata hai. aise bianduoan ko talachinh kahate hai. jab kabhi kisi kshetr mean talamapan ki avashyakata hoti hai to inhian nikatavarti talachinhoan ka upayog kiya jata hai.
uparyukt talamapan vidhak ko pratyaksh talamapan kahate haian.
prithvi ki satah se badhati ooanchaee ke anupat mean vayu ka dabav ghatata jata hai. s tathy ka labh uthakar bhi bairomitar se bianduoan ke bich sapeksh ooanchaiyaan nikali jati haian. isi prakar vayu ke ghatate dabav ke sath sath jal ka kvathanaank girata jata hai. is par bhi ooanchaee nikalane ki ek vidhi adharit hai, jise kvathanaankamiti (bhap-biandu-mapan-miti), (Hypsometry) kahate haian. kisi biandu se gujarate kshaitij tal se any bianduoan ke natikon (angles of inclination) napakar ganana dvara bhi sapeksh ooanchaiyaan jnat ki jati haian. aisi talamapan vidhiyoan ko apratyaksh talamapan kahate haian.
samanyat: talamapan ka arth pratyaksh talamapan hota hai. pratyaksh talamapan ki sabase adhik avashyakata ianjiniyari se sanbandhit vikas aur nirman karyoan mean hoti hai.[1]
vargikaran
do adharoan par talamapan ka vargikaran hua hai- 1. parishuddhata ke adhar par, yatharth (Precise) talamapan, dvitiy shreni (Secondary) talamapan tatha tritiy shreni (Tertiary) talamapan. 2. kary ki suvidha ke liye apanaee talamapan vidhi ke adhar par, jaise p datal (Check) talamapan (kiye ge talamapan ki yatharthata ki jaanch ke lie), anudairdhy (Longitudinal) talamapan (relamarg, nahar, s dak adi ke path ki keandrarekha par bhoomi ka utar chadhav jnat karane ke liye), anuprasth talekshan (Cross Sectioning) arthath kisi mukhy nirmanapath ke daean baean kiya gaya talekshan, ashu (Flying) talekshan arthath kisi path ke nirman ke prati aantim nirnay karane ki lise kiya gaya talekshan, adi.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
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