लॉर्ड लिनलिथगो

thumb|l aaurd linalithago l aaurd linalithago ka poora nam 'viktar alekzendar j aaun hop linalithago' tha. isaka janm 24 sitambar 1887 ee. mean aibarak aaurn, vest lothiyan, sk aautalaind, ianglaind mean hua, aur mrityu 5 janavari, 1952 ee. mean aibarak aaurn mean huee thi. l aaurd linalithago british rajaneta aur 1936 ee. se 1943 ee. tak bharat ka sabase lambe samay tak vaisaray raha, jisane 'dvitiy vishvayuddh' ke dauran yahaan british upasthiti ke virodh ka daman kiya. 1908 ee. mean ise 'markvis' ki upadhi mili thi. l aaurd linalithago ne jarmani ke khilaf yuddh mean bharatiy rajanitik daloan ko ekajut karane ki apil ki thi.

mukhy ghatanaean

l aaurd linalithago ke samay mean pahale chunav karaye gaye. chunav ke parinam bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ke paksh mean rahe. kaangres ne 11 mean se 6 prantoan mean sarakar banaee. 1 sitambar, 1939 ee. ko dvitiy vishvayuddh prarambh hua. is yuddh mean bharatiyoan ka sakriy sahayog prapt karane ke uddeshy se l aaurd linalithago ne bharatiy netaoan ke samaksh 'agast prastav' (8 agast, 1940 ee.) rakha, jisamean bharatiyoan ko pralobhit karane vale anek prastav the. 'bharatiy rashtriy kaangres' ke 'haripura adhiveshan' mean 19 faravari, 1938 ee. ko subhashachandr bos ko adhyaksh chuna gaya. kaangres ke 'tripura adhiveshan' mean subhashachandr bos punah kaangres ke adhyaksh chune gaye, parantu gaandhi ji ke virodh ke chalate unhoanne tyagapatr de diya tatha aprail, 1939 ee. me subhashachandr bos ne 'faravard bl aauk' nam ki ek nee parti ka gathan kiya. prasangatah ullekhaniy hai ki subhashachandr bos ke tyag patr ke pashchath d aau. rajendr prasad ko kaangres ka adhyaksh banaya gaya tha. 'dvitiy vishv yuddh' mean bharatiyoan ko sammilit kiye jane ke virodhasvaroop hi kaangresi mantrimandal ne 22 disambar, 1939 ee. ko tyagapatr de diya. isi din arthath 22 disambar, 1939 ee. ko muslim lig dvara mukti divas ke roop mean manaya gaya. linalithago ke samay mean pahali bar 1940 ee. mean pakistan ki maang ki gee. 1942 ee. mean krips mishan bharat aya.

svashasan yukt sarakar

linalithago ne 1936 ee. ke 'gavarnament aauf indiya ekt' ke pas hone ke bad pad grahan kiya. jisamean british bharat ki svashasan yukt prantiy sarakaroan tatha deshi riyasatoan ki ek sangh sarakar banane ki vyavastha ki gee thi. abhi tak deshi riyasatoan ka sidha sambandh british samrat se tha. l aaurd linalithago ne kendr mean prastavit sangh sarakar tatha prantoan mean uttaradayi svashasan yukt sarakaroan ki sthapana karake samooche ekt ko kriyanvit karane ka prayas kiya. prantiy chunav 1937 ee. mean samapt hue, jinamean gyarah mean se paanch prantoan mean bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ko spasht bahumat prapt hua tatha do any prantoan mean bhi vah sarakar bana sakane ki sthiti mean thi. in paristhitiyoan mean naye sanvidhan ke prantoan se sambandhit bhag ko kriyanvit kar diya gaya. kintu prastavit sangh sarakar mean deshi riyasatoan ko sammilit karane ke prashn par varta chalane mean kafi samay lag gaya. is bich 1939 ee. mean 'dvitiy vishv-yuddh' shuroo ho gaya aur sanvidhan ke sangh sarakar se sambandhit bhag ka kriyanvayan sthagit kar diya gaya.

linalithago ki apil

sitambar 1939 ee. mean linalithago ne bharatiy rajanitik daloan se paramarsh kie bina jarmani ke khilaf yuddh mean ekajut hone ki apil ki, isase kaangres ahat huee aur usane apane prantiy mantriyoan ko istifa dene ke lie kaha. kaangres parti ke netaoan ne linalithago ki karyakari parishad mean pratinidhitv ke prastav ko thukara diya; phir bhi usane parishad mean bharatiy sadasyoan ki sankhya badha di. dvitiy vishvayuddh ke dauran bharat ke british shasan ko japaniyoan se khatare ke sath-sath briten dvara bharat ko svatantrata n diye jane se asantusht kaangres parti dvara agast 1942 ee. mean samoohik savinay avajna ke prayas se bhi khatara tha. linalithago ne kaangres ke netaoan ko nazaraband kar diya aur sarakar ke khilaf hone vale virodh ka daman kar diya.

kathin paristhiti

'dvitiy vishv-yuddh' chhi d jane par l aaurd linalithago par dohara karyabhar a p da. ek or to use bharat mean janamat ko apane paksh mean banane ka prayas karana p da, jo atyant vikshubdh ho gaya tha. doosari or use bharat mean briten ke paksh mean yuddh prayatnoan ko sangathit karana p da. yuddh mean ianglaind ke viruddh japan ke kood p dane se usaki kathinaiyaan aur bhi badh geean. 1941 ee. mean japan ne maleshiya par akraman kar siangapur par adhikar kar liya. in pratikool paristhitiyoan ke bavajood l aaurd linalithago ne bharat ko n keval avashyak yuddh-samagri bhejane ka keval adda bana diya, balki british bharatiy sena ki shakti 1,75,000 se badhakar das lakh tak kar di gee aur in senaoan ko dakshin poorv eshiya tatha pashchim eshiya ke yuddh kshutroan mean bhej diya gaya. jisaki vajah se british parajay dhire-dhire british vijay mean paravartit ho gee. parantu yuddh prayatnoan ke phalasvaroop jahaan ek or kharch mean uttarottar bhari vriddhi hoti gee, vahian doosari or bangal mean sarvakshar niti ka anusaran karane ke karan 1943 ee. mean bhayankar akal p d gaya. l aaurd linalithago ki sarakar is akal ka samana karane mean asaphal rahi aur shighr hi l aaurd linalithago ka sthan l aaurd vevel ne grahan kar liya. jisane apane fauji anubhav aur chusti se kam kar sthiti ka samana kiya.

shanti ka prayas

l aaurd linalithago ne kshubdh bharatiy janamat ko kaushalapoorn dhang se shant rakhakar bharat mean antarik shanti banaye rakhane jo prayatn kiya, usase use aanshik saphalata mili. aktoobar 1939 ee. mean usane ghoshana ki ki bharat ke sanvaidhanik vikas ka lakshy aupaniveshik svarajy ki sthapana hai. usane bharatiy rashtriy kaangres tatha muslim lig ki maang ki paraspar virodhi batoan par zor dekar tatha bharat ko 'krips prastav' svikar kar lene ke lie razi karane ke uddeshy se 1942 ee. mean sar strefard krips ko bharat amantrit karake desh ke andar koee khuli bagavat nahian hone di. phir bhi british sarakar ne bharat ko svadhinata pradan karane ki koee nishchit tithi ki ghoshana karane se bar-bar inakar karake mahatma gaandhi ko 'bharat chho do andolan' shuroo karane ke lie vivash kar diya. mahatma gaandhi ne maang ki ki briten ko turant bharat par apani prabhusatta ka parityag karake yahaan se chale jana chahie. bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ne bhi is maang ka samarthan kiya. javab mean l aaurd linalithago ne mahatma gaandhi ko qaid kar liya aur samoochi 'kaangres varkiang kameti' ko nazaraband kar diya. l aaurd linalithago ne 1943 ee. mean bharat se avakash grahan kiya aur char varsh ke bad bharat ko svadhin kar diya. isase prakat hota hai ki usane bal prayog ke dvara bharat mean briten ki prabhusatta ko banaye rakhane ka jo prayatn kiya, vah kitana vyarth tha.

mrityu

l aaurd linalithago ki mrityu 5 janavari 1952 ee. mean aibarak aaurn mean huee.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh