लॉर्ड लिनलिथगो
lard linalithago ka poora nam viktar alekzendar j aaun hop linalithago tha. isaka janm 24 sitambar 1887 ee. mean aibarak aaurn, vest lothiyan, sk aautalaind, ianglaind mean hua tha. yah british rajaneta aur 1936 se 1943 ee. tak bharat ka sabase lambe samay tak vaisaray raha, jisane dvitiy vishvayuddh ke dauran yahaan british upasthiti ke virodh ka daman kiya. 1908 mean ise markvis ki upadhi mili.
svashasan yukt sarakar
linalithago ne 1936 ee. ke gavarnament aauf indiya ekt ke pas hone ke bad pad grahan kiya. jisamean british bharat ki svashasan yukt prantiy sarakaroan tatha deshi riyasatoan ki ek sangh sarakar banane ki vyavastha ki gee thi. abhi tak deshi riyasatoan ka sidha sambandh british samrat se tha. lard linalithago ne kendr mean prastavit sangh sarakar tatha prantoan mean uttaradayi svashasan yukt sarakaroan ki sthapana karake samooche ekt ko kriyanvit karane ka prayas kiya. prantiy chunav 1937 ee. mean samapt hue, jinamean gyarah mean se paanch prantoan mean bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ko spasht bahumat prapt hua tatha do any prantoan mean bhi vah sarakar bana sakane ki sthiti mean thi. in paristhitiyoan mean naye sanvidhan ke prantoan se sambandhit bhag ko kriyanvit kar diya gaya. kintu prastavit sangh sarakar mean deshi riyasatoan ko sammilit karane ke prashn par varta chalane mean kafi samay lag gaya. is bich 1939 ee. mean dvitiy vishv-yuddh shuroo ho gaya aur sanvidhan ke sangh sarakar se sambandhit bhag ka kriyanvayan sthagit kar diya gaya.
linalithago ki apil
sitambar 1939 mean linalithago ne bharatiy rajanitik daloan se paramarsh kie bina jarmani ke khilaf yuddh mean ekajut hone ki apil ki, isase kaangres ahat huee aur usane apane prantiy mantriyoan ko istifa dene ke lie kaha. kaangres parti ke netaoan ne linalithago ki karyakari parishad mean pratinidhitv ke prastav ko thukara diya; phir bhi usane parishad mean bharatiy sadasyoan ki sankhya badha di. dvitiy vishvayuddh ke dauran bharat ke british shasan ko japaniyoan se khatare ke sath-sath briten dvara bharat ko svatantrata n diye jane se asantusht kaangres parti dvara agast 1942 mean samoohik savinay avajna ke prayas se bhi khatara tha. linalithago ne kaangres ke netaoan ko nazaraband kar diya aur sarakar ke khilaf hone vale virodh ka daman kar diya.
kathin paristhiti
dvitiy vishv-yuddh chhi d jane par lard linalithago par dohara karyabhar a p da. ek or to use bharat mean janamat ko apane paksh mean banane ka prayas karana p da, jo atyant vikshubdh ho gaya tha. doosari or use bharat mean briten ke paksh mean yuddh prayatnoan ko sangathit karana p da. yuddh mean ianglaind ke viruddh japan ke kood p dane se usaki kathinaiyaan aur bhi badh geean. 1941 ee. mean japan ne maleshiya par akraman kar siangapur par adhikar kar liya. in pratikool paristhitiyoan ke bavajood lard linalithago ne bharat ko n keval avashyak yuddh-samagri bhejane ka keval adda bana diya, balki british bharatiy sena ki shakti 1,75,000 se badhakar das lakh tak kar di gee aur in senaoan ko dakshin poorv eshiya tatha pashchim eshiya ke yuddh kshutroan mean bhej diya gaya. jisaki vajah se british parajay dhire-dhire british vijay mean paravartit ho gee. parantu yuddh prayatnoan ke phalasvaroop jahaan ek or kharch mean uttarottar bhari vriddhi hoti gee, vahian doosari or bangal mean sarvakshar niti ka anusaran karane ke karan 1943 ee. mean bhayankar akal p d gaya. lard linalithago ki sarakar is akal ka samana karane mean asaphal rahi aur shighr hi lard linalithago ka sthan lard vevel ne grahan kar liya. jisane apane fauji anubhav aur chusti se kam kar sthiti ka samana kiya.
shanti ka prayas
lard linalithago ne kshubdh bharatiy janamat ko kaushalapoorn dhang se shant rakhakar bharat mean antarik shanti banaye rakhane jo prayatn kiya, usase use aanshik saphalata mili. aktoobar 1939 ee. mean usane ghoshana ki ki bharat ke sanvaidhanik vikas ka lakshy aupaniveshik svarajy ki sthapana hai. usane bharatiy rashtriy kaangres tatha muslim lig ki maang ki paraspar virodhi batoan par zor dekar tatha bharat ko krips-prastav svikar kar lene ke lie razi karane ke uddeshy se 1942 ee. mean sar strefard krips ko bharat amantrit karake desh ke andar koee khuli bagavat nahian hone di. phir bhi british sarakar ne bharat ko svadhinata pradan karane ki koee nishchit tithi ki ghoshana karane se bar-bar inakar karake mahatma gaandhi ko 'bharat chho do andolan' shuroo karane ke lie vivash kar diya. mahatma gaandhi ne maang ki ki briten ko turant bharat par apani prabhusatta ka parityag karake yahaan se chale jana chahie. bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ne bhi is maang ka samarthan kiya. javab mean lard linalithago ne mahatma gaandhi ko qaid kar liya aur samoochi kaangres varkiang kameti ko nazaraband kar diya. lard linalithago ne 1943 ee. mean bharat se avakash grahan kiya aur char varsh ke bad bharat ko svadhin kar diya. isase prakat hota hai ki usane bal prayog ke dvara bharat mean briten ki prabhusatta ko banaye rakhane ka jo prayatn kiya, vah kitana vyarth tha.
mrityu
lard linalithago ki mrityu 5 janavari 1952 ee. mean aibarak aaurn mean huee.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- (pustak 'bharatiy itihas kosh') prishth sankhya-422
- (pustak 'bharat jnanakosh') prishth sankhya-163